What is MIS? Characteristics, Objectives, Role, Component

BCA Fifth Semester
CACS301: MIS and E-Business

 Introduction to Information
Superhighway (I-Way)
 Components of the I-Way
 Internet as a network infrastructure.
Wireless Application Protocol:
 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
 Architecture of WAP; Working of WAP
 Wireless Technologies:
 ADSL
 WiMAX
 WLAN
 WMAN
 Wi-Fi
 UMTS (3G)
 LTE (4G)
 (5G NR).
 Security Issues related to Wireless
Communications.
Unit 2:The Network Infrastructure for E-Commerce

Modem
Internet
Provider
Router
Ethernet Network
T3 line
Satellite
link
Modem
Regional
Network
Router
Network
Access
Point
Backbone
Router
Regional
Network
T1 line
Network
Access
Point

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I-Way:
 Global network of computers that, potentially, will connect most of world's
individuals, firms, and organizations. It is envisioned to provide very high speed
access to information in all forms (text, graphics, audio, video) via a telephone or
wireless connection. The term was first used in 1985 by Al Gore.
 The Information Superhighway is very much a physical network, an infrastructure
of modern High-capacity, interactive electronic pipeline providing integrated
services. I-way links everyone at home or office to everything else.
 The Information Superhighway is a physical network, facilitating the broadband,
two-way transmission of any type of digital information, within its own virtual
space.
Introduction to Information Superhighway (I-Way)

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I-Way:
Any e-commerce application will need the I-Way infrastructure in the same manner as
any normal business would require the interstate highway network to carry goods
from one place to the other.
I-Way is a network of interconnected data highways of several types:
 Cable TV wires
 Telephone wires
 Cellular and satellite
 Radio-based wireless

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I-Way:
I-Way is an interactive two-way high-capacity method of transporting information and
services. I-Way is applicable in large volume e-commerce applications as it provides
traffic-free telecommunication service. I-Way helps organizations, firms and companies
in upgrading their network infrastructure. It also helps companies and organizations
in recognizing the following:
1. Their infrastructure
2. Ways to change their business
3. Transaction strategies (marketing, advertising, etc.)
4. Ways to sell their products and services
5. Ways to change their relationship with the customer

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Network access equipment
 To access any network, specific equipment is required at the customer and this enables the
consumer to access the network. It consists of hardware, such as routers, switches and
access devices, such as computers and set-top boxes. Software platforms are browsers and
operating systems.
Local access component
 Local access component is the link between businesses, homes, schools and organizations
to the main communication point also referred to as the ‘last mile’. Last mile connection
represents a tremendous investment that cannot be easily replaced or overlooked in any
network strategy. It provides the following types of connections:
(a) Telephone-based channel
(b) Cable-based last channel
(c) Electrical-based last channel
(d) Wireless-based last channel

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Global access component
 Nowadays, e-commerce activities are not limited to any country; and with the world
becoming a global village, a proper network infrastructure is required to connect
people and businesses across the world. These types of networks include:
(a) Long distance networks (via coaxial cable or fiber-optic cable)
(b) Satellite

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Internet:
 It is a "network of networks" that includes millions of private and public,
academic, business, and government networks (local or Global), linked by
copper wires, wireless connections, and other technologies.
 Interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers that
links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals.
 Intranet, extranet and cloud computing(SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) are possible with use
internet.
World Wide Web (Web)
 One of the Internet’s most popular services.
 Provides access to billions, possibly trillions, of Web pages.
Internet as network infrastructure

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Backbone
 High-bandwidth fiber optic cable that transports data
across the Internet
Network Service Provider (NSP)
 Owns and controls one of the major networks comprising
the Internet backbone
Bandwidth
 Measures how much data can be transferred over a
communications medium within a fixed period of time; is
usually expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits per
second (Kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps)
Network Access Points and Metropolitan Area Exchanges
 One of the hubs where the backbone intersects with
regional and local networks, and where the backbone
owners connect with one another.
 Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs ) another name for
one of the hubs where the backbone intersects with
regional and local networks.

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Campus Networks
 Generally local area networks operating with a single organization that leases access to the Web directly from
regional and national carriers
Internet Service Providers
 Firm that provides the lowest level of service in the multi-tiered Internet architecture by leasing Internet access
to home owners, small businesses, and some large institutions.
Narrowband
 The traditional telephone modem connections, now operating at 56.6 Kbps
Broadband
Refers to any communication technology that permits clients to play streaming audio and video files at
acceptable speeds -- generally above 100 Kbps Broadband service is based on DSL, cable modem, telephone (T1
and T3 lines), and satellite technologies.
Cable modem
 It refers to a cable television technology that digital access to the Internet using the same analog or digital
video cable providing television signals to a home. Cable Internet is a major broadband alternative to DSL
service, generally providing faster speeds and a “triple play” subscription: telephone, television, and Internet
for a single monthly payment.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 It is a telephone technology that provides high-speed access to the Internet through ordinary telephone lines
found in a home or business. Service levels range from about 768 Kbps up to 7 Mbps.

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T1
 An international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
T3
 An international telephone standard for digital communication that offers guaranteed delivery at 45Mbps
Satellite
 Satellite companies provide high-speed broadband Internet access, primarily to homes and offices located in
rural areas where DSL or cable access is not available

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Intranet
 Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization with its own server and firewall.
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be connected to each other. PCs in intranet are
not available to the world outside of the intranet. Usually each company or organization has their own
Intranet network and members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.

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Extranet
 Extranet refers to network within an organization, using internet to connect to the outsiders in controlled
manner. It helps to connect businesses with their customers and suppliers and therefore allows working in a
collaborative manner.

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 WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol.
 It is a protocol designed for micro-browsers and it enables the access of internet in
the mobile devices.
 It uses the mark-up language WML (Wireless Markup Language and not HTML),
WML is defined as XML 1.0 application.
 It enables creating web applications for mobile devices.
 In 1998, WAP Forum was founded by Ericson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet
whose aim was to standardize the various wireless technologies via protocols.
 WAP protocol was resulted by the joint efforts of the various members of WAP
Forum.
Wireless Application Protocol

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 WAP achieved some popularity in the early 2000s.
 From the 2010s it had been largely superseded by more modern standards.
 Most modern handset internet browsers now fully support HTML, so they do not
need to use WAP markup for web page compatibility, and therefore, most are no
longer able to render and display pages written in WML, WAP's markup language.
 Most modern handset internet browsers now support full HTML, CSS, and most
of JavaScript, and do not need to use any kind of WAP markup for webpage
compatibility.
 The list of handsets supporting HTML is extensive, and includes all Android
handsets, all versions of the iPhone handset, all Blackberry devices, all devices
running Windows Phone, and many Nokia handsets.
Wireless Application Protocol

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 Application Layer:
This layer contains the Wireless Application Environment (WAE). It contains mobile device
specifications and content development programming languages like WML.
 Session Layer:
This layer contains Wireless Session Protocol (WSP). It provides fast connection suspension and
reconnection.
 Transaction Layer:
This layer contains Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP). It runs on top of UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) and is a part of TCP/IP and offers transaction support.
 Security Layer:
This layer contains Wireless Transaction Layer Security (WTLS). It offers data integrity, privacy and
authentication.
 Transport Layer:
This layer contains Wireless Datagram Protocol. It presents consistent data format to higher layers of
WAP protocol stack.
Architecture of WAP

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 The user opens the mini-browser in a mobile device. He selects a website that he
wants to view.
 The mobile device sends the URL encoded request via network to a WAP gateway
using WAP protocol.
 The WAP gateway translates this WAP request into a conventional HTTP URL
request and sends it over the internet.
 The request reaches to a specified Web server and it processes the request just as it
would have processed any other request and sends the response back to the mobile
device through WAP gateway in WML file which can be seen in the micro-browser.
Working mechanism of WAP

• Wireless technology refers to technology that allows us to communicate
without using cables or wires. Wireless technology provides the ability to
communicate between two or more entities over distances without the use of
wires or cables of any sort. This includes communications using
electromagnetic waves through the air.
Wireless Technologies

• 3. Simplicity − Wireless communication system
are easy and fast to deploy in comparison of
cabled network. Initial setup cost could be a bit
high but other advantages overcome that high
cost.
• 4. Maintainability − In a wireless system, you
do not have to spend too much cost and time to
maintain the network setup.
• 5. Roaming Services − Using a wireless network
system, you can provide service anywhere any
time including train, buses, airplanes etc.
• 6. New Services − Wireless communication
systems provide various smart services like
SMS and
• MMS.
• Some of the characteristics of wireless
communications systems which make it
attractive for users are:
• 1. Mobility − A wireless communications
system allows users to access
information beyond their
• desk and conduct business from
anywhere without having a wire
connectivity.
• 2. Reachability − Wireless
communication systems enable people to
be stay connected and be reachable,
regardless of the location they are
operating from.

• Different technologies used for data
communication are:
•  ADSL
•  WiMAX
•  WLAN
•  WMAN
•  Wi-Fi Wireless Technologies
•  UMTS (3G)
•  LTE (4G)
•  NR (5G)

• It connect devices within a small area, somewhere around within a person's
reach. It has a typical range of about 30 feet.
• It commonly used to interconnect compatible devices near a central location, such
as a desk.
• With billions of wireless devices on the air already, and many billions more
projected to join them in the next few years, many radio frequency bands are
becoming crowded, and interference is a growing problem.
• Wireless Network Technologies carrying over WPAN: Bluetooth radio, Bluetooth
Low Energy, ZigBee, ZWave, Thread, infrared.
WPAN

• WLANs allows users to linking of two or more devices using a wireless distribution method that
providing a connection through access points to the wider Internet. It provides mobility function
to its users to covers local area such as a university campus, library or canteen, small offices or
home to maintaining a network or gain access to the internet.
• In this technology a temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the
need of an access point (APs); given that they do not need access to network resources. Sometimes
it calls a local area wireless network (LAWN).
• WLAN are wireless networks that use radio waves. The backbone network usually uses cables,
with one or more wireless access points connecting the wireless users to the wired network. The
range of a Wireless Local Area Network can be anywhere from a single room to an entire campus.
Wi-Fi is the common technology used in WLAN.
WLANs

• :
• Wireless Wide Area Network types of networks can be maintained over large areas, such as
neighboring
• towns, cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites looked after by an ISP.
• These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2nd Generation), 3G (3rd Generation), 4G (4th
Generation)
• systems and upcoming generation.
• WWAN services are typically delivered to smart phones and other handheld devices sold by
cellular service
• providers. In the family of WWAN technologies includes GSM/UMTS, CDMA etc
WWAN

Wireless Technologies
 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
 ADSL is a high-speed Internet access service that utilizes
existing copper telephones lines to send and receive data at
speeds that far exceed conventional dial-up modems.
 ADSL uses standard telephone lines to transmit upstream and
downstream data on a digital frequency, which sets these data
streams apart from the analog signals telephones and fax
machines use.
 ADSL allows data stream speeds from 1.5 to 8 megabits per
second (Mbps).
 The "asymmetric" in ADSL refers to the fact that the
downstream data rate, or the data coming to your computer
from the Internet, is traveling faster than upstream data, or the
data traveling from your computer to the Internet.

ADSL
• Advantages: Affordable, Large coverage area, does not
affect your landline phone calls
• Disadvantages: Low speed, Distance-sensitive, Susceptible
to electrical noise

Wireless Area Network
 Wireless WAN is a wide area network in which separate areas of coverage or cells are
connected wirelessly to provide service to a large geographic area
 This network enables you to access the Internet via a wireless wide area network
(WWAN) access card and a PDA or laptop.
 These networks provide a very fast data speed compared with the data rates of mobile
telecommunications technology, and their range is also extensive. Cellular and mobile
networks based on CDMA(Code division multiple access) and GSM(Global System for Mobile
Communications), satellite are good examples of WWAN.

What is WiMAX?
 WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
  WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
  It is an IP based Wireless Broadband Access Technology.
  It is an alternative to wired broadband, such as DSL and cable modem.
  It is a broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which
ensures
compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment.
  It operates similar to Wi-Fi, but at higher speeds over greater distances and for a greater
number of users. It has the ability to provide service even in areas that are difficult for wired
infrastructure to reach.
  It is expected to offer up to about 40Mbps capacity per wireless channel for both fixed and
portable applications, depending on the particular technical configuration chosen enough to
support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed connectivity and thousands of residences with
DSL speed connectivity.
  It can support voice and video as well as Internet data

Fundamental WiMAX Concepts
 Base Station (BS) The BS is the node that logically connects wireless subscriber
devices to operator networks. The BS maintains communications with subscriber
devices and governs access to the operator networks.
 A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower – A single WiMAX
tower can provide coverage to a very large area.
 Subscriber Station (SS). The SS is a stationary WiMAX-capable radio system that
communicates with a base station, although it may also connect to a relay station
in multi-hop relay network operations.

BENEFITS OF WIMAX
Benefits of using WiMAX
1. It can support high bandwidth solutions that is required for a full range of high-value
multimedia services.
2. It can help service providers meet many of the challenges they face due to increasing
customer demands without discarding their existing infrastructure investments as it can
seamlessly interoperate across various network types.
3. It can provide wide area coverage and quality of service capabilities for applications
ranging from VoIP to real-time streaming video and non-real time downloads, ensuring
the subscribers obtain the performance they expect for all types of communications.
4. It can integrate with third generation (3G) mobile, wireless and wired networks
allowing it to become part of a seamless anytime, anywhere broadband access solution.

What is Wi-Fi?
 Wi-fi is stands for Wireless Fidelity
 Wi-fi is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to transmit data through the
air.
 WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies to
transfer data.
 Vic-Hayes has been called the "father of Wi-Fi".
 Wi-Fi allows you to use your computer or other device to connect to the internet
from anywhere there is a Wi-Fi access point (often known as a hot Spot)
 WiFi is the wireless way to handle networking.
 It is also known as 802.11 networking.
 The big advantage of WiFi is its simplicity.
 we can connect computers anywhere in our home or office without the need for
wires. The computers connect to the network using radio signals, and computers
can be up to 100 feet or so apart.

• Working concept:
• Radio signals: These are the key, which make Wi-Fi networking possible. The radio signals transmitted
• from Wi-Fi antennas are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers, such as computers and cell phones that are
• equipped with Wi-Fi cards.
• Wi-Fi cards: We can think of Wi-Fi cards as being invisible cords that connect the computer to the antenna
• for a direct connection to the internet.
• Wi-Fi cards can be external or internal. If a Wi-Fi card is not installed in your computer, then we may
• attach a USB antenna externally or have an antenna-equipped expansion card installed directly to the
• computer
wifi

What is MIS? Characteristics, Objectives, Role, Component

• Wi-Fi Hotspots: A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an
internet connection. The access point transmits a wireless signal over a short
distance. It typically covers around 300 feet. When a Wi-Fi enabled device
such as a smartphone encounters a hotspot, the device can then connect to
that network wirelessly

• Major Issues in Wi-Fi
• There are a few issues in Wi-Fi −
• 1. Security Problems
• 2. Compatibility and Interoperability − One of the major problems with Wi-Fi is its compatibility and
• interoperability. For example, 802.11a products are not compatible with 802.11b products. Due
• to different operating frequencies, 802.11a hotspots would not help an 802.11b client. Due to
• lack of standardization, harmonization, and certification, different vendors come out with
• products that do not work with each other.
• 3. Billing Issues – Wi-Fi vendors are also looking for ways to solve the problem of back-end
• integration and billing, which have dogged the roll-out of commercial Wi-Fi hotspots. Some of the
• ideas under consideration for Wi-Fi billing such as per day, per hour, and unlimited monthly
• connection fees.

3G(UMTS)
 3G actually stands for “third generation”, as it is the third type of access technology that
has been made widely commercially available for connecting mobile phones.
 It is also known as UMTS which stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System.
 It is one of the THIRD GENERATION (3G) mobile phone technology
 It is standardized by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
 First step towards all-IP vision
 It is an evolution of GSM technology(Global System for Mobile)
 UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM, utilizes the W-CDMA(Wideband Code-Division
Multiple Access) air interface and GSM infrastructures, so it is also called 3GSM
 UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS ( General Packet Radio Service)
 Data rates of UMTS are:
 144 kbps for rural
 384 kbps for urban outdoor
 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

Advantages and Disadvantage
 Fast Internet
 Smooth Multimedia Messaging (MMS)
 Enhanced Location based services
 Enhanced Communication (Email, IM, File sharing)
 Increased Capacity compared to 2G
Disadvantage
 Poor Video Experience
 Drains battery
 Expensive that GSM
 Still not full Broadband

4G (LTE)
 4G means the fourth generation of data technology for cellular networks̶
following 3G, the third generation. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is
short for a very technical process for high-speed data for phones and other
mobile devices. Together, they make 4G LTE the fastest
̶ 4G service available
today.
 It is designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices
such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks, notebooks and wireless hotspots.
 4G technologies are designed to provide IP-based voice, data and multimedia
streaming at speeds of at least 100 Mbit per second and up to as fast as 1 GBit per
second.
 With the power of 4G LTE, you can share and stream video in high definition;
game in near-real time; surf quickly and easily; and download songs and photos
in seconds and movies in minutes.

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1. DENIAL OF SERVICE
 Denial of service is a simple attack that relies on limiting access to services on
a wired or wireless network.
 This hack is commonly accomplished by routing a tremendous amount of traffic at
a specified target.
 With this approach, the high volume of traffic overwhelms the target machine and
disrupts service.
 It is also possible for hackers to launch a denial of service attack by simply
disrupting the signal on the network.
 This can be achieved by causing enough interference on one channel to interrupt
the service.
Security Issues related to Wireless Communications

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2. ROGUE ACCESS
 A common method of attack used by hackers is the use of a rogue access point that
is setup within range of your existing wireless network.
 The concept behind a rogue access point is simple. Hackers establish these false
networks to fool people and devices in range to use those access points.
 This allows hackers to access data and information on legitimate devices that should
be secure.

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3. PASSIVE CAPTURING
 Passive capturing is another threat to security on your wireless network.
 Passive capturing is accomplished by setting up devices within range of the
network and "listening" to the data traffic traveling along your network and
capturing that information.
 What hackers do with that information differs depending upon the goal of the
hacker.
 Some attempt to breakthrough your existing security settings by analyzing network
traffic, while others simply look through the non-secured traffic to potentially access
sensitive information regarding business operations.

What is MIS? Characteristics, Objectives, Role, Component

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