Wide spectrum applications of Bacterial and Fungal pigments

Wide spectrum applications of Bacterial and Fungal pigments

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  Fungal and BacterialPigments Secondary Metabolites with Wide Applications Frontiers in Microbiology(2017) Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao1†, Min Xiao1† and Wen-Jun Li1,2* Sushil Patel
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  Introduction • Natural coloursis increasing day by day due to harmful effects of some synthetic dyes. • Bacterial and fungal pigments provide a readily available alternative source of naturally derived pigments. • They have enormous advantages including rapid growth, easy processing, and independence of weather conditions. • Apart from colorant, bacterial and fungal pigments possess many biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. This review outlines different types of pigments.
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  Why Microbial Pigments •More efficient and cost-effective • More feasible • Do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods • Can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields • Availability of microbes throughout year • Rapid growth in low cost medium, easy processing, and growth that is independent of weather conditions. • Wide range of temperature and pH stability of microbes are more suitable for industry.
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  Drawbacks of plantpigments • Throughout over availability of plants • Stability of the pigment • Solubility of the pigments • Large scale use of plant may leads to loss of biodiversity or species richness.
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  Global market ofPigments • The demand for organic pigments and dyes is expected to reach almost 10 million tons by 2017((Babitha, 2009). • The carotenoids alone are estimated to reach $1.4 billion by 2018 (Venil et al., 2014). • Microbial production of b-carotene costs approximately US$1000/kg versusUS$500/kg for synthetic means. • There is an increased push to reduce the production costs for microbial pigments by using low cost substrates or strain improvements, and in the near future, there may be a monopoly market for microbial pigments.
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  Industrial application ofpigments • Textile industries remains the largest consumer of organic pigments and dyes. • Also used in printing inks, paints, and coating agents. • The International food colorant market which was estimated at around $1.15 billion USD in 2007 (Mapariet al., 2010) may also increase in the future due to food coloring approval for use in the food industry (Aberoumand, 2011). • The pigment produced by Penicillium aculeatum which is used in soft drink.
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  Fungal pigments andtheir applications S.No. Fungi Pigment Application 1 Aspergillus versicolor Asperversin Antifungal agent 2 Fusarium sp. JN158 Benzoquinon Anticancer agent 3 Fusarium oxysporum Anthraquinone Dyeing of wool fabrics 4 Talaromyces verruculosus Red pigment Dye textile having antimicrobial activity 5 Stemphylium lycopersici Anthraquinone Antioxidant
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  Fungal Pigments • Filamentousfungi are known to produce an extraordinary range of pigments such as carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, and indigo (Dufosse et al., 2014). • Monascus produce yellow (ankaflavine, monascine), orange (rubropunctatine, monascorubrine), and purple (rubropunctamine, monascorubramine) pigments which are often encountered in Oriental foods(Dufosse et al., 2005). • Monascus pigments possess antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-mutagenic, and anti-obesity properties (Feng et al., 2012). • There are more than 200 fungal species reported for carotenes production (Dufosse et al., 2005). • Carotenes production was often found in zygomycetes from the order Mucorales, which includes Phycomyces, Blakeslea, and Mucor. • Carotene production has been reported in the basidiomycetes genera such as Rhodosporidium, Sclerotium, Sclerotinia, Sporidiobolus, and Ustilago.
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  Continue….. • Ascomycetes suchas Aspergillus, Cercospora, Penicillium, and Aschersonia have also been reported for carotenes production (Avalos and Carmen Limon, 2015). • Properties of marine pigments usually same as terrestrial pigments but some pigments only produced by marine fungi for example Yellow pigment (anthracene-glycoside asperflavinribofuranoside)produced by a marine fungi Microsporum sp. (Li et al., 2006). • Pigments such as anthraquinones, naphthaquinones, dihydroxy naphthalene melanin, flavin, anthraquinone, chrysophanol, cynodontin, helminthosporin, tritisporin, and erythroglaucin were reported by genera such as Eurotium,Fusarium Curvularia and Drechslera (Babitha, 2009).
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  Endophytic fungi inpigment production • Marine-derived endophytic fungi • Eurotium rubrum • Halorosellinia • Hortaea, Phaeotheca, and Trimmatostroma have been reported for pigment production.
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  Bacterial pigments andtheir applications S.No. Bacteria Pigment Application 1 Micromonospora lupine Anthraquinone Antitumor agent 2 Streptomyces sp. Carotenoid Food-grade pigment 3 Chromobacterium Violacein Anti-tumor, anti-microbial, and anti- parasitic agent 4 Chromobacterium sp. NIIST (MTCC 5522) Violacein Antifungal agent 5 Hymenobacter sp. and Chryseobacterium sp. Carotenoid Photo-sensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells 6 Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H Melanin Anti-cancer agent and anti-oxidant 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyocyanin Anti-microbial agent 8 Hahella chejuensis Prodiginines Antibiotic 9 Pedobacter Carotenoid Antioxidant 10 Vogesella indigofera Blue pigment Detect heavy metal
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  Gap area ofthe research • Many marine ecological niches are still unexplored. • Marine environment contains low temperatures, absence of light and high pressure and salinity, in these conditions marine microorganism can produce pigments. Genera such as Aspergillus (He et al., 2012), Penicillium (Dhale and Vijay Raj, 2009), Trichoderma (Blaszczyk et al., 2014), and Eurotium (Smetanina et al., 2007) have been reported for pigment production.
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  Factors which affectpigment production • Pigment production by fungi in acedic condition e.g. Monascus purpureus, Isaria farinosa, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium verticillioides, and Penicillium purpurogenum. • Pigment produced by Thermomyces was stable from acidic to moderate alkaline conditions (pH 5.1 and 8.0) (Poorniammal and Gunasekaran, 2015). • The pigment produced by Monascus purpureus was stable even at high alkaline conditions (pH 11) (Huang et al., 2011).