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![Bethmann-Hollweg only
from this point on.
32
Haldane and Goschen Wilhelm and Bethmann-Hollweg.
“We are concerned with your Navy Law and the building of more
Dreadnoughts.”
“Well, we were concerned with your war preparations of
your naval fleet during the Agadir Crisis.”
“If the tables were turned, you would have done the same thing.”
“Agreed.”
“Could we agree to stay out of any war involving the other?”
“We could no longer stand by and see France crushed than you could stand by
and see Austria crushed.” [If England were neutral, they would fear that
we would attack France.]
“We would probably accept a mutual undertaking of neutrality in case the
other had to deal with an aggressive attack by a third Great Power.” “How would you define “aggressive?”
“One could not define the number of grains it took to make a pile, but one
knew a pile when one saw one.”
“What is the value of establishing better relations with us if you are going to
enlarge your battle fleet, thus forcing us to respond by increasing ours?.”
“We will lay down two keels for each one of yours.” “Really?”
“If we didn’t ,the English people would turn out our government.” “Nevertheless, Germany must build a third squadron of ships.”
“It is a dilemma. Haldane…….do you see a way out?”
“Consider this, Theobald, ………….a reduction of the ‘tempo.’”
Haldane
and Goschen
“Spread out the building schedule over nine years instead of six which
was normal for both our countries-even twelve.”
(Bethmann) “My admirals are very difficult to deal with.”
Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg
[The Kaiser was not in attendance.]
[Bethmann had been attempting for two years to
bring about an agreement between Germany and
England.]
Despite obstacles, the two men had talked openly,
had identified areas of trouble,
and had discussed possible solutions.
Both men left the meeting optimistically and with hope.
[Haldane was given a copy of the
Naval Bill which he pocketed and
left for London.]
[Bethmann happily left to meet with
Wilhelm, Bulow , and Admiral
Tirpitz.]
BUT……](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/wwiapproaches4of5-201117034958/75/WW-I-approaches-4-of-5-32-2048.jpg)
![51
“Spread out the building schedule over nine years instead of six which normal for
both our countries-even twelve.”
Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg
[The Kaiser was not in attendance.]
(Bethmann) “My admirals are very difficult to deal with.”
[Bethmann had been attempting for two years to bring about an
agreement between Germany and England.]
Page
2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/wwiapproaches4of5-201117034958/75/WW-I-approaches-4-of-5-51-2048.jpg)
![87
Count Leopold von Berchtold
Foreign Minister of Austria Kaiser Wilhelm II
Incites:
What do these two men think of Serbia
and the Slavic peoples?
For months, the Kaiser had given
Austria explicit, hearty encouragement
to take action against Serbia, even if it
meant …..
Question: …even if it meant
[what?]…….
a. Austrian defeat.
b. Russia gets involved.
c. All the other European nations
voiced their objections.
d. A few battle defeats before you gain
the final victory.
“The Slavs were born to serve and not to rule,
and this must be taught them.”
“It was inevitable that the German peoples would
have to stave off a mighty impulse of Slavdom.”
If the good Emperor Franz Joseph demands something, the
Serbian government must yield, and if she does not, then
Belgrade will be bombarded and occupied until the will of
His Majesty is fulfilled.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/wwiapproaches4of5-201117034958/75/WW-I-approaches-4-of-5-87-2048.jpg)
More Related Content
Similar to WW I approaches (4 of 5)
WW I approaches (4 of 5)
- 1. Coming of WWI Part 4 of 5 1
- 2. 2 REVIEW Name each: …..clickfor answer King of Britain British Ambassador to Russia. Russian Ambassador to Britain. British Prime Minister Emperor of Austrian Empire German Kaiser German Chancellor Austrian Foreign Minister Edward VII Arthur Nicolson Alexander Izvolsky Edward Grey Franz Joseph Wilhelm II Bernard Bulow; Bethmann-Hollweg Alois Aehrenthal Family names of Monarchs: Great Britain Austria Germany Russia Saxe-Coburg ( yes, few knew this one) Hapsburg Hohenzollern Romanov Titles: what is the title of the leader in each of these countries? Britain- Germany- Russia- Austria-Hungary- King Kaiser Czar Emperor
- 3. 3 More (No answersare listed here). 1. Izvolsky and Russia wanted access to what geographic area? 2. Why? 3. Aehrenthal wanted what nation-states to become Austrian? 4. What nation-states would make-up a Slavic Nation? 5. In what way was Izvolsky contradicting the desires of the Russian government and citizenry? 6. What was the current condition of the Ottoman Empire’s military? 7. Why was the Dardanelles Strait critical to the economy of Russia? 8. Why would Russia support a Slavic Nation? 9. Why did Izvolsky turn from the help promised by Arthur Nicolson to the Austrian Foreign Minister Aehrenthal? 10. Who started the idea that Russia and Britain might form an entente? 11. What was the condition of the Russian military? What was the primary cause? 12. Of these three, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Serbia, which would have the strongest military? 13. Who are the “Young Turks” and what was their goal? 14. “Encirclement”. Which country fears “encirclement”? 15. Germany fears what countries in their encirclement fear?
- 4. 4 16. The RussianDuma and Alexander Izvolsky disagree over what? 17. Why does Britain want the Ottoman Empire to remain strong? 18. What concern about Russia is held by Britain despite their Anglo-Russian Agreement? 19. Which country seeks revenge against Germany? Why 20. What economic issue puts Russia and France together? 21. Who was “fired” by Kaiser Wilhelm II from his position as German Chancellor? 22. Why would Austria-Hungary want a strong Ottoman Empire? 23. Italy desires to recreate what empire from the past? 24. What geographic aspect does Serbia not possess? 25. Serbia felt they were betrayed by what country? 26. What country was Germany’s only ally? 27. Repeat question with a twist: why does Britain want to restrict Russian access to the Mediterranean Sea? 28. Would International Law object to the Ottoman Empire allowing Russian access to the Dardanelles Strait? Why? 29. Which country in this list is the youngest: Russia, Austria, Serbia, France, Germany, Turkey?
- 5. 5 Cover of theFrench periodical Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis: Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph annexes Bosnia, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on.
- 6. USA Japan Germany France Great Britain The Naval Arms Race6 Find some curiosities
- 7. 7 What do younotice? You must notice something!?!
- 8. 8 You can seeit better now- now…….what do you see?
- 9. Great Britain’s “Navalbattle” Admiral Jacky Fisher Admiral Charles Beresford Expand, modernize Save money, status quoversus Beresford was highly respected but as First Admiral of the British fleet, Fisher got his plans to expand adopted by parliament with the building of the HMS Dreadnought. 9
- 10. The father of TheDreadnought Admiral Sir John “Jacky” Fisher First Lord of the Admiralty HMS Dreadnought The largest battleship ever built. With the production of the Dreadnought, Tirpitz regarded it as a hostile act. Germany responded at once, and a naval rivalry now existed in earnest, with each nation regarding the other's actions as provocative. 10
- 11. Former First Lord JackyFisher and Churchill were in agreement--- upgrade and enlarge our navy. In opposition to Fisher and Churchill was David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who refused to put up the tremendous funds required. Prime Minister Herbert Asquith agreed with Churchill. 11
- 12. 12 Fisher is pushinghard for the new Dreadnoughts The opposition’s argument: pick 2 out of 6. 1. We already have an overwhelming superiority and our ship building docks and facilities are the best in the world. 2. If we go forth with the new Dreadnoughts, then Germany will try to build them as well and the tensions will build. 3. If we don’t build, then Germany may maintain the status quo……..and…..no war. 4. If Germany starts their building of new Dreadnoughts, our facilities will allow us to quickly catch-up and stay #1. 5. Stick with many smaller ships, the loss of one does not mean loss of all. Loss of a Dreadnought and all is lost. 6. The tremendous cost
- 13. Great Britain Germany 13 TheBritish HMS Dreadnought was launched in 1906. “Dreadnought” became the generic term to which subsequent battleships were referenced.
- 14.
- 15. 15 Size of shell Speed Range ofguns Armor Number Of Guns Training Marksmanship Which one of the six was critical to victory at sea?
- 16. 16 Sir Edward Grey “Dealingwith Germany was difficult and frustrating.”
- 17. 17 The British ForeignMinister Sir Edward Grey would use all his power and skill to avoid a World War with Germany! Some of Grey’s observations and dealings with Germany: The German Wilhelmstrasse (Parliament) was always difficult to deal with and Sir Grey was distrustful and suspicious of Germany. Smaller conflicts and economic negotiations with Germany usually ended in German threats and refusals to negotiate. In Tangiers Wilhelm intervened to drive a wedge between Britain and France giving Grey “a bad impression.” German dealings with Britain were regularly unfriendly. German dealings with Britain were always abrupt. Germany desired to be #1 in Europe. To obtain that position they needed to have a sympathetic Great Britain. Germany was paranoid about “being surrounded” by enemies. The Russian-French alliance and the British-French Entente were felt to have a “strangling effect” on Germany. Germany believed they could gain a hegemony on the continent but would have to compete with the British command of the North Sea.
- 18.
- 19. The Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 The French pushedtroops into Morocco, claiming to be defending the Sultan against riots that had erupted in Fez but actually violating the terms of the Algeciras Convention. In response, Germany sent its own warship, the Panther, which arrive in the port of Agadir on May 21, intensifying the enmity between the two nations and, by Under a 1904 treaty between France and Great Britain Morocco was part of France’s sphere of influence, and any attempt by Germany to establish a commercial or military presence there was deemed a threat to both nations. 19
- 20.
- 21. “A measure ofthe bad temper of the times.” Asquith “Precarious mood of the European powers.” Salisbury “All the alarm bells throughout Europe began immediately to quiver.” Churchill, “A large international chess game with threats and counter threats.” Beresford Invectives are traded. David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer “We reject German claims andBritain will go to war if necessary to protect its (andFrance’s) rights.” 21
- 22. Invectives are traded. LloydGeorge’s speech was highly provocative and dangerous to the peace of Europe. If Britain interferes with Germany they will pay the price. 22 Kaiser William II
- 23. 23 With tensions mountingin Europe, the British government tried to head off a race with Germany through diplomacy. Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane was sent on a secret visit to Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin from February 8-12, 1912.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27. Actual image of Haldanein Berlin 27 1912 to Berlin
- 28. – specifically, aproposal which would limit the number of ships both sides could build. The British overture was delivered by………………… But………. Kaiser William II just passed a Naval Bill to increase the number of dreadnoughts in the German navy. 1912 28That is, the rate of construction.
- 29.
- 30. 30 Haldane and WilhelmII and Tempo Kaiser Wilhem II Richard Haldane Haldane’s assistant…. Sir Edward Goschen The Kaiser’s assistant….. Theobald Bethmann- Holwegg With Germany going forth with their own internal new Naval Law, Haldane would change tactics and search for, at least, an agreement on TEMPO.
- 31. 31 Richard Haldane Haldane’s assistant…. Sir Edward Goschen TheKaiser’s assistant….. Theobald Bethmann- Hollweg Kaiser Wilhelm II
- 32. Bethmann-Hollweg only from thispoint on. 32 Haldane and Goschen Wilhelm and Bethmann-Hollweg. “We are concerned with your Navy Law and the building of more Dreadnoughts.” “Well, we were concerned with your war preparations of your naval fleet during the Agadir Crisis.” “If the tables were turned, you would have done the same thing.” “Agreed.” “Could we agree to stay out of any war involving the other?” “We could no longer stand by and see France crushed than you could stand by and see Austria crushed.” [If England were neutral, they would fear that we would attack France.] “We would probably accept a mutual undertaking of neutrality in case the other had to deal with an aggressive attack by a third Great Power.” “How would you define “aggressive?” “One could not define the number of grains it took to make a pile, but one knew a pile when one saw one.” “What is the value of establishing better relations with us if you are going to enlarge your battle fleet, thus forcing us to respond by increasing ours?.” “We will lay down two keels for each one of yours.” “Really?” “If we didn’t ,the English people would turn out our government.” “Nevertheless, Germany must build a third squadron of ships.” “It is a dilemma. Haldane…….do you see a way out?” “Consider this, Theobald, ………….a reduction of the ‘tempo.’” Haldane and Goschen “Spread out the building schedule over nine years instead of six which was normal for both our countries-even twelve.” (Bethmann) “My admirals are very difficult to deal with.” Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg [The Kaiser was not in attendance.] [Bethmann had been attempting for two years to bring about an agreement between Germany and England.] Despite obstacles, the two men had talked openly, had identified areas of trouble, and had discussed possible solutions. Both men left the meeting optimistically and with hope. [Haldane was given a copy of the Naval Bill which he pocketed and left for London.] [Bethmann happily left to meet with Wilhelm, Bulow , and Admiral Tirpitz.] BUT……
- 33. 33 Reading the GermanNaval Bill in detail…………………….. Deep concern, not for the “tempo” aspect but for the vast increase in submarines and destroyers and, most of all, a 20% increase in sailors. (especially Churchill) The British Cabinet without hesitation threw out Haldane’s negotiated agreement. Who on the German side was responsible for destroying Haldane’s mission? a. Kaiser Wilhelm b. Klaus von Metternich c. Theobald Bethmann- Hollweg d. Admiral Tirpitz
- 34. Front Page News: London! Lord Haldane has resigned his current post of Lord Chancellor. What were the allegations that led to his resignation? a. He was involved in a sex scandal. b. He was being investigated for leaking military secrets to the enemy. c. He had shown sympathies for the German cause. d. He was accused of money laundering through the sale of illegal diamonds. 34
- 35. 35 Richard Burdon Haldane,1st Viscount Haldane, Secretary of State for War between 1905 and 1912 during which time the "Haldane Reforms" of the British Army were implemented. Following the “Haldane Missions” he was appointed Lord Chancellor between 1912 and 1915. He was forced to resign because of false allegations of German sympathies.
- 36. 36 Great Britain Germany Churchill,Haldane, Grey, Asquith, Goschen Kaiser Wilhelm, Bulow, Tirpitz, Metternich, Bethmann-Hollweg Needs and Concerns The Naval Bill-new building. Anglo-German agreement Increase military strength. Avoid “enemy encirclement.” National Pride Needs and Concerns Maintain 2-1 superiority in battleships (Dreadnoughts). Slow down German naval ship- building. Transfer naval squadrons from Mediterranean. Protect Colonies Summary following Haldane’s failed mission. Go back to the negotiating table. Tirpitz No, we don’t have to. Let’s keep trying. Wilhelm
- 37. 37 Metternich Haldane Metternich knows thatthe Kaiser will not accept that statement. Why not? a. “aggressive’ must be defined. b. Tirpitz will never agree to canceling the Naval Bill. c. Metternich was never given power to make such an offer. d. The word “neutrality” must be in the British response. Metternich talks with Prime Minister Grey, suggesting the following wording, “England will observe neutrality should war be forced upon Germany.” Aggression upon Germany will not be our objective under any treaty or agreement. Germany will give you whatever you ask,... IF you will be neutral if we go to war. If you will be neutral, then we will not enact the Naval Bill. Prime Minister Grey Metternich
- 38. 38 Kaiser Wilhelm IIin a “rage” over the British Cabinet tossing out Haldane's Tempo agreement, accusing the British and Haldane of acting in bad faith.
- 39. 39 Grey’s response tothe Kaiser’s angry outburst, ”We only read the Bill in detail last week and Britain cannot abide with the threat , in the Bill, of the increase in smaller ships and the increase in sailors.” An aside- German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg knew from the start that the British had not digested the Naval Bill. Thus Wilhelm should not have been angry”
- 40. 40 He is demanding enactmentof the Naval Bill. He does not want an agreement with Britain.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43. Italy was lookingfor opportunities to establish a colonial empire like other European powers, hoping to recreate Italian-based Roman Empire. 43 Why?
- 44. 44 The Italian Ambassadorin London, met with Nicolson announcing intentions to occupy Turkish provinces of Tripoli and Cyrenaica. He asked for British moral support. The Ottoman Empire was in a continually weakening condition and Italy saw an opportunity. This is a WAR, albeit localized and small in every way. How will the Great Powers and the Balkan countries react? France, Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria,????????????????????
- 45. 45 France, Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria Will not alienateItaly but unable to approve of their actions. An opportunity to take advantage of Turkey’s lands near the Balkans. Bound by a secret treaty with Russia to not object to Italy’s move. Bound by a secret treaty with France to not object to Italy’s move. Be neutral in a battle between an ally and a friend. This may be an opportunity. To what country do each of the phrases and sentences best apply?
- 46.
- 47. They Don’t SeeIt Great Britain: Fisher, Churchill, King Edward, Haldane, Beresford Germany: the Kaiser and Tirpitz If we can be number one on the European continent, then we will not interfere with British colonies. But the British will not let that happen. Great Britain would like an alliance with Germany to protect their influence in Europe. Their navy must control the North Sea and will not allow Germany to overcome that position. 47
- 48.
- 49. 49 Grey Once more tothe table. “Great Britain will not agree to a pledge of unconditional neutrality as a condition for Germany withholding the enactment of their Naval Bill.”. To himself, ” I have lost the only weapon, publication of the Naval Bill, I had in trying to establish an agreement between our Germany and Great Britain.” Question: choose from the following the primary reason for Grey’s statement: a. Pride that will not allow the British to come under the “leadership” of another country. b. Grey sees war is at hand and such an agreement would allow Germany control of mainland Europe. c. Such an agreement would not align with our pledges to France and Russia. d. If Germany wants an agreement with us they will have to eliminate their desire for the word “neutrality.” How is Bethmann-Hollweg holding up under the stress of dealing with his own Chancellor and the Prime minister of Britain? a. Continuing strong and forceful. b. Ready to collapse physically. c. Ready to give up. d. Searching for renewed strength to continue negotiations. Bethmann- Hollweg
- 50. 50 France: Being alone won’twork. With support from Great Britain, the idea of revenge against Germany might come to life again.Great Britain: Appears to be the peacemaker, the negotiator for peace, settler of disputes, and responsible for producing a bulwark against German power. They saw the German Naval building as a threat. Germany: " The encirclement of Germany with an iron ring by France, Russia and England" - their greatest fear. The German people had no desire to attack England, ……..they said. The German naval building was a threat to Great Britain. They were quite convinced that King Edward was organizing a Confederacy with a hostile purpose against Germany.
- 51. 51 “Spread out thebuilding schedule over nine years instead of six which normal for both our countries-even twelve.” Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg [The Kaiser was not in attendance.] (Bethmann) “My admirals are very difficult to deal with.” [Bethmann had been attempting for two years to bring about an agreement between Germany and England.] Page 2
- 52. Haldane’s efforts endedin failure and led him to predict force would be needed to stop Germany. Churchill “The purposes of British naval power are essentially defensive. There is no chance whatever of our being overtaken in naval strength unless we want to be…As naval competition becomes more acute…our margin of superiority will become larger, not smaller, as the strain grows greater.” Churchill’s speech angered the Germans. His belligerent tone was not surprising. William II believed Churchill, who he regarded as a friend, had stabbed him in the back. Churchill Referencing the German Naval Bill, “ For every ship Germany builds, Britain will lay two keels.” April 1912 Churchill asks the Kaiser to halt the arms race between their two navies. Churchill’s olive branch failed. Britain has no options left but to build, build, and build. 52
- 53. 53 From the precedingslides you are to characterize each of the following diplomats as “Pro war” or Pro Peace”: Tirpitz Wilhelm Grey Haldane Metternich Bethmann-Hollweg Asquith
- 54.
- 55.
- 56.
- 57.
- 58.
- 59.
- 60.
- 61.
- 62. 62 Ottoman rule wasrevived after the Young Turk Revolution of July 1908, which compelled the Sultan to restore the suspended Ottoman constitution. The Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The Young Turks Who don’t look too young.
- 63. 63 The Slavic Balkannations, led by Serbia and Bulgaria, aware of the weakened condition of the Ottoman Empire, initiated war to gain more Balkan lands from the Ottomans. History maintained many unresolved disputes between the Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire. Russia Serbia, angry over the annexation, turned south to free the Slavs in Ottoman lands. The Balkan countries and Russia wanted the green area on the map to change color and soon. Yes, efforts to take from the Ottoman Empire may result in war. But……………Great Britain wanted the Ottoman Empire to “stay”, protecting their colony, India.
- 64.
- 65.
- 66. 66 The Ottoman Empirewas driven completely out of Europe. But the victors could not agree on how to allocate the spoils of victory among themselves , leading to the Second Balkan War. The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War on 30 May 1913.
- 67. 67 A closer lookat Bulgaria Germany was busy in the internal Ottoman Empire politics and needed Bulgaria to join the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire was disintegrating. Since the Bulgarian King was of German origin friendship with Bulgaria made sense and they didn’t like Russia either.
- 68.
- 69.
- 70. Romania Bulgaria Russia Russian alliance with Bulgariais ended. Serbia receives powerful support from Russia 70 Serbia
- 71.
- 72.
- 73. 73 Austrian General Hotzendorf, “Serbia isa dangerous viper.” Q:Which country would most support a new Serbia that was a magnet for Slavic peoples? a. Austria b. Germany c. Russia d. Ottoman Empire Q: Which country would most want to see Serbia eliminated? a. Austria b. Germany c. Russia d. Ottoman Empire Q: What does Serbia want? a. All Slavs in Europe to emigrate to a New Serbia. b. To join Austria-Hungary in an alliance. c. To destroy the Austro-Hungarian Empire. d. To expand their influence and power into the Ottoman Empire. Q: Austria wanted Serbia eliminated. Why did they hesitate in even making a threat? a. They feared the Serbian army. b. Their own military was too weak. c. They feared German retaliation . d. They feared Serbia’s Slavic connection with Russia might lead to war with Russia. Serbia had encouraged Slavic peoples living in Austria to revolt and cause disturbances in Vienna and other large cities.
- 74. 74 Review Crimean War Franco-Prussian war EasternQuestion Anglo-German Naval Race 1st Moroccan Crisis Boer War Fashoda Incident Samoan Incident Boxer Rebellion Anglo-Russian Alliance Bosnian Crisis Agadir Crisis Italy-Turkey War 1st Balkan War 2nd Balkan War Where are we now? Next set of slides……………….
- 75. 75 Encirclement Q: Which country, morethan any other, seeks revenge against Germany? a. France b. Russia c. Austria d. Great Britain Is Germany paranoid? Answer “yes.” Germany needs a friend! Who’s your friend? Q: What are the chances of Germany establishing friendship with each of the following countries? Answer A sure thing, it’s possible, unlikely, no way. 1. Great Britain: 2. France: 3. Russia: 4. Austria: 5. Italy: Unlikely No way It’s possible A sure thing It’s possible
- 76. 76 Russia Weakened and humiliatedby their defeat by the Japanese in 1905 are rebuilding their military . trying to get rights to ship through the Dardanelles.. Trying to recover from losing lands in the Balkan Wars. Offering what they can to the Serbian unification revolution, since they are both ethnically Slavs. They found an ally in France. France had loaned Russia millions of dollars...a real indebtedness to France.
- 77. 77 FranceEveryone in Franceis waiting for the opportunity to obtain revenge against Germany after being defeated in the Franco- Prussian War and retake the Alsace-Lorraine province lost in the war to Germany. France needs British help. There is concern in Paris that Germany may befriend Britain. Diplomatic maneuvering led to a Russia-France Alliance. In 1912, Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré adopted a pro-military attitude; the Chief of the General Staff Joseph Joffre advocated a preemptive strike against Germany through Belgian territory.
- 78. 78 Great Britain Most westernEuropean countries are jealous of Great Britain-their naval power, and their wealth in colonies. Being relatively isolated they will try to avoid war on the continent. British diplomats are diligently working with the European ambassadors to maintain peace, to prevent war. Unlike other countries, Britain could not be called…..Militaristic. Their major concern is the threat by Russian expansion south towards the Suez Canal and India, a British colony.
- 79. 79 Great Britain wasone of the few Countries distracted from the current troubles on the continent of Western Europe. Where was that distraction? a. America b. Mexico c. South Africa d. Ireland Question1: What ethnic factor has caused the most trouble to Austria? a. Germans b. Slavs c. Russians d. Muslims Question 2: The Slavs …….. Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Serbs, Bosnians, Montenegrins, Herzegovinians………24 million of them were ruled by two non-Slavic races, the Germanic Austrians and the Magyar Hungarians. Irony #!:
- 80. 80 Germany and Austria ……………….allied. Thenew German Empire is led by Prussian military leaders. Germany is ready for war. They have an inherited militaristic desire to fight. The Triple Entente of Great Britain, France, and Russia completes the threat of encirclement.
- 81. 81 Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbia hasbeen a nuisance . People of Slavic descent living in Austria are causing chaos in Vienna. Austria desperately needs the support of Germany, especially when they start dealing with Serbia.
- 82. 82 Emperor Franz Joseph of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Cameto the throne in 1848 as a slim , youth of eighteen A reign of 66 years A bald little gentleman with muttonchop whiskers 84 years old The Hapsburg Monarchy
- 83. 83 The most dangeroussituation on the continent of Western Europe in 1914 was the rebellious attitudes and actions of the Slavic peoples in the Austro- Hungarian Empire. The chaos that is building must be controlled and eliminated. What is to be done? He vowed to maintain the authority of the crown, having no intention of appeasing the South Slavs by changing the government to give them a voice. Ferdinand’s plan was to establish a “Triad” in the government that would give place to Slavic representation. Emperor Franz Joseph Heir to the throne was his nephew… Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
- 84. 84 Sarajevo Belgrade Within Austria thereis an ongoing rebellion of the Slavic population to have a voice in the government, and even greater, a desire to form a “Greater Serbia” nation of slavs. Question: What solution is moving to the front in the discussions with the Austrian leadership? b. Negotiate, negotiate, negotiate. c. Allow the Southern Slavic provinces of Austria to break away and form their own sovereign nation. d. Eliminate the leaders of the rebellious Southern Slav provinces. Police them into submission. a. Invade and destroy the Kingdom of Serbia. Slavic peoples of Austrian Empire
- 85. 85 General Franz ConradHotzendorf Chief of Staff/ Austrian Army Most agreed that to eliminate the source of Slav agitation Austria would have to crush Serbia with a preventive war. Question: Who would start the “preventive war” in this case? a. Austria b. Serbia c. Russia d. South Slavic provinces of Austria. The principal advocate of a preventive war was…. “Serbia is a dangerous little viper and should be crushed in its nest.” Simple enough- Austrian forces should crush the Serbs. But Hotzendorf knew that the Hapsburg monarchy was too weak to organize anything at this time. Question: What must be done first? a. Get a promise from Russia that they won’t interfere. b. Get the Emperor to speak to the citizenry to get them to support the invasion. d. Wait while building up the Army until they are capable of crushing Serbia. c. Get the support of Germany.
- 86. 86 Will Germany supportan invasion of Serbia by Austria? Baron von Tschirschky German Ambassador to Vienna. a. No. b. Total support. c. It’s only half and half. d. Only a few say “no”. “Austria is disintegrating from within, they are unable to control the South Slav provinces and I constantly wonder whether it pays to support a country that is cracking in every direction.” “Our own vital interests demand the preservation of Austria.” Bettman-Hollweg
- 87. 87 Count Leopold vonBerchtold Foreign Minister of Austria Kaiser Wilhelm II Incites: What do these two men think of Serbia and the Slavic peoples? For months, the Kaiser had given Austria explicit, hearty encouragement to take action against Serbia, even if it meant ….. Question: …even if it meant [what?]……. a. Austrian defeat. b. Russia gets involved. c. All the other European nations voiced their objections. d. A few battle defeats before you gain the final victory. “The Slavs were born to serve and not to rule, and this must be taught them.” “It was inevitable that the German peoples would have to stave off a mighty impulse of Slavdom.” If the good Emperor Franz Joseph demands something, the Serbian government must yield, and if she does not, then Belgrade will be bombarded and occupied until the will of His Majesty is fulfilled.”
- 88. 88 If the goodEmperor Franz Joseph demands something, the Serbian government must yield, and if she does not, then Belgrade will be bombarded and occupied until the will of His Majesty is fulfilled.” “The Slavs were born to serve and not to rule, and this must be taught them.” A repeat is in order. Kaiser William II Kaiser William II
- 89. 89 Count Leopold vonBerchtold Foreign Minister of Austria Kaiser Wilhelm IIBaron von Tschirschky German Ambassador to Vienna. General Franz Conrad Hotzendorf Chief of Staff/ Austrian Army Theobald Bethmann-Hollweg German Chancellor Edward Grey British Prime Minister Emperor Franz Joseph
- 90.
- 91.
- 92. End of Part4 of 5 Coming of WW I 92