Downloaded 83 times
More Related Content
![Middle east ppt2[1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/middleeastppt21-110822104414-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=600ounds&width=560&fit=bounds)
Chapter 22
- 1. Human Geography ofSouthwest Asia: Religion, Politics, and Oil The rise of major religions thousands of years ago and the discovery of oil in the past century have drastically shaped life in Southwest Asia. NEXT
- 2. SECTION 1 TheArabian Peninsula SECTION 2 The Eastern Mediterranean NEXT SECTION 3 The Northeast Human Geography of Southwest Asia: Religion, Politics, and Oil
- 3. NEXT Section 1 The ArabianPeninsula • The Arabian Peninsula is heavily influenced by the religious principles of Islam. • Oil production dominates the economy of the region.
- 4. Islam Changes DesertCulture Modern Nations of the Subregion • Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia • Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen The Arabian Peninsula SECTION 1 NEXT Continued . . . Town and Desert • Bedouin nomads moved from oasis to oasis, built strong family ties - fought with other families, developed fighting skills • Fighting skills helped spread new monotheistic religion of Islam - religion based on teachings of founder, the Prophet Muhammad - Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islam’s holiest city
- 5. SECTION 1 NEXT Islam Brings aNew Culture • The Five Pillars are required of all Muslims; create common culture • Faith—all believers must testify: - “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” • Prayer—pray facing Mecca five times a day; mosque—place of worship • Charity—give money to the less fortunate • Fasting—in the holy month of Ramadan, don’t eat, drink during day • Pilgrimage—all Muslims should make hajj to Mecca once in their life continued Islam Changes Desert Culture Continued . . .
- 6. SECTION 1 NEXT The Spread ofIslam • Armies of Bedouin fighters move across desert - conquer desert lands, put Muslim leaders in control - spread Islamic teachings, Arabic language and culture • Muslim armies spread across Asia, Africa, Europe - by Middle Ages, large area of world is Muslim controlled continued Islam Changes Desert Culture
- 7. Governments Change Hands ColonialPowers Take Control • Muslim governments were theocratic—religious leaders were in control - still true in some modern nations, such as Iran • In late 1600, Muslim nations weaken - Britain, France control most of region after WWI, fall of Ottomans - colonial value: Suez Canal is vital link; oil discovered (1932) • Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud takes control of most of Arabian Peninsula - becomes Saudi Arabia in 1932 SECTION 1 NEXT
- 8. Oil Dominates theEconomy OPEC • Oil is principle resource of economy, makes region globally important - source of almost all of nations’ export money, GNP • In 1960, oil-producing nations form economic group - OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - coordinate petroleum-selling policies, control worldwide oil prices - includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq SECTION 1 NEXT
- 9. Modern Arabic Life TheChange to Urban Life • Rapid development as technology undermines traditional lifestyles - trucks replace camels; malls replace marketplaces • Villagers, farmers, nomads move into cities - 25% urban in 1960; 58% by 1990s; estimated 70% by 2015 - Saudi population 83% urban • Oil jobs require skilled workers educational systems can’t provide - foreign workers brought in SECTION 1 NEXT Continued . . .
- 10. SECTION 1 NEXT Religious Duties ShapeLives • Women often cover their heads, faces with scarf, veil - women’s roles are slowly expanding: more are educated, working • Prayers performed dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, before bed - attend mosque services on Fridays • Fasting in Ramadan reinforces spirituality, self- control, humility - ‘Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with gifts, dinners, charity continued Modern Arabic Life
- 11. NEXT Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean •The holy places of three religions are found in this subregion. • There is a great deal of political tension among nations in this subregion.
- 12. Religious Holy Places JewishPresence • Jerusalem is a holy city to all three major monotheistic religions • Jerusalem is capital of Israel; center of modern, ancient homeland • Temple Mount in old city housed earliest temples - King Solomon’s First Temple - Second Temple built in 538 B.C • Today Jews pray at Western Wall (Wailing Wall) - sole remainder of Second Temple (destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70) The Eastern Mediterranean SECTION 2 NEXT Continued . . .
- 13. SECTION 2 NEXT Christian Heritage • Jerusalemis sacred site of Jesus’ crucifixion - nearby towns, villages were important in Jesus’ life • Christians visit Mount of Olives, Church of Holy Sepulchre • In Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to regain lands from Muslims - Muslims eventually regained control of the area - They maintained control until establishment of Israel in 1948 continued Religious Holy Places Continued . . .
- 14. SECTION 2 NEXT Islamic Sacred Sites •Jerusalem is third most holy Muslim city after Mecca, Medina • Dome of the Rock—shrine where it’s believed Muhammad rose to heaven - Jews believe it’s site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac • Dome and Al-Aqsa mosque are located on Temple Mount by Western Wall - close proximity of holy sites fosters Jewish-Muslim clashes continued Religious Holy Places
- 15. A History ofUnrest The Legacy of Colonialism • Ottoman Empire ruled region from 1520 to 1922, but weakened • Britain, France got lands after WWI defeat of Ottomans, Germany - France took Lebanon, Syria; Britain took modern Jordan, Israel • Both supposed to rule only until areas are ready for independence - France intentionally stoked religious tensions between groups - Lebanon became independent in 1943, Syria in 1946 SECTION 2 Continued . . . NEXT
- 16. SECTION 2 NEXT British Control Palestine •Zionism—19th -century movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine - Jews buy land, begin settling • After WWI, British control area; Arabs, Jews cooperate - German persecution increases number of Jewish immigrants - Arabs begin to resist Jewish state • Area is divided: Transjordan is ruled by Arab government and British - Palestine is ruled by British with Arab, Jewish local governments continued A History of Unrest Continued . . .
- 17. SECTION 2 NEXT Creating the Stateof Israel • After WWII, many Jewish Holocaust survivors settle in Palestine - UN divides Palestine into two states: one Jewish, one Arab • Israel is created in 1948; repels invasion by Arab states • Palestinian Arabs flee - Palestinian land on West Bank, Gaza Strip is controlled by Israel • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) uses politics, military to: - regain land in, and return of refugees to, Israel continued A History of Unrest
- 18. Modernizing Economies Refugees andCivil Wars • Creation of Israel produces numerous Palestinian refugees - today they number 3.6 million across the region; some in camps - many struggle for food, shelter, jobs; lack education - Jordan has the largest Palestinian refugee population • Civil wars in Lebanon, Cyprus cause economic problems - Lebanon war in 1975–76 led to Israel invading Lebanon in 1982 SECTION 2 NEXT Continued . . .
- 19. SECTION 2 NEXT Modern Infrastructure • Region’snations have potential for development - climate for citrus crops, sites for tourism - location connects them to markets in Europe, Asia, Africa • Many nations lack infrastructure to support growing economy - irrigation is needed for agriculture - communication systems, power sources needed for industry • Israel has built sophisticated industries, like computer software continued Modernizing Economies
- 20. Modern Life Eating Out,Eating In • People don’t eat in restaurants as much as in U.S. - some restaurants have separate male, female sections - cafés are usually for men only • Most meals are eaten at home, with dinner between 8–11 pm • Meals include hummus (ground chickpeas), baba ganouzh (eggplant dip) - cracked wheat tabbouleh salad; chicken, lamb rather than beef - dessert of fruit, kolaicha (sweet cake) SECTION 2 NEXT Continued . . .
- 21. SECTION 2 NEXT A Variety ofCultures • Lebanon has mostly Shi’ite Muslims and some: - Druze, a secretive religious group living in mountainous areas - Maronite, Eastern Orthodox Christians • Lebanon’s cultural, religious variety makes unity difficult • Culturally, Israel is Jewish, but is also home to other groups - Bedouins, Druze, Sunni, Circassians (from Caucasus region) - some Christians, Baha’i continued Modern Life
- 22. NEXT Section 3 The Northeast •The nations in this subregion are Muslim but most are not part of the Arab culture. • The nations in the Northeast range from developed to very poorly developed.
- 23. A Blend ofCultures Nations of the Region • Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan The Northeast SECTION 3 NEXT Continued . . . Early Civilizations • Iraq’s Fertile Crescent between Tigris, Euphrates a cultural hearth - early civilizations include Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, Chaldea - all built empires in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” • Hittite empire covered modern Turkey, introduced iron weapons • Persian empire developed in what is now Iran - introduced innovations in governmental organization
- 24. SECTION 3 NEXT Ethnic and ReligiousVariety • Subregion’s ethnic groups include Turks, Kurds, Persians, Assyrians - languages (Turkish, Farsi) are different from Arabic • All groups (except Assyrians) are Islamic, but tensions exist - after Muhammad’s death, Muslims divided into two branches - 83% of all Muslims are Sunni; most Iranians are Shi’ite continued A Blend of Cultures
- 25. Clashes Over Land Homelandsand Refugees • Kurds—stateless ethnic group located in Turkey, Iraq, Iran - promised homeland after WWI, but never got it • Iran has world’s largest refugee population - Iraqi Shi’ites flee persecution - decades of war create Afghan refugees SECTION 3 NEXT Control of Oil Fields • In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over Persian Gulf oil fields • Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990; driven out in Persian Gulf War
- 26. Clashes Over Leadership Overthrowof the Taliban • Taliban—fundamentalist Muslim political group rules Afghanistan - protects Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda terrorist network • After 9–11 attacks, U.S. attacks Afghanistan in October 2001 - Operation Enduring Freedom targets terrorist assets, infrastructure - Taliban removed from power by March 2002 - Hamid Karzai heads transitional government - Osama bin Laden and some Taliban leaders escape SECTION 3 NEXT Continued . . .
- 27. SECTION 3 NEXT Overthrow of SaddamHussein • After Gulf War, UN orders Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to disarm - ordered to destroy chemical, biological weapons • President George W. Bush turns focus to Iraq in 2002 - Bush believes Hussein has weapons of mass destruction - U.S., U.K. attack Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom, March 2003 - major fighting ends in May 2003; Hussein captured in December 2003 continued Clashes Over Leadership
- 28. Reforming Economies Making Progress •Turkey is developing water resources, hydroelectric plants - supply energy, boost cotton and other agricultural production - only nation in region that produces steel - location between Europe, Asia is ideal for trade • Changes in Iran’s government bring economic progress - current government supports change - oil money funds development SECTION 3 NEXT Continued . . .
- 29. SECTION 3 NEXT Progress Interrupted • Economicsanctions on Iraq after Gulf War limited trade - created shortages of food, medicine • Afghanistan is one of world’s poorest nations - most people farm or herd animals - mineral resources remain undeveloped due to civil wars, turmoil - post-Taliban transitional government is rebuilding economy continued Reforming Economies
- 30. Modern and TraditionalLife Division and Struggle • Region’s nations face internal struggles - some seek modern lifestyle, others want to preserve traditions • In Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of behavior - new government is restoring civil liberties, improving education • Taliban-like groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have not gained power - differences have led to conflicts, political problems SECTION 3 NEXT
- 31. NEXT This is theend of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
- 32. Print Slide Show 1.On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation CONTINUE