Writing task 1

TYPE 1: LINE GRAPH
Essential Expressions
Below are useful sentences for describing falling and rising changes in line graphs.
Case 01 Rising
1. Basic Sentences Patterns
 The price rises [increases, goes up].
 The price is rising [increasing, going up].
 The price ends up higher.
2. Expanded sentences (steady growth)
 The price continues to rise [increase, go up].
 The price is climbing upward.
 There is continuing growth in the price.
Case 02 Falling
1. Basic Sentence Patters
 The amount falls [decreases, goes down].
 The amount is falling [decreasing, going down].
 The amount ends up lower.
2. Expanded Sentences (steady decrease)
 The amount continues to fall [decrease, go down, decline].
 The amount is descending.
 There is a downward trend in the amount.
Case 03 Falling then rising
1. Basic Sentence Patterns
 The number of items falls and then rises.
 The number of items decreases and then increases
 The number of items goes down and then goes up.
2. Expanded Sentences (first, later)
 The number of items falls [decreases, goes down] at first and then begins to rise
[increase, go up].
 At first, there is a downward trend in the number of items, and then it turns into an
upward trend.
 In the beginning, the number of items decreases, and after a while there is an increase.

Case 04 Describing different degrees of falling or rising
1. Basic Sentence Patterns
 X: The rate rises [increases, goes up] very rapidly.
 Y: The rate rises [increases, goes up] steadily.
 Z: The rate rises [increases, goes up] slowly.
2. Expanded Sentences
 Type A (Time +) Subject + Verb + Adverb (+Time)
 Time may be put at the beginning or at the end of a sentence
ex) From 1990 to 2005, the rate increased dramatically.
Time S V Adv
 Type B (Time +) There is/was + a/an (+ Adjective) + Noun + Prepositional phrase (+ Time)
ex) Starting from 1990 there was a fast rise in the rate.
Time article Adj N Prepositional phrase
 X: A sudden rise
• Type A From 1990 to 2005, the rate increased dramatically.
• Type B Starting from 1990, there was a fast rise in the rate.
 Y: A steady rise
• Type A During the period of 1990 to 2005, the rate increased steadily.
• Type B Until 2005, there was a regular increase in the rate.
 Z: A slow rise
• Type A Over the years, the rate goes up slowly.
• Type B Throughout the period, there was a gentle increase in the rate.

Practice test 1:
Question
You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task.
This line graph shows the percentage of women who employed in four countries from 1985 to 2005.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information.
You should write at least 150 words.
Discovering Key Words
When looking at any chart, graph, or process, break the visual sown into key expressions.
Use these key words to help write your report.
What the X and Y axes represent
1. X From 1985 to 2005
Y Percentage of women employed
What the graph is measuring or displaying
2. USA, Korea, Afghanistan, and France
Description of trends for each line in the graph
3. USA increase 1985-2000
drop 2000-2005
4. Korea no decrease
5. Afghanistan increase 1985-1995
drop after 1995
go down in 2005
6. France fall 1985-1990
increase until 2005
General statements about whole graph
7. All countries, 2005>1985, except for Afghanistan
Comparative statements
8. USA, France, majority of women employed
Planning the Report

Introduction: Start your report with an introduction to the subject of the pie chart. Remember
to paraphrase the title.
1. the percentage of women employed, over an interval of twenty years
2. USA, Korea, Afghanistan, and France from 1985 to 2005
Body: Describe the graph in detail. Remember to decide on the most logical order to present the
material.
3. USA show a steady increase from 1985 until 2000
drop slightly for the year 2005
4. Korea steady twenty-year rise with no decrease
5. Afghanistan increase from 1985 to 1995
after 1995, substantial drop to about 10 percent in 2000
go down further in 2005
6. France fall slightly in the first five years, increase continuously until 2005
Conclusion: End the report with one or two sentences which summarize(s) the global trends
shown on the chart and compare and/or contrast them, if possible.
7. all countries except for Afghanistan, higher percentage of employed women in 2005 than in
1985
8. USA and France, majority of women are employed in 2005
Practice test 4:
Question

This chart below shows the percentage of the city’s population that does not have any sort of health
insurance from 1981 to 2005 for two cities.
Introduction
1. the percentage of people in two different cities without health insurance from 1981 to 2005
2. The cities shown: Boston and Seattle
Body
3. 1981: both cities, the same percentage of people who were insured, over 20%
4. a few years later, both cities, increase in that percentage
5. Seattle: a steeper rise
6. Afterwards Boston: started falling, and then started rising again around 1990
7. around 1994: Boston’s percentage started decreasing until 2005
8. Seattle: initial rise in the percentage of uninsured, the percentage went downward until the
year 2005
Conclusion
9. the percentage of people in both cities without health insurance: start off the same in 1981
10. Boston’s percentage in 2005: quite a bit lower than in 1981
Seattle’s percentage in 2005: only a tiny bit lower
TYPE 2: BAR GRAPH
Below are useful sentences for describing changes in bar graphs.

Case 01 A steady rise
 The number of people rises [increases, goes up] each year.
 Each year the number of people is rising [increasing, going up].
Case 02 Comparing numbers of working hours
 X worked more hours than Y.
 X worked the most [greatest] number of hours.
 Z worked the least [fewest] number of hours.
Case 03 Comparing percentages completed
 X has a higher percentage than Y.
 X has the highest percentage completed.
 Z has the lowest percentage completed.
 X completed the most.
 Z completed the least.
Case 04 Describing increases and decreases
 X increases continually.
 Y decreases continually.
 X increases while Y decreases.
 X and Y are the same in 2002.
 In 2003, X becomes greater than Y.
 Y becomes less than X in 2003
Case 05 Comparing changes
 The price of X in 1990 is greater than in 1995.
 In 1995, the price of X is less than in 1990.
 The price of Y increases from 1990 to 1995.
 From 1990 to 1995, the price of X falls, but the price of Y rises.
 The price of X and Y go in opposite directions from 1990 to 1995.
Practice test 2:
Question

This bar chart shows the number of private cars, in millions, of different cities from 1950 to 2000.
When looking at any chart, graph, or process, break the visual down into key expressions.
What the X and Y axes represent
1. X from 0 to 3.5 million cars
2. Y London, Beijing, Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles
What the graph is measuring or displaying
3. The number of private cars over the fifty-year period
Description of trends for each bar in the graph
4. London rise for thirty years
from 1980 to 2000, no rise
5. Beijing start with the fewest number of private cars
6. Tokyo a year-to-year decrease
decrease from 1980
7. New York City & Los Angeles increase from the 1950’s
8. Los Angeles in 2000, with London, the most number
General statements about whole graph
9. increased over the fifty-year period
10. exception of Tokyo from 1980, more cars at the end of the 20th century than in the mid-century
Planning the Report
Introduction: Start your report with an introduction to the subject of the pie chart. Remember
to paraphrase the title.
3. the number of private cars in five cities from the year 1950 to 2000
4. the cities shown: London, Beijing, Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles

5. a number of different trends for each city over the fifty-year period
Body: Describe the graph in detail. Remember to decide on the most logical order to present the
material.
4. London rose for thirty years and then leveled off
from 1980 to 2000, there was no rise
5. Beijing started with the fewest number of private cars in the 1950’s
6. Tokyo the only city to have seen a year-to-year decrease from 1980
the number of private vehicles actually decreased from 1980
7. New York City & Los Angeles substantially increases in car ownership from the 1950’s
8. Los Angeles & London in 2000, the most number of private cars out of all the cities
11. the number of private owned cars increased substantially over the fifty-year period
12. with the exception of Tokyo from 1980 onward, still more vehicles on the road at the end of
the 20th century than there were in the mid-century
Practice test 5:
Question
This bar chart below shows the percentage of people that said they regularly enjoyed certain sports
from 1985 to 2005.

Introduction
1. the number of private cars in five cities from the year 1950 to 2000
2. the cities shown: London, Beijing, Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles
Body
3. football very slight increases in the number of people for the first 15 years
more than doubled from the year 2000
4. golf increased steadily from 1985 to 2005, the increase slowed during the last
5 years
5. swimming decreased from 1985 to 1995, less than 20% of people enjoyed it
after increasing in 2000 and 2005, doubled to 40%
6. snow sports the percentage quite small in 1985
increasing numbers of people throughout the 20-year period expressed
their interest, 25% of the population enjoyed it
7. baseball a substantial decrease in the percentage
60% in 1985, fell to about 25% in 2005
Conclusion
8. increasing numbers of people: enjoyed all the sports in the chart, except for baseball
9. the people who used to enjoy baseball: went to enjoy the other sports
TYPE 3: PIE CHART
Below are useful sentences for describing changes in pie charts.
Case 01 Two segments showing simple data
 The pie chart shows the number of X’s and Y’s.
 There are more X’s than Y’s.
 There are fewer Y’s than X’s.

 There are 17 X’s and 6 Y’s.
Case 02 Two segments showing percentages
 The pie chart shows the percentage of X and Y.
 The percentage of X is higher than the percentage of Y.
 The percentage of X is greater than the percentage of Y.
 The percentage of Y is lower than the percentage of X.
 The percentage of Y is less than the percentage of X.
 Among total, there is 78% X and 22% Y.
Case 03 Several segments showing simple data
 The amount of W, X, Y and Z are shown on this pie chart.
 W has the greatest share of the total.
 X has the second highest share of the total.
 Y has the second smallest share of the total.
 Z has the smallest share of the total.
 X and Y together make up half the total.
 There are three times as many Y’s as there are Z’s.
 There are almost twice as many X’s as there are Y’s.
Case 04 Several segments showing percentages
 The percentages of W, X, Y and Z are shown on this pie chart.
 W has the highest percentage of the total.
 X has the second highest percentage of the total.
 Y has the second smallest percentage of the total.
 Z has the smallest percentage of the total.
 X and Y together make up half the total.
 The percentage of Y is almost three times the percentage of Z.
 The percentage of X is almost twice the percentage of Y.
Practice test 3:
Question
The pie chart below shows the makeup of the Congress in Country X after Election Day.

What the pie chart is measuring or displaying
1. breakdown of parties in congress of Country
2. four parties: Prosperity, Progress, Unity, Liberty
3. unaffiliated
Description of trends for each segment in the chart
4. the largest Prosperity
36%, more than a third
5. the second Progress, a quarter
6. Unity and Liberty, less than 20%
Unity has 19%, Liberty has 14%
7. unaffiliated 7%
General statements about whole chart
8. no majority
9. Prosperity and any other party/ the three other parties: make a majority
Planning the Report
Introduction: Start your report with an introduction to the subject of the pie chart.
Remember to paraphrase the title.
1. the breakdown of Country X’s congress by different parties
2. four parties: Prosperity, Progress, Unity and Liberty parties
3. another category: unaffiliated congress people
Body: Always group information in a logical way to make it easy to follow and read. The
most logical thing to do is to compare categories together across the chart focusing on
similarities and differences, rather than writing each segment separately.

4. the largest party: the Prosperity party
36%, more than a third of all seats
5. the party with the second biggest share: the Progress party with nearly a quarter of the
total
6. the Unity party and the Liberty party: less than 20% of all seats in congress
the Unity party has a large share at 19%, the Liberty party only has 14%
7. an unaffiliated category: 7% of all congress people do not belong to any party
8. no party in congress has a majority
9. a coalition of Prosperity and any other party or the three other parties: make a majority
Practice test 6:
Question
The pie chart below shows the vaccination uptake results and how well certain groups of
people took vaccinations.

Introduction
1. the results of the vaccination among certain groups of people
2. five different categories: completely successful, mostly successful, halfway successful,
partly successful, and uptake failure
Body
3. 13% of the people: a completely successful result
4. 18% of the people: mostly successful
5. 40% of the people: only halfway successful, the largest percentage of all groups
6. 18% of the tested people: partly successful
7. 11% of the test subjects: not effective at all
Conclusion
8. the vaccination: very low failure rate at 11%
the completely successful rate at 13%: low as well
9. the rest of the group: not complete success and not a complete failure
Model report 1: The line graph
This chart shows the percentage of women employed in four countries over an interval of
twenty years. Information is shown for the USA, Korea, Afghanistan and France from 1985
to 2005.
It can be seen in the graph that the percentage of working women in the USA went up
steadily between the year of 1985 and 2000, until it was followed by a slight decrease by
2005. The percentage of working women in Korea shows a steady increase as well, but with
no decrease. The data on the rate of women employed in Afghanistan shows a different
trend. There were about 33 percent of women working in 1985 and the rate rose moderately
until 1995. However, for some reason, the rate dropped dramatically from 1995 to 2000 to

10 percent and it continued to drop by 2005. In the case of France, there was a sudden
decrease of around 10 percent from 1985 to 1990, which was followed by a swift growth of
approximately 20 percent between 1990 and 1995. The rate of women employed in France
then stabilized until 2005.
In conclusion, the rates of working women in all countries are higher in 2005 than those
in 1985 with an exception of Afghanistan. Out of four countries, the USA and France are the
countries where the majority of women are employed in the year 2005.
Model report 2: The bar graph
The bar graph shows the number of privately owned cars in millions in five cities:
London, Beijing, Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles, between the year of 1950 and 2000.
The number of private cars in London increased from 1.5 million to 3 million from 1950
to 1980. It then leveled off from 1980 to 2000. Beijing had the fewest number of cars to start
with in 1950. The number of cars in Beijing increased steadily from then on until 2000, when
it reached 2.5 million. While the number of privately owned vehicles in other four cities
increases over 50 years, Tokyo's fluctuated. It started off at half a million in 1950. It reached
its highest point at 2 million in 1980, and dropped to 1.5 million in 2000. New York City and

Los Angeles, the two major cities in the United States, show a steady increase within those
years. The number of private vehicles in New York City was 1 million in 19.50. The number
shows a gradual rise until 1990, then was followed by a sudden increase from 1.8 million to
2.5 million by year 2000. Los Angeles shows a similar trend for the change in the number of
vehicles. There were only half a million private cars in 1950, but the number reached 3
million by 2000. It also shows a quick increase from 2 million to 3 million between 1990 and
2000.
London and Los Angeles are the two cities with the most privately owned vehicles. The
city with the least number of private cars is Tokyo. The number of private cars has increased
tremendously in all five cities within 50 years.
Model report 3: The pie chart
The pie chart shows the breakdown of Country X's congress by different parties. Those
four parties are the Prosperity, Progress, Unity, and Liberty parties. There is also a category
for unaffiliated congress people.
The largest party present in the congress of Country X is the Prosperity party. At 36%
they hold more than a third of all seats. The party with the second biggest share is the
Progress party with nearly a quarter of the total. The Unity party, and the Liberty party both
have less than 20% of all seats in congress. The Unity party though has a larger share at 19%
whereas the Liberty party only has 14%. There is also an unaffiliated category, which means
7% of all congress people do not belong to any party.

No party in congress has a majority. A coalition of Prosperity and any other party would
give them a majority, or the three other parties together could have a coalition of over 50%
of congressional seats.
TYPE 4: TABLE
Below are useful sentences for describing data in a table.
Case 01 Two different categories in the years 2000 and 2005
Percentage of People Who Owned a Cell Phone
Men Women
2000 55% 45%
2005 66% 64%

 A higher percentage of men than women own a cell phone in 2000.
 From 2000 to 2005, the percentage of men owning a cell phone increases by 11 %.
 The percentage of men and women owning a cell phone is nearly the same in 2005.
 In 2000, the majority of women do not own a cell phone, but by 2005, almost two-thirds do.
 In 2000, the percentage of women owning a cell phone is less than the percentage of men
owning a cell phone.
 In 2005, the percentage of men owning a cell phone is only slightly higher than the
percentage of women owning one.
Case 02 Specific figures of two categories in the years 1990 and 2005
Average Number of Cars per Household in Los Angeles
Less than
$40,000 income
More than
$40,000 income
1990 0.8 2.2
2005 1.2 3.1
 Households with more than $40,000 in income can buy more cars in general.
 Both types of households see an increase in the average number of cars from 1990 to 2005.
 Households with less than $40,000 in income have an average of less than one car in 1990.
 For poorer households, the average number of cars only goes from 0.8 in 1990 to 1.2 in
2005.
 The average number of cars in richer households increases from just over two in 1990 to
about three in 2005.
 The average number of cars for households with more than $40,000 in income is almost
three times the average of poorer households.
Case 03 Specific figures of four categories in developing and developed countries
Business Environment Ratings Given by a Business Magazine
(Out of 10: 1 – being the worst, 10 – being the best)
Developing country Developed country
South Korea China France USA
Ease of Starting a Business 6.7 5.1 4.0 8.1
Labor Flexibility 6.0 4.1 3.8 8.2
Tax Burden 5.2 6.1 4.1 5.2
Public Benefits 2.5 2.2 7.9 3.6
 France has the lowest rating in the ease of starting a business.

 The business environment seems to be the best in the USA and South Korea.
 China and South Korea have relatively better business environment ratings than France.
 The developing countries and the USA have a poor rating in public benefits.
 The USA has the third lowest rating among the four countries in public benefits.
 The business environment ratings do not seem to depend on whether or not a country is developed.
Case 04 Five items in an invoice
Order Invoice for Company X
Item number Item Quantity Item Description Cost per Item Special Instructions
E224 12
iNac Computer Towers $1,599.00 Please ship
immediatelyShipping and Handling $250.00
0894 15
Aeronflux Chairs $1,000.00
Shipping and Handling $300.00
0314 7
Pinewood Computer Desks $700.00
Shipping and Handling, Assembly $650.00
E399 14
Ergonomic Keyboards $65.00
Shipping and Handling $50.00
0948 4
Xerox Copy/Printer/Fax Machine $9,865
Please confirm
delivery date
Shipping and Handling,
Installation, 2-Year Maintenance
$8,000
 The table shows an order invoice for Company X.
 Aeronflux chairs are the largest quantity of items ordered.
 The chairs, desks, and keyboards have no special instructions.
 The iNac computer towers and the Xerox machines are the only items with special instructions.
 Xerox machines are the smallest quantity of items ordered, but they are the most expensive per
item.
 The least expensive items are the ergonomic keyboards, which also have the cheapest shipping
and handling cost.
Practice test 7:
Question
The table below shows the average percentage of household income spent on food for specific
countries. The percentages shown are at ten-year intervals starting in 1950 and going to 2000.
Average Percentages of Household Income Spent on Food
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
France 29.6 31.4 25.0 21.6 16.9 10.3
Japan 30.3 26.7 20.4 17.0 12.2 7.4
Korea 30.4 37.1 25.6 20.5 15.5 8.7

Mexico 28.7 23.6 22.0 20.7 19.5 24.9
USA 20.6 18.2 13.3 10.1 8.9 6.2
Brief summary of the given table
1. household income spent on food from 1950 to 2000
2. five specific countries: France, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and the United States
Description of trends for each segment in the chart
3. all countries: lower in 2000 than in 1950
4. Japan and the United States: a continual decrease
5. France and Korea: rose from 1950 to 1960
the percentage decreased until the year 2000
6. Mexico: went down until the year 1990 / went up in the year 2000
7. Korea: 37.1%, the year 1960
8. the United States: 6.2% in 2000
General statements about whole chart
9. almost all countries: decrease
10. the sole exception – Mexico
11. in Mexico, the percentage seems to be rising
Planning the Report
Introduction: Begin with one or two sentences that state(s) what the table shows.
Remember to paraphrase the title of the table.
1. household income spent on food, at ten-year intervals from 1950 to 2000
2. five specific countries: France, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and the United States
Body: Use complete sentences to describe the information in detail. You just need to
describe most significant facts or the major trends, then decide on a logical order to present
the material.
3. all countries: income spent on food lower in 2000 than in 1950
4. Japan and the United States: a continual decrease, at every ten-year interval
5. France and Korea: an initial increase from 1950 to 1960
the percentage decreased until the year 2000
6. Mexico: went down until the year 1990, went up in the year 2000
7. Korea: the highest value of 37.1% during the year 1960
8. the United States: the lowest value of 6.2% in the year 2000

shown on the table and compare and/or contrast them, if possible.
9. almost all countries: a steady decrease in income spent on food
10. The sole exception is Mexico
The percentage seems to be rising

Writing task 1

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Writing task 1