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![Tuberculosis [T.B ]
It is an infectious disease.it includes
swelling and tenderness of lymph gland
often in the legs which may discharge
secretion through skin.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whydowefallill-131221214618-phpapp02-160202164039/75/Why-do-we-fall-ill-12-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byShahid Khan
Why do we fall ill?
The document provides information on various health-related topics including diseases, their causes and prevention methods. It discusses that diseases can be infectious or non-infectious, and defines infectious diseases as those caused by microbes and spread from person to person, giving examples like malaria, tuberculosis, cholera etc. It also mentions non-infectious diseases result from genetic or lifestyle factors and are not contagious, exemplifying conditions like cancer, diabetes. Furthermore, it outlines ways to prevent transmission of infectious illnesses like maintaining cleanliness and hygiene.
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Why do we fall ill?
- 1. A slight presentationon:- Made By : Shahid Khan
- 3. Health is astate of physical, mental and social well being. The conditions necessary for good health are :- i) Good physical and social environment. ii) Good economic conditions. iii) Social equality and harmony. Good physical and social environment includes clean surroundings, good sanitation, proper garbage disposal and clean drinking water . Good economic conditions includes job opportunities for all for earning to have nutritious food and to lead a healthy life. Social equality and harmony are necessary for a healthy and peaceful life.
- 4. Healthy Disease free 1.It is a state of physical, mental and social well being. It is a state of absence from diseases. 2. It refers to the individual, physical and social environment. It refers only to the individual. 3. The individual has good health. The individual may have good health or poor health. Differences between Healthy and Disease free Person:-
- 5. When a personis affected by a disease either the normal functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body changes for the worse. These changes give rise to signs of the disease called symptoms. On the basis of the symptoms the physicians look for the signs of a particular disease and conduct tests to confirm the disease.
- 10. The common coldis a viral infection of the upper res piratory system, including the nose, throat, sinuses, Eustachian- tubes, trachea, larynx, and bronchial tubes. Although more than 200 different viruses can cause a cold, 30- 50% are caused by a group known as rhinoviruses. Almost all colds clear up in less than two weeks without complic ations.
- 12. Tuberculosis [T.B ] Itis an infectious disease.it includes swelling and tenderness of lymph gland often in the legs which may discharge secretion through skin.
- 13. A lower leg anda scrotum showing the effect of elephantiasi s. The word elephantiasis is a vivid an d accurate term for the syndrome it describes: the gross (visible) enlargement of the arms, legs, or genitals to elephantoid size.
- 14. Acute diseases willnot have time to cause major effects on general health , but a chronic disease will effect drastically.
- 16. For air bornemicrobes , we can prevent exposure by providing living conditions that are not over crowded .
- 17. we can prevent exposureby providing safe drinking water.
- 19. A vaccine isa biological preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a disease. The preparation usually employs an innocuous form of the disease-causing agent, which is in the form of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses. A vaccine may also be composed of the toxins or surface proteins of the infecting organism.
- 20. Examples of vaccines BCGVaccine used against tuberculosis . Sabin vaccine used against poliomyelitis.
- 21. 1)Congenital diseases These diseasesare those which are present since birth. They are caused due to genetic abnormality or due to metabolic disorders.
- 22. 2)Acquired diseases These diseasesare those which are developed after birth.They are classified into two types. 1} Infectious diseases. 2} Non-infectious diseases.
- 24. TYPHOID. Proper sanitation and disposal of faecalmatter prevents infection . TAB vaccination provides immunity for 3 years . Typhoral oral vaccine also prevents typhoid.
- 27. It is causedby microbes or micro –organisms .These diseases can spread in the community . Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses , fungi, and unicellular organisms like protozoans.Some multicellular organisms like worms also cause infectious diseases. Infectious diseases caused by viruses are such as common cold ,influenza , dengue fever, AIDS etc. Bacterial diseases of bacteria are typhoid fever , cholera, tuberculosis ,anthrax etc. Common infectious skin diseases are caused by fungi Protozoan cause diseases such as malaria ,kala- azar .Worms cause intestinal diseases as well as elephantiasis .
- 28. –These are notspread to other persons.These are of following types:- i. Deficiency- caused deficiency of nutrients and hormones. E.g. diabetes , scurvy. ii. Allergic – when body is hypersensitive to foreign elements. E.g. asthma iii.Cancer- uncontrolled growth of certain tissues. iv.Mental disorder- depression ,anxiety etc. v. Addiction :- alcohol, drugs. vi.Degenerative- malfunctioning of important organs .E.g. heart diseases.
- 29. • Viral :-influenza , chickenpox , small pox ,common cold, dengue fever andAIDS • Fungal :- ringworm etc.
- 30. • Bacterial :-cholera ,typhoid , tuberculosis and anthrax . • Protozoan :- malaria , kala-azar
- 31. IMPORTANT DISEASES INHUMAN Common cold (viral) cause – Rhino virus symptoms – sore throat , cough , headache. Chicken pox (viral) symptoms – rashes, fever, aches , uneasiness. Measles (viral) symptoms –red and watery eye, pink rashes, itching or burning or rashes.
- 32. Typhoid (bacteria) Cause- salmonellatyphi. Symptoms- fever ,headache ,loss of appetite, skin rash ,either constipation or diarrhea. Tuberculosis-(BCG vaccine) Cause – Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Symptoms – night sweats, fatigue, weight loss. Malaria(protozoa) Cause –female anopheles mosquito Symptoms –fever at interal,weakness . Cancer Cause- abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells Risk factors – tobacco, alcohol, high fat diet , smoking. Hypertension Cause- blood pressure levels, stress, tension , salt intake ,fat intake(large)
- 33. Picture of Leishmania,the protozoan organism that causes kala –azar .The Organisms are oval shaped ,and each has one long whip like structure . One organism(arrow )is dividing ,while a cell of the immune system (lower right ) has gripped on the two whips of the dividing organism and is sending cell processes up to eat up the organism . The immune cell is about ten micrometers in diameter.
- 34. Picture of staphylococci,the bacteria which can cause acne .
- 35. Picture of anadult roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides is the technical name ) From the small intestine .The ruler next to it shows
- 36. • These categoriesof infectious agentsare important factors in decidingwhat kindof treatment to use.Membersof each oneof thesegroups- viruses,bacteria, and so on –have many biologicalcharacteristicsin common.All viruses, forexample,live insidehost cells ,whereasbacteriaveryrarelydo. An antibiotic is a selective poison. It hasbeen chosen so that it will kill the desired bacteria, but not the cells in our body. Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's abilityto turn glucose into energy, or its abilityto construct its cell wall. Whenthis happens, the bacteriumdiesinstead of reproducing. At the same time, the antibiotic acts onlyon the bacterium'scell-wall-building mechanism, not on a normal cell's. Antibiotics commonlyblockbiochemicalpathwaysimportant for bacteria .These inhabit the growthof bacteriaor kill them. Antibiotics do not work on virusesbecause viruses are not alive and viruses do not use biochemical pathways such as bacteria. A bacterium is a living, reproducinglife form. A virus is just a piece of DNA(or RNA). A virusinjects its DNAintoa living cell and has that cellreproduce more of the viral DNA. Witha virus there is nothingto "kill," so antibiotics don't workon it.
- 39. • • Germs canspread to the hands by sneezing, coughing, or rubbing the eyes and then can be transferred to other family members or friends. Simply washing your hands can help prevent such illnesses as the common cold or eye infections.
- 40. Hands to food: Usuallygerms are transmitted from unclean hands to food by an infected food preparer who didn’t wash his or her hands after using the toilet.The germs are then passed to those who eat the food. Germs are also transmitted from raw foods, such as chicken, to hands while preparing a meal.
- 41. •Animals to people: Washyour hands after petting animals or touching any surfaces they come into contact with.
- 42. Direct transmission refers tothe transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host to a new host, without the need for intermediates such as air, food, water or other animals. Direct modes of transmission can occur in many ways: Touching Sexual intercourse Biting Direct projection of droplets Across the placenta
- 43. •Indirect modes of transmission •Indirecttransmission is when infectious agents are transmitted to new hosts through intermediates such as air, food, water, objects or substances in the environment, or other animals. Indirect transmission has three subtypes:
- 44. • Airborne transmission: •The infectious agent may be transmitted in dried secretions from the respiratory tract, which can remain suspended in the air for some time. For example, the infectious agent causing tuberculosis can enter a new host through airborne transmission.
- 45. •Vehicle-borne transmission: • Avehicle is any non-living substance or object that can be contaminated by an infectious agent, which then transmits it to a new host. Contamination refers to the presence of an infectious agent in or on the vehicle.
- 46. •Vector-borne transmission: • A vectoris an organism, usually an arthropod, which transmits an infectious agent to a new host. Arthropods which act as vectors include houseflies, mosquitoes, lice and ticks.
- 47.
- 48. Microbes which enterour body are Likely to go to different Sites in our body such as :-
- 49. MICROBES WHICH ENTERS THROUGHTHE NOSE ARE LIKELY TO GO TO THE LUNGS. FOR EXAMPLE -BACTERIA WHICH CAUSE TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNGS.
- 50.
- 62. • Q1: Which oneof the following is an infectious disease? (a) diphtheria (b) diabetes (c) hypertension (d) cancer Q2: Elephantiasis disease can have (a) short-term affect on our health (b) no effect on our health (c) long term affect on our health (d) sometimes bad effect on our health ( 1: (a) diphtheria 2: (c) long term affect on our health
- 63. • Q3: Ascarisworm lives in which part of human body? (a) kidneys (b) liver (c) small intestine (d) large intestine Q4: Microbes which enter the body through nose most likely affect (a) liver (b) heart (c) brain (d) lungs Q5: Which of the following is a viral infection? (a) Diphtheria (b) Influenza (c) Cholera • (d) Typhoid 3: (c) small intestine 4: (d) lungs 5: (b) Influenza
- 64. • Q6: HIVvirus when active in body mainly attacks on (a) lungs (b) liver (c) immunity (d) nerves Q7: An Organism which carries pathogens is termed as (a) host (b) vector (c) parasite (d) predator Q8: Diseases which are always present in certain location are called? (a) epidemic diseases (b) endemic diseases (c) acute diseases (d) chronic diseases 6: (c) immunity 7: (b) vector 8: (a) epidemic diseases
- 65. • Q9: DPTvaccines are administered to develop immunity against (a) Tetanus (b) Diphtheria (c) Pertusiss (d) All of these Q10: Anti-viral drugs are difficult to make because, viruses (a) live outside the host cells (b) live inside the host cells (c) live in consumed food particles (d) live in blood stream Q11: BCG vaccine is used to develop immunity against (a) jaundice (b) polio (c) influenza (d) tuberculosis 9: (d) All of these 10: (a) live outside the host cells 11: (d) tuberculosis
- 66. • Q12: Whichof the following is a communicable disease? (a) Rickets (b) Scurvy (c) Marasmus (d) Cholera Q13: The causative organism for malaria is a: (a) bacteria (b) protozoa (c) virus (d) fungi Q14: Vaccination helps in controlling diseases because (a) it develops resistance against the pathogen attack (b) it kills the pathogens causing disease (c) it blocks the food supplied to pathogens (d) it does not allow pathogens to multiply in hosts Answer 12: (d) Cholera 13: (b) protozoa 14: (a) it develops resistance against the pathogen attack
- 67. • Q15: ORSis given in (a) diarrhea (b) measles (c) typhoid (d) tetanus Q16: Which of the following is an example of nutritional deficiency disease? (a) Hypertension (b) Rickets (c) Diabetes (d) Gastroenteritis Answer 15: (a) diarrhea 16: (b) Rickets
- 68.
- 69. 1.Define antibiotics? Ans: Antibioticare the chemical substances produced by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi,etc which can kill or stop the growth of some pathogenic microorganism such as fungi , bacteria
- 70. 2.What are vaccines? Ans:A vaccine is an antigen that is injected. It causes the development of active immunity in the patient. It stimulates the production of antibodies .There are vaccines against tetanus, polio, diphtheria etc.
- 71. 3.What is dehydration? Ans:Dehydration is the loss of water from body tissues which makes the patient dangerously ill in a short time. In case of dehydration the patient becomes irritable, sudden weight loss, fever , or fits.
- 72. 4.How food poisoningis caused? Ans: Food poisoning by bacteria salmonella is called salmonellosis. The infection of bacteria is contracted from sick farm animals through their milk , meat or eggs.
- 73. 5.List some basicprinciple of prevention of infectious diseases? Ans: 1) Availability of proper and sufficient food. 2) Have regular check up’s . 3)Try to be in clean environment.
- 74. 6.What do youmean by immunity? Ans:The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection is called immunity.
- 75. 7.Give a classificationof diseases caused by protozoa, viruses & bacteria. Ans: Diseases caused by protozoa- Malaria. Diseases caused by viruses- Influenza,jaundice,Rabies,Polio Diseases caused by bacteria -T.B, Cholera,typhoid, diarhoea..
- 77. a) Define disease? b)Whatare the two major categories of human diseases. Give two examples of each ? Ans a)-Any functional or physical change from the natural state that cause discomfort or disability is called a disease. Ans b) The major categories of human diseases are : Communicable (infectious) diseases e.g.- Malaria ,jaundice. Non –communicable (non-infectious)diseases. e.g.– Cancer, diabetes. What are the causes of non-infectious diseases? Ans- These are not spread to other persons and are not caused by any infection are called non –infectious. Causes are- i. Genetic abnormabilities: Haemophilia, some type of cancers .etc. ii. Internal causes : Such as high blood pressure can be caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise.
- 78. What is infectiousdisease and their causes? Ans-These are spread to other person and are caused by microbes are called infectious disease. They are caused by – i) bacteria ii) viruses iii)Fungi iv)protozoan List the causes of diseases . i. Infection ii. Poor health iii. Lack of proper and sufficient food iv. Lack of public services v. Genetic differences . List four diseases caused by viruses? Ans- diseases caused by viruses are – • Common cold • Influenza • Dengue fever • AIDS
- 79. What are thedifference between communicable and non- communicable diseases? COMMUNICABLE(INFECTIOUS ) DISEASES NON-COMMUNICABLE (NON- INFECTIOUS )DISEASES They are infectious diseases .They are transferred from a patient to the healthy person . They are not infectious diseases and cannot be transferred from a patient to a healthy person. They are caused by a pathogen (disease causing bacteria). They are not caused by pathogen. They are spread through some agency such as air , food , contact ,insects, etc. They do not spread through any agency. These are not caused by nutritional deficiency. These are due to infection. They are caused by nutritional deficiency degeneration of organs or malfunctioning of a vital organ, not caused by infection.
- 80. Explain why antibioticsare more effective in curing bacterial diseases than viral diseases. Ans-Antibiotics are effective in curing bacterial and fungal infections (e.g.- tuberculosis)but they are ineffective in viral diseases (e.g.-common cold ).Antibiotics affect on life process of bacteria and inhibit their growth .On the other hand virus is just apiece of DNA (RNA ),not well defined life form .Viruses can reproduce inside host cells .They do not use biochemical pathways as used by other microbes (bacteria ,fungi , parasites).That's why antibiotic are ineffective in viral infections. Define antibiotic? Explain how it is able to control bacterial infections but not viral infections? Ans-Antibiotics (anti means against , biotic –living) are types of medications that destroy or slow the growth of bacteria.They are often termed as antibacterial .They work against the life processes of bacteria .Many bacteria ,for example ,make a cell-wall to protect themselves .The antibiotic penicillin blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell wall.Thus bacteria fail to build their cell – wall, stop multiplying and die out .Human cells don’t make a cell-wall anyway, so penicillin cannot have such effect on us.
- 81. Give causes andremedy of i) Hepatitis ii)AIDS iii)Malaria Ans - Causes Remedy i) Hepatitis is caused by virus - Hepatitis A and B vaccination (preventive measure) - Avoid eating stale food . ii) AIDS is caused by HIV. - Avoid any type of infection - Now anti – viral drugs that keep HIV infection under control are available . iii) Malaria is caused by -Avoid breeding of mosquito in stagnant Plasmodium(Protozoan microbe) water ditches ,ponds,etc. Spread by bite of female - Consult doctor for treatment . Anopheles mosquito. -Use mosquito repellents.
- 82. What Is Cancer?What Causes Cancer? Ans.-Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign. More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur: 1.a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion 2.that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis. When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat.