Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting Manual

A PUBLICATION OF THE CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE

RAINW ATER HARVESTING LETTER FROM THE MA YOR

LETTER FROM THE MA YOR Dear Neighbor,

On behalf of the City of Albuquerque, I am pleased and excited to pre-
sent Rainwater Harvesting: Supply from the Sky . This guide was developed
by the City’s Water Conservation Office to assist city residents and businesses
in the campaign to save water.

Achieving our community’s ambitious water conservation goals will not
come easily. Doing so will require that we as a community adopt a “water
ethic,” and that all of us make conservation part of our daily lives. I believe
this guide can help in that regard because rainwater harvesting, by its very
nature, reconnects people to the environment they live in. It teaches natural
limits while showing that human ingenuity can stretch those limits through
improvements in efficiency and overall water management. Indeed, rainwater
harvesting is the perfect combination of supply-side and demand-side man-
agement techniques, increasing the supply of water while simultaneously
promoting demand-side reductions. Perhaps most importantly, rainwater
harvesting fosters an awareness of one’s personal water use and of the
amount of water available from rainfall alone. And, it’s something anyone
can do.

So read this guide, share it with your friends and neighbors, and let us
know what you think about it. But above all, use it to take advantage of the
“supply from the sky.” If each of us does just a little to act on the advice
contained within these pages, we will have taken a big step toward ensuring
“Achieving the higher savings an adequate water supply for our community today and in the future.
will require that the City
effectively reach out and
engage large segments of the
public in a shared mission to Sincerely,
save water. In that regard,
Albuquerque will need to
establish a water ethic that
ripples throughout the entire
community, one that can fuel
the program to go above and Jim Baca, Mayor
beyond what has been done City of Albuquerque
elsewhere.”
From:
Water Conservation Rates and Strategy
Analysis, March 1995

i

RAINW ATER HARVESTING ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In large part this publication duplicates a rainwater harvesting guide
published by the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) in
September, 1998. Titled Harvesting Rainwater for Landscape Use, it was
prepared by Patricia H. Waterfall, Extension Agent with the Pima County
Cooperative Extension Low 4 Program, with editorial assistance from Joe
CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE Gell, Editor, Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona; Dale
Jim Baca, Mayor Devitt, Professor, Soil and Water, University of Nevada/Reno; and Christina
Bickelmann, Water Conservation Specialist, Arizona Department of Water
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT Resources, Tucson Active Management Area. Silvia Rayces prepared the art-
Larry Blair, Director work. We are grateful to ADWR for allowing us to borrow freely from their
publication.
WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
John Stomp, Manager This guide was revised to incorporate New Mexico-specific data and
Jean Witherspoon, Water Conservation reformatted to accommodate the needs of the City of Albuquerque. Draft
Officer production was handled by Kevin Bean, of K.M. Bean Environmental
ALBUQUERQUE CITY COUNCIL Consulting; Doug Bennett, Albuquerque’s Irrigation Conservation Manager;
President and Eva Khoury, an Intern with the Water Resources Division of the
Michael Brasher, District 9 Albuquerque Public Works Department. Technical assistance was provided
Vice President by Andrew Selby of the Mayor’s Office, and by Kay Lang of the Albuquerque
Alan Armijo, District 1 Environmental Health Department. Cooney, Watson & Associates handled
final production. Final design was provided by Ken Wilson Design.
Alan B. Armijo, District 1
Brad Winter, District 4
Tim Kline, District 5 TO ORDER:
Hess Yntema, District 6
Mike McEntee, District 7 Albuquerque residents may order this document from the City’s Water
Greg Payne, District 8 Conservation Office, P.O. Box 1293, Albuquerque, NM 87103.
Michael Brasher, District 9 505-768-3655 (phone), 505-768-3629 (fax), 768-2477 (TTY) or Relay NM
1-800-659-8331. (www address: http://www.cabq.gov/resources.)

If you live outside of Albuquerque, please contact the Office of the State
Engineer, Water Use and Conservation Bureau, P.O. Box 25102, Santa Fe,
N.M. 87504-5102. Orders may also be placed by phone at 1-800-WATERNM.

ii

RAINW ATER HARVESTING TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from the Mayor i

Acknowledgements ii

Table of Contents iii

Introduction 1

Rainwater Harvesting System Components 2

Simple Rainwater Harvesting Systems 3
Simple Rainwater Harvesting System Design and Construction 4

Complex Rainwater Harvesting Systems 6
Elements of a Complex Rainwater Harvesting System 7
Complex Rainwater Harvesting System Design and Construction 10

Maintenance Checklist 17

Appendix I: Inches of Average Monthly Rainfall for NM Towns 18

Appendix II: Runoff Coefficients 19

Appendix III: Average Evapotranspiration for Selected Areas in NM 19

Appendix IV: Plant Water Use Coefficients 20

Appendix V: Supply and Demand Worksheets 21

Appendix VI: Guidelines for Rain Gutters and Downspouts 23

Appendix VII: How to Build a Rainbarrel 24

Appendix VIII: Where to Go for More Information 25

Notes 26

iii

RAINW ATER HARVESTING INTRODUCTION

I
n the arid Southwest rainfall is scarce and frequently erratic. These
conditions require that water be used as efficiently as possible, and that
we take full advantage of what little rain we do receive to help meet our
water needs.

INTRODUCTION Rainwater harvesting is the capture, diversion, and storage of rainwater for
landscape irrigation and other uses. Although rainwater can serve as a
source of potable water, this guide focuses on landscape uses because they:
1) account for a significant percentage of total water demand; 2) are less
essential and therefore more easily reduced than water used for other pur-
poses; and 3) need not meet stringent drinking water standards. In many
communities landscaping accounts for 30 to 50 percent of total water use.
In Albuquerque, about 15 billion gallons of water a year are used for land-
scape irrigation.

Rainwater harvesting can reduce the use of drinking water for landscape irri-
gation. Coupled with the use of native and desert-adapted plants, rainwater
Series of water harvesting basins on a
slope. harvesting is an effective water conservation tool because it provides
“free” water that is not from the municipal supply. Water harvesting
not only reduces dependence on groundwater and the amount of money
spent on water, but it can reduce off-site flooding and erosion as well. If
large amounts of water are held in highly permeable areas (areas where
water penetrates the soil quickly and easily), some water may percolate to
the water table.

Rainwater is the best source of water for plants because it is free of salts and
other minerals that can be harmful to root growth. When collected, rain-
water percolates into the soil, forcing salts down and away from the root
Parking lot draining into concave lawn
area. zone. This allows for greater root growth, which increases the drought toler-
ance of plants.
IMPOR TANT NOTES
Rainwater harvesting can be incorporated into large-scale landscapes, such
1. This Guide applies to land- as parks, schools, commercial sites, parking lots, and apartment complexes,
scape uses of harvested water as well as small-scale residential landscapes. The limitations of water
only . The use of rainwater for harvesting systems are few and are easily met by good planning and design.
drinking is beyond the scope of
this publication. There are many water harvesting opportunities on developed sites, and even
small yards can benefit from water harvesting. And, water harvesting can
2. Before you start, check with easily be planned into a new landscape during the design phase. So whether
your local building, zoning and your landscape is large or small, the principles outlined in this manual apply.
environment departments to
determine what plumbing
requirements, height and local
restrictions, neighborhood
covenants, or other regulations
or guidelines might apply to
your project.

1

RAINW ATER HARVESTING RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

RAINW ATER HARVESTING

A
ll rainwater harvesting systems have three main components: the
SYSTEM COMPONENTS supply (Rainfall), the demand (Plant Water Requirement), and the
system that moves water to the plants (Water Collection and
Distribution System). Water harvesting systems can be divided into Simple
and Complex systems. In general, simple systems immediately distribute
rainwater to planted areas, whereas complex systems store some or all of the
rainwater in a container for later use.

Rainfall. Rainwater “runoff” refers to rainwater that flows off a surface. If
the surface is impermeable, runoff occurs immediately. If the surface is per-
meable, runoff will not occur until the surface is saturated. Runoff can be
harvested (captured) and used immediately to water plants or stored for
later use. The amount of rain received, its duration and intensity all affect
how much water is available for harvesting. The timing of the rainfall is also
Simple system—roof catchment, chan- important. If only one rainfall occurs, water percolates into the dry soil until
nel, and planted landscape holding area. it becomes saturated. If a second rainfall occurs soon after the first, more
water may run off because the soil is already wet.

Plant Water Requirements. The type of plants selected, their age and size,
and how closely together they are planted all affect how much water is
required to maintain a healthy landscape. Because rainfall is scarce in arid
regions, it is best to select plants with low water-use requirements and to limit
planting densities to reduce overall water need. Native plants are well-adapted
to seasonal, short-lived water supplies, and most desert-adapted plants can
tolerate drought, making them good choices for landscape planting.

Water Collection and Distribution Systems. Most people can design a
Simple system—roof catchment, gutters,
and bermed landscape holding area. rainwater collection and distribution system to meet the needs of their exist-
ing site. Designing a system into new construction allows one to be more
elaborate and thorough in capturing and routing rainwater. In the case of
very simple collection and distribution systems, the payback period may be
almost immediate.

Simple system—roof catchment, gutters,
downspouts, and french drain.

2

RAINW ATER HARVESTING SIMPLE RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

SIMPLE RAINW ATER

A
simple water harvesting system usually consists of a catchment, a
HARVESTING SYSTEMS distribution system, and a landscape holding area, which is a con-
cave or planted area with an earthen berm or other border to retain
water for immediate use by the plants. A good example of a simple water
harvesting system is water dripping from the edge of a roof to a planted area
or diversion channel located directly below the drip edge. Gravity moves the
water to where it can be used. In some cases, small containers are used to
hold water for later use.

Catchments. A catchment is any area from which water can be collected,
which includes roofs, paved areas, and the soil surface. The best catchments
have hard, smooth surfaces, such as concrete or metal roofing material. The
amount of water harvested depends on the size, surface texture, and slope of
the catchment area.

Distribution Systems. These systems connect catchments to the landscape
holding areas. Distribution systems direct water flow, and can be simple or
sophisticated. For example, gutters and downspouts direct roof water to a
holding area, and gently sloped sidewalks distribute water to a planted area.
Crescent-shaped landscape holding Hillsides provide a perfect situation for moving water from a catchment to a
areas on a slope. holding area. Channels, ditches, and swales (shallow depressions) all can
be used to direct water. (If desired, these features can be lined with plastic
or some other impermeable material to increase their effectiveness and to
eliminate infiltration in areas where it isn’t wanted.) Elaborate open-channel
distribution systems may require gates and diverters to direct water from one
area to another. Standard or perforated pipes and drip irrigation systems can
be designed to distribute water. Curb cutouts can channel street or parking
lot water to planted areas. If gravity flow is not possible, a small pump may
be required to move the water.

Landscape Holding Areas. These areas store water in the soil for direct
use by the plants. Concave depressions planted with grass or plants serve as
landscape holding areas. These areas contain water, increase water pene-
tration into the soil, and reduce flooding and erosion. Depressed areas can
be dug out, and the extra soil used to form a berm around the depression.
With the addition of berms, moats, or soil terracing, flat areas also can hold
water. One holding area or a series of holding areas can be designed to fill
and then flow into adjacent holding areas through spillways (outlets for sur-
plus water).

3

RAINW ATER HARVESTING SIMPLE RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

SIMPLE RAINW ATER Step #1. Design the Collection and Distribution System.
HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN By observing your landscape during a rain, you can locate the existing
& CONSTRUCTION drainage patterns on your site. Use these drainage patterns and gravity flow
to move water from catchments to planted areas.

If you are harvesting rainwater from a roof, extend downspouts to reach
planted areas or provide a path, drainage, or hose to move the water where
it is needed. Take advantage of existing sloped paving to catch water and
redistribute it to planted areas. The placement and slope of new paving can
be designed to increase runoff. If sidewalks, terraces, or driveways are not
yet constructed, slope them 2 percent (1/4 inch per foot) toward planting
areas and use the runoff for irrigation. Soil can also serve as a catchment by
grading the surface to increase and direct runoff.

Site plan showing drainage patterns and Step #2. Design Landscape Holding Areas.
landscape holding areas (aerial view). Next, locate and size your landscape holding areas. Locate landscape
depressions that can hold water or create new depressions where you want
to locate plants. (To avoid structural or pest problems, locate holding areas
at least 10 feet from any structures.) Rather than digging a basin around
existing plants, construct level berms or moats on the surface to avoid dam-
aging roots. Do not mound soil at the base of trees or other plants. Holding
areas around existing plants should extend beyond the “drip line” to accom-
modate and encourage extensive root systems. Plants with a well-developed
root system have a greater tolerance for drought because the roots have a
larger area to find water. For new plantings, locate the plants at the upper
edge of concave holding areas to encourage extensive rooting and to avoid
extended flooding. For both existing and new landscapes you may want to
Tree dripline and basin edge.
connect several holding areas with spillways or channels to distribute water
throughout the site.

FREE XERISCAPE GUIDE Step #3. Select Plant Material.
Proper plant selection is a major factor in the success of a water harvesting
The City of Albuquerque and project. Native and desert-adapted plants are usually the best choices. Some
the New Mexico Office of the plants cannot survive in the actual water detention area if the soil is saturated
State Engineer offer a free, for a long period of time, so careful plant selection for these low-lying areas
full-color How-to Guide to
Xeriscaping that contains many is important. Select plants that can withstand prolonged drought and pro-
examples of low-water use, longed inundation, such as native or adapted plants. If you intend to plant in
drought-tolerant plants. To the bottom of large, deep basins, low-water use, native riparian trees may be
request your copy, call 768- the most appropriate plant choice.
3655 (Albuquerque residents),
or 1-800-WATERNM (all others).

4

RAINW ATER HARVESTING SIMPLE RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

SIMPLE RAINW ATER To take advantage of water free falling from roof downspouts (canales),
HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN plant large rigid plants where the water falls or hang a large chain from the
AND CONSTRUCTION downspout to the ground to disperse and slow the water. Provide a basin to
hold the water for the plants and also to slow it down. It may be necessary to
place rocks or other hard material under the downspout to break the water’s
fall and prevent erosion. If you’re working with a sloped site, large, connect-
ed, descending holding areas can be constructed for additional plants.

Seeding is another alternative for planting holding basins. Select seed mixes
containing native or desert-adapted wildflowers, grasses, and herbaceous
plants. Perennial grasses are particularly valuable for holding the soil and
preventing erosion and soil loss.

Take care not to compact soils in landscape holding areas: this inhibits the
Gabion in a stream bed. movement of water through the soil. If the soil is compacted, loosen it by
tilling. If the soil is too sandy and will not hold water for any length of time,
you may wish to add composted organic matter to the soil to increase its
moisture-holding potential. (This is not necessary with native or desert-
adapted plants.) After planting, apply a 1.5 - 2 inch layer of mulch to reduce
evaporation (but realize organic mulches may float).

HARVESTING WATER TO REDUCE FLOODING AND EROSION
ain falling on impermeable surfaces generates runoff. In

Permeable paving blocks with grass.
R sufficient volumes runoff is a powerfully erosive force, scour-
ing away bare soil and creating pockmarked roads. Because
roofs, roads, and parking lots are impermeable surfaces, in urban
areas even moderate rainfall produces large amounts of runoff.
Controlling runoff to prevent flooding and erosion is a major public
expense.
Water harvesting can reduce these problems. Crescent-shaped
berms constructed around the base of a plant are useful for slow-
ing and holding water on slopes. Gabions (a stationary grouping of
STOP! large rocks encased in a wire mesh) are widely used to contain
water and reduce erosion. French drains (holes or trenches filled
Call 1-800-321-ALERT (2537) with gravel) can also hold water for plant use. Permeable paving
materials, such as gravel, crushed stone, and open or permeable
before you dig to locate utility paving blocks, stabilize soil on steep slopes and allow water to infil-
lines on your property. This will trate into the soil to irrigate trees and other plants with large,
minimize the potential for line extensive root systems. Another option on steep slopes is terrace
breaks, and could save your grading to form stairstep-like shelves. By slowing runoff and allow-
life. ing it to soak into the ground, rainwater harvesting can turn a
problem into an asset.

5

RAINW ATER HARVESTING COMPLEX RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

COMPLEX RAINW ATER

W
ater harvesting cannot provide a completely reliable source of irri-
HARVESTING SYSTEMS gation water because it depends on the weather, and the weather
is not dependable. To maximize the benefits of rainwater harvest-
ing, storage can be built into the system to provide water between rainfall
events. New Mexico’s rainy season, for example, usually begins in mid-summer
and runs through the fall, with drier periods in between. During the summer
“monsoons” a heavy rain may produce more water than is needed by a land-
scape. (Plants are well watered once their rootzones have been thoroughly
wetted: at this point water may begin to run off or stand on the surface.) With a
complex water harvesting system this excess water is stored for later use.

A frequently-asked question is whether a complex water harvesting system can
collect and store enough water in an average year to provide sufficient irriga-
tion for an entire landscape. The answer is yes, so long as the amount of water
harvested (the supply) and the water needed for landscape irrigation (the
demand) are in balance. Storage capacity plays a big role in this equation by
making water available to plants in the dry seasons when rainfall alone is insuf-
ficient.

Rainwater harvesting systems that include storage result in both larger water
savings and higher construction costs. These complex systems are more appro-
priate for larger facilities or for areas where municipal or other water supplies
are not available, and they may require professional assistance to design and
construct. With such a system, the cost of storage — which includes the stor-
age container, excavation costs, pumps and wiring, as
well as additional maintenance requirements — is a
major consideration. The investment payback period
may be several years, which means that one’s personal
commitment to a “water conservation ethic” may come
into play in determining whether such an investment
makes sense. For most people, the appropriate choice
is to harvest less than the total landscape requirement.
Another option is to reduce water demand by reducing
planting areas or plant densities, or by replacing high-
water use plants with medium or low-water use ones.
This reduces the supply required and the space
required to store it, and is, therefore, less expensive.

Complex water harvesting system with roof catchment, gutter, downspout,
storage, and drip distribution system.

6

R AINW ATER HARVESTING ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX

C
omplex rainwater harvesting systems include catchments, conveyance
RAINW ATER HARVESTING systems (to connect catchments to storage containers), storage, and
SYSTEM distribution systems (to direct water where it is needed). Each of
these elements is discussed below.

Catchments. The amount of water or “yield” that a catchment will provide
depends on its size and surface texture. Concrete, asphalt, or brick paving
and smooth-surfaced roofing materials provide high yields. Bare soil surfaces
provide harvests of medium yield, with compacted clay soils yielding the most.
Planted areas, such as grass or groundcover areas, offer the lowest yields
because the plants hold the water longer, thereby allowing it to infiltrate into
the soil. (This is not necessarily a problem, depending on whether you want
to use the collected water directly or store it for later use.)

Catchment area of flat roof = Conveyance Systems. These systems direct the water from the catchment
Length x width area to the storage container. With a roof catchment system, either canales
(from which water free-falls to a storage container) or gutters and downspouts
are the means of conveyance. Gutters should be properly sized to collect as
much rainfall as possible. (See Appendix VI for guidelines on gutters
and downspouts.)

TABLE–1
ANNU AL APPRO XIMA TE SUPPLY FROM ROOF CA TCHMENT

Inches/ Gallons/
Rainfall Square F oot
0 0
Catchment area of sloped roof 1 0.6
(both sides) = Length x width 2 1.3
3 1.9
4 2.5
5 3.1
6 3.7
7 4.4
8 5.0
9 5.6
10 6.2
11 6.8
12 7.5
13 8.1
14 8.7
15 9.3

7

RAINW ATER HARVESTING ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX Storage. Storage allows full use of excess rainfall by making water available
RAINW ATER HARVESTING when it is needed. Before the water is stored, however, it should be filtered to
SYSTEM remove particles and debris. The degree of filtration necessary depends on the
size of the distribution tubing and emission devices (drip systems would require
more and finer filtering than water distributed through a hose). Filters can be in-
line or a leaf screen can be placed over the gutter at the top of the downspout.
Always cover the storage container to prevent mosquito and algae growth and to
keep out debris.

Many people divert the first part of the rainfall to eliminate debris from the har-
vested water. The initial rain “washes” debris off the roof; the later rainfall, which
is free of debris and dust, is then collected and stored. The simplest roof-wash-
ing system consists of a standpipe and a gutter downspout located ahead of the
Cistern cistern. The standpipe is usually 6 - 8 inch PVC equipped with a valve and
cleanout at the bottom. Once the first part of the rainfall fills the standpipe, the
rest flows to the downspout connected to the cistern. After the rainfall, the stand-
Roofwasher system pipe is drained in preparation for the next rain event. Roof-washing systems
should be designed so that at least 10 gallons of water are diverted to the system
for every 1,000 square feet of collection area. Several types of commercial roof
TABLE–2 washers are also available.
CALCUL ATING ROOFWASHER
SYSTEM CAP ACITY Storage containers can be located under or aboveground, and made of polyethyl-
ene, fiberglass, wood, concrete, or metal. Underground containers are more
Pipe Diameter expensive due to the cost of soil excavation and removal. Pumping water out of
4 inches = 0.65 gallons/foot these containers adds to their cost. Ease of maintenance should also be consid-
6 inches = 1.47 gallons/foot ered. Swimming pools, stock tanks, septic tanks, ferrocement culverts, concrete
8 inches = 2.61 gallons/foot blocks, poured-in-place concrete, or building rocks can be used for under-
ground storage.

Examples of aboveground containers include 55-gallon plastic or steel drums,
barrels, tanks, cisterns, stock tanks, fiberglass fishponds, and swimming pools.
Buildings or tanks made of concrete block, stone, plastic bags filled with sand,
or rammed earth also can be used. Costs depend on the system, degree of filtra-
tion, and distance between the container and place of use. Look under “Tanks,”
“Feed Dealers,” “Septic Tanks,” or “Swimming Pools” in the Yellow Pages to
locate storage containers. Salvaged 55-gallon drums may be available from local
businesses, but should you choose to use them, take care to use only those
drums that are free of any toxic residues.
Roof catchment with sloping driveway,
french drain, and underground storage.

8

RAINW ATER HARVESTING ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX Locate storage near or at the end of downspouts. If storage is unsightly, it can be
RAINW ATER HARVESTING designed into the landscape in an unobtrusive place or hidden with a structure,
SYSTEM screen, and/or plants. In all cases, storage should be located close to the area of
use and placed at an elevated level to take advantage of gravity flow. Ideally, on a
sloped lot the storage area is located at the high end of the property to facilitate
gravity flow. Another option is to locate several smaller cisterns near where
water is required, because they are easier to handle and camouflage. If the land-
scaped area is extensive, several tanks can be connected to increase storage
capacity. In the event that rainfall exceeds storage capacity, alternative storage for
the extra water must be found. A concave planted area is ideal because it allows
rainwater to slowly percolate into the soil. Storage container inlets and overflow
outlets should be the same size.

Distribution. The distribution system directs water from the storage contain-
Vine used to screen storage tank. er to landscaped areas. The distribution device can be a garden hose, con-
structed channels, pipes, perforated pipes, or a manual drip system. Gates and
diverters can be used to control flow rate and direction. A manual or electric
valve located near the bottom of the storage container can assist gravity-fed
irrigation. In the absence of gravity flow, an electric pump hooked to a garden
hose can be used. Distribution of water through an automatic drip irrigation
system requires extra effort to work effectively. A pump will be required to
provide enough pressure to operate a typical drip irrigation system.
STOR AGE CONTAINER SAFETY
Storage units should be covered, To continue using a drip or other integrated distribution system in the event of
secure from children, and clearly a rainwater shortfall, and to avoid the need for dual systems, provisions should
labeled as unfit for drinking. If
containers are elevated, a strong be made for adding water to your container or distribution system from an
foundation should be used. auxiliary source. Connection of the distribution system to a municipal or pri-
Containers should be opaque and, vate water supply requires the use of an “air gap” or other approved backflow
if possible, shielded from direct
sunlight to discourage the growth prevention device. If such a source is unavailable, ensure your pump will turn
of algae and bacteria. R egular off automatically when there is no water in the tank. These integrated distrib -
inspection and maintenance ution systems can be rather complex: check your local plumbing and
(cleaning) are essential.
building codes to ensure your system is in compliance.

9

RAINW ATER HARVESTING COMPLEX RAINW ATER HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

COMPLEX RAINW ATER

I
f you are designing a complex water harvesting system — one that
HARVESTING SYSTEM DESIGN includes storage to provide rainwater in between rainfall events —
& CONSTRUCTION advance planning, coupled with a few simple calculations, will result in a
more functional and efficient system. The steps involved in designing a com-
plex water harvesting system include site analysis, calculation, design, and
construction. If the project is a complicated one, either because of its size or
because it includes numerous catchments and planting areas, divide the site
into sub-drainage areas and repeat the following steps for each sub-area. As a
final step, field-test the system.

Step #1: Site Analysis. Whether you are designing a new land-
scape or working with an existing one, draw your site and all the
site elements to scale. Plot existing drainage flow patterns by
observing your property during a rain. Show the direction of
water flow with arrows, and indicate high and low areas on your
plan. Look for catchments, such as paved areas, roof surfaces,
and bare earth.

Next, identify areas that require irrigation and sites near those
areas where above or underground storage can be located.
Although the final design will depend on the outcome of your
supply and demand calculations (see below), consider how you
are going to move water from the catchment to the holding area
Roof catchment with multiple storage or storage container. Rely on gravity to move water whenever you can.
cans connected to a hose adjacent to a
landscape holding area.
Consider too how you are going to move water through the site from one
landscaped area to another. Again, if the site is too large or the system too
complicated, divide the site into sub-drainage areas.

Step #2: Calculations. First, calculate the monthly Supply (rainfall harvest
potential) and the monthly Demand (plant water requirement) for a year. Next,
calculate the monthly Storage/Municipal Water Requirement.
Calculate Supply—The following equation for calculating supply will provide
the amount of water (in gallons) that can be harvested from a catchment.

Inches Catchment Runoff
SUPPL Y ( in gallons ) = of x .623 x Area x Coefficient
Rainfall (square feet)

10


CALCUL ATING SUPPL Y Multiply rainfall in inches (see Appendix I) by .623 to convert inches to
gallons per square foot, and multiply the result by the area of catchment in
square feet (ft2). (For example, a 10’ x 20’ roof is 200 ft2. For a sloped roof,
measure the area covered by the entire roof, which is usually the length and
width of the building.) Multiply this figure by the “runoff coefficient” (see
RAINF ALL T ABLES Appendix III) to obtain the available supply. (The runoff coefficient is the
percentage of total rainfall that can be harvested from a particular surface.
Monthly average rainfall amounts The “High” number in the table corresponds to a less absorbent surface, and
for 39 different locations in New
Mexico are listed in Appendix I on
the “Low” number corresponds to a more absorbent surface.)
page 18.

EX AMPLE 1: CALCULATING SUPPLY

Eva wants to build a rainwater harvesting system for her home in
Albuquerque. From Appendix I, she enters the rainfall for each month on
the Supply Worksheet (see sample on next page). Then she multiplies the
inches of rainfall by 0.623 to convert inches to gallons per square foot.

Eva has an “L”-shaped house with asphalt shingle roofing that she plans to
use as her primary catchment area. To simplify measurements, she divides
the house into two rectangular sections, A and B. The eave-to-eave measure-
ments for section A are 45’ x 25’, and for section B are 20’ x 25’:
45
Section A 45’ x 25’ = 1,125 ft2
Section B 20’ x 25’ = 500 ft2 A
Total 1,625 ft2

B

20

Eva has 1,625 square feet of catchment area. She enters this value in Column
C, then multiplies the gallons per SF in Column B by the square footage in
Column C to determine the total gallons of rainfall each month. Since the
asphalt shingle roof won’t shed all of the rainfall, Eva finds the appropriate
runoff coefficient (0.9) in Appendix II and enters it in Column E.

Multiplying Column D by Column E provides the net harvestable rainfall for
the month.

11


SAMPLE SUPPLY WORKSHEET

A B C D E F
Follow the lettered From Multiply “A” Enter the Multiply “B” From Appendix Multiply “D”
instructions for each Appendix I by 0.623 square by “C.” II enter the by “E.” This
month. enter the to convert footage This is the runoff is the total
rainfall inches to of the gross gallons coefficient monthly yield
amount in gallons per catchment of rainfall for your of harvested
inches for square foot. surface. per month. catchment water in
each month. surface. gallons.
Januar y 0.39 0.243 1,625 395 0.9 355
Februar y 0.40 0.249 1,625 405 0.9 365
March 0.48 0.299 1,625 486 0.9 437
April 0.50 0.312 1,625 507 0.9 456
May 0.61 0.380 1,625 618 0.9 556
June 0.65 0.405 1,625 658 0.9 592
July 1.31 0.816 1,625 1,326 0.9 1,193
August 1.52 0.947 1,625 1,539 0.9 1,385
September 1.02 0.635 1,625 1,032 0.9 929
October 0.81 0.504 1,625 819 0.9 737
November 0.48 0.299 1,625 486 0.9 437
December 0.49 0.305 1,625 496 0.9 446
Annual T otals 8.66 8,767 7,888

SAMPLE DEMAND WORKSHEET (METHOD 1)

A B C D E F
Follow the lettered From From Multiply “A” Multiply “C” Enter the Multiply “E”
instructions for each Appendix III Appendix IV by “B” to by 0.623 to total square by “D.” This
month. enter the enter the plant obtain plant convert footage is your total
ET amount demand water needs inches to of landscaping
in inches according to in inches. gallons per landscaping. demand
for each its water square foot. in gallons.
month. needs.
Januar y 0.38 0.50 0.19 0.12 1,200 142
Februar y 0.64 0.50 0.32 0.20 1,200 239
March 1.44 0.50 0.72 0.45 1,200 538
April 2.76 0.50 1.38 0.86 1,200 1,032
May 4.58 0.50 2.29 1.43 1,200 1,712
June 6.37 0.50 3.18 1.98 1,200 2,381
July 7.17 0.50 3.58 2.23 1,200 2,680
August 6.43 0.50 3.21 2.00 1,200 2,404
September 4.42 0.50 2.21 1.38 1,200 1,652
October 2.52 0.50 1.26 0.78 1,200 942
November 0.93 0.50 0.46 0.29 1,200 348
December 0.46 0.50 0.23 0.14 1,200 172
Annual T otals 38.1 23.75 14,242

12


Calculate Demand – The demand equation tells how much water is required
for a given landscaped area. Two methods are available for determining land-
scape demand: Method 1 can be used for either new or established land-
scapes; Method 2 can be used for established landscapes only. (HELPFUL
HINT: When installing a new landscape, group plants with similar water
CALCUL ATING DEMAND requirements together. This makes it easier to calculate the amount of water
needed to maintain those plants.)

CALCUL ATING DEMAND, METHOD 1 :
DEMAND = ET (in inches) x PLANT FACTOR x .623 x IRRIGATED AREA

This method for calculating demand is based on monthly evapotranspiration
(ET) information. (Appendix III provides ET information for six different
regions in New Mexico.) ET is multiplied by the “Plant Water Use Coefficient,”
which represents the percentage of ET needed by the plant. (See Appendix
IV for information on plant coefficients. In the example that follows, the plants
require approximately 50 percent of ET.) Irrigated area refers to how much
area is planted. (Do not include unplanted portions of the landscape in your
calculation of demand.)

EX AMPLE 2: CALCULATING DEMAND
New or Established Landscape (Method 1)
Eva’s landscape has a small lawn area served by a sprinkler system and about 1,200 square feet of densely planted moderate
water use trees, shrubs and flowers. To avoid the expense of installing an electric pump, Eva wants her rainwater project to
operate by gravity flow. Since the sprinkler system cannot be operated by gravity flow, she decides to limit the use of her
rainwater system to irrigation of her flowers, trees and shrubs.
1. Using the Demand Worksheet (see sample on previous page), Eva calculates the potential water needs (demand) for her rain-
water-irrigated area. From Appendix III, she enters the evapotranspiration rate for the Albuquerque area into Column A.
2. Since Eva’s landscape is primarily moderate water use plants, she uses a plant coefficient of 0.5 (see Appendix IV). She
enters this value in Column B.
3. She then multiplies A by B to get the estimated number of inches of water her plants will require. She enters the result in
Column C.
4. She multiplies Column C by 0.623 to convert inches to gallons per square foot and enters the result in Column D.
5. In Column E, she enters the total square feet of landscaping she hopes to water with her rainwater system.
6. Lastly, she multiplies Column D by Column E to determine how much water her landscape will need for each month.

Now that the supply and demand have been calculated for each month, Eva can
determine the maximum storage needs for her system. Although containers of
any size will reduce Eva’s dependence on municipal water, to fully capitalize on
the available rainfall she should have enough storage to accommodate her
cumulative water storage needs (see Sample Worksheet on page 15 and
sidebar on page 16).

13


CALCUL ATING DEMAND, METHOD 2 :

This method estimates landscape water demand based on actual water use, as
measured by your monthly water bills. With this method, we assume that most
water used during the months of December through March is indoor use, and
CALCUL ATING DEMAND that very little landscape watering occurs. (If you irrigate your landscape more
than occasionally during these months, use Method 1.) Most utilities measure
water in ccf (1 ccf = 100 cubic feet. In Albuquerque, 1 unit of water = 1 ccf).
To use this method, combine the water use amounts for December, January
and February, and divide by 3 to determine your average indoor water use. In
the worksheet that follows, the average winter monthly use is 9 ccf. Because we
can assume that indoor use remains relatively stable throughout the year, sim-
ply subtract the average winter monthly use from each month’s total use to
obtain a rough estimate of monthly landscape water use. To convert ccf to gal-
lons, multiply ccf by 748.

SAMPLE DEMAND WORKSHEET (METHOD 2)
Established Landscapes
Average Winter Consumption=9 CCF

Month Monthly Average Landscape Convert Landscape
Use in Winter Use Use in CCF to Use in
CCF in CCF CCF Gallons Gallons

Jan 7 9 0 748 0
Feb 11 9 2 748 1,496
WHAT IS EV APOTRANSPIR ATION?
Mar 13 9 4 748 2,992
Evapotranspiration, usually Apr 15 9 6 748 4,488
referred to as “ET” for con- May 18 9 9 748 6,732
venience, is the combined loss of Jun 19 9 10 748 7,480
water from the soil due to evapo- Jul 18 9 9 748 6,732
ration and plant transpiration.
It is usually expressed in inches.
Aug 15 9 6 748 4,488
To keep a plant healthy, water Sep 14 9 5 748 3,740
must be replenished in relation Oct 12 9 3 748 2,244
to the ET rate. Nov 10 9 1 748 748
Dec 9 9 0 748 0
Weather and plant types are the
primar y factors that determine ET.
On the weather side, temperature, Calculate Storage/Municipal Water Requirement. Once you’ve calculated
wind, solar radiation, and humidity
are the important variables.
the potential water supply from harvested water and your landscape water
demand, use a “checkbook” method to determine your monthly harvested water
ET usually is calculated for alfalfa, balance and the amount of supplemental water (municipal or other source)
a heavy water use crop. Since needed to meet any shortfall in stored rainwater. The calculations in the sample
most plants don’t use as much
water as alfalfa, the ET rate is worksheet that follows are based on the sample supply and demand calculations
multiplied by a plant coefficient presented earlier (see the sample worksheets on page 12), which in turn are
that adjusts the ET rate for the based on the supply and demand scenario presented in Examples 1 and 2. For
types of plants you are growing.
the sake of simplicity, the calculations in this worksheet are performed on a
monthly basis. In reality, the amount of water available fluctuates daily.

14


The “Storage” column in this completed worksheet is cumulative and refers to
what is actually available in storage. A given month’s storage is obtained by
adding the previous month’s storage to the current month’s yield, minus the cur-
rent month’s demand. If the remainder is positive, it is placed in the Cumulative
Storage column for the current month. This number is then added to the next
CALCUL ATING CUMUL ATIVE month’s yield to provide for the next month’s demand. If the remainder is nega-
STORAGE & MUNICIPAL USE tive, that is, if the demand is greater than the supply of stored water, this number
is placed in the Municipal Use column to indicate the amount of supplemental
water needed to satisfy irrigation water demand for that month.

SAMPLE STOR AGE/MUNICIP AL USE WORKSHEET

Month Yield Demand Cumulative Municipal
Gallons Storage Storage Use
Gallons
(yield-demand)

Year 1
Jan* 355 0 355 0
Feb* 365 0 720 0
Mar 437 538 619 0
Apr 456 1,032 43 0
May 556 1,712 0 1,113
Jun 592 2,381 0 1,789
Jul 1,193 2,680 0 1,487
Aug 1,385 2,404 0 1,019
Sep 929 1,652 0 723
Oct 737 942 0 205
Nov 437 348 89 0
Dec* 446 0 535 0

Year 2
Jan* 355 0 890 0
Feb* 365 0 1,255 0
Mar 437 538 1,154 0
Apr 456 1,032 578 0
May 556 1,712 0 578
Jun 592 2,381 0 1,789
*No demand is shown for the Jul 1,193 2,680 0 1,487
months of December through Aug 1,385 2,404 0 1,019
Februar y in this example because
it assumes rain falling on the Sep 929 1,652 0 723
landscape will be sufficient to Oct 737 942 0 205
meet water demand for those Nov 437 348 89 0
months, and that all har vested Dec* 446 0 535 0
water will be put into storage.
(Though not reflected here,
November and March should also
experience less demand for the
same reason.)

15


As shown on the preceding page, Eva’s landscape demand during the summer
months will always require the use of a supplemental water supply. The supply
of rainwater exceeds demand during the winter months when evapotranspira-
tion rates are low, so this water can be saved for the “leaner” spring and early
summer months.
BALANCING SUPPLY AND
DEMAND Every site presents its own unique set of water supply and demand amounts.
Some water harvesting systems may always provide enough harvested water to
meet demand, while others may provide only part of the demand. Remember
that the supply will fluctuate from year to year, depending on the weather and
CALCUL ATING YOUR MA XIMUM the month in which rainfall occurs. Demand may increase when the weather is
STOR AGE REQUIREMENTS warmer than normal, and will increase as the landscape ages and plants grow
larger. Demand will also be greater during the period of time when new plants
To determine your maximum stor-
age requirements, find the largest are getting established.
number in the cumulative storage
column for year 2 on the preceed- If, after determining the available supply and demand, it turns out that the sup-
ing page. In that e xample, ply of harvested water falls short of meeting irrigation demands, you can bal-
Februar y is the month with the
ance your water harvesting checkbook by either increasing the supply or by
most water in storage: 1,255 gal-
lons. That figure represents the reducing the demand.
maximum amount of storage
capacity required, which means Options for increasing the supply include the following:
that a container with appro ximate -
ly 1,300 gallons of storage capaci-
* Increase the catchment area or catchment (runoff) coefficient
ty would suffice.
* Use municipal or some other source of water

Options for reducing demand include the following:

* Reduce the amount of landscaped area
* Reduce the plant density
* Replace high-water use plants with lower-water use plants
* Use mulch to reduce surface evaporation

Step #3. Final design and construction—Use your site analysis information
and your potential supply and demand calculations to size and locate catchment
areas. If possible, size the catchment to accommodate the maximum landscape
water requirement. If you cannot do this you may want to reduce plant water
demand by either lowering planting density or by selecting lower water use
plants. Roofs or shade structures can be designed or retrofitted to maximize the
size of the catchment area. If you are planning a new landscape, create one that
can live on the amount of water harvested from the existing roof catchment.
This can be accomplished through careful plant selection and by controlling the
number of plants used. For the most efficient use of harvested water, group
plants with similar water requirements together. Remember that new plantings,
even native plants, require special care and will need supplemental irrigation
during the establishment period. This period can range from one to three
years. (Use the supply and demand calculations to determine the amount of

16


water needed for new plantings.) Use gutters and downspouts to convey the
water from the roof to the storage area. (Consult Appendix VI for tips on
selecting and installing gutters and downspouts.)

Size storage container(s) large enough to hold your calculated supply. Provide
for distribution to all planted areas. Locate storage close to plants needing water
and higher than the planted area to take advantage of gravity flow. Pipes, hoses,
channels, and drip systems can distribute water where it is needed. If you do not
have gravity flow or if you are distributing through a drip system, you will need to
use a small pump to move the water through the lines. Select drip irrigation sys-
GRAVITY FLOW TIP BOX tem filters with 200-mesh screens. The screens should be cleaned regularly.

GRAVITY FLOW EQUALS .433 System Maintenance. Developing a water harvesting system is actually an on-
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH FOR
EACH FOOT OF ELEVA TION. going process that can be improved and expanded over time. Once the initial
construction is complete, it will be necessary to “field test” your system during
rain events. Determine whether the water is moving where you want it, or
whether you are losing water. Also determine if the holding areas are doing a
good job of containing the water. Make changes to your system as required. As
time goes on you may discover additional areas where water can be harvested
or channeled. Water harvesting systems should be inspected before each rainy
season — and ideally after every rain event — to keep the system operating at
optimum performance.

TABLE–1
MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST
• Keep holding areas free of debris.
• Control and prevent erosion; block erosion trails.
Gutter leaf filter.
• Clean and repair channels.
• Clean and repair dikes, berms, and moats.
• Keep gutters and downspouts free of debris.
• Flush debris from the bottom of storage containers.
• Clean and maintain filters, including drip filters.
• Expand watering basins as plants grow.
• Monitor Water Use.
Once your system is operating, it’s recommended that you monitor land-
scape water use so you’ll know just how much water you’re saving. If
you’ve constructed water harvesting basins in an existing landscape, use
last year’s water bills to compare your pre-harvesting and post-harvesting
water use. If you’re adding new plants to a water harvesting area, the
water savings begin as soon as they’re in the ground, and the savings con-
Parking lot curb cutout directing water
tinue every time they’re irrigated with harvested rainwater!
into planted area.

17

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX I

APPENDIX I
*INCHES OF AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR NM TOWNS

**NM Towns Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

Abiquiu Dam 0.38 0.26 0.51 0.55 0.83 0.71 1.59 2.01 1.13 0.88 0.53 0.34 9.71
Alamogordo 0.73 0.52 0.46 0.32 0.50 0.83 2.13 2.13 1.68 1.05 0.54 0.81 11.68
Albuquerque 0.39 0.40 0.48 0.50 0.61 0.65 1.31 1.52 1.02 0.81 0.48 0.49 8.66
Animas 0.70 0.54 0.49 0.19 0.17 0.45 2.20 2.36 1.46 0.99 0.57 1.03 11.15
Belen 0.28 0.40 0.40 0.26 0.31 0.63 1.40 1.32 0.90 0.98 0.20 0.39 7.45
Bernalillo 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.43 0.58 0.55 1.47 1.50 0.83 0.95 0.44 0.47 8.68
Carlsbad 0.43 0.44 0.30 0.53 1.24 1.53 1.73 1.96 2.34 1.24 0.49 0.51 12.72
Clayton 0.27 0.40 0.65 1.21 2.39 1.91 2.64 2.31 1.68 1.09 0.50 0.38 15.44
Clines Corners 1.05 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.60 1.61 2.72 3.16 2.24 1.49 1.04 1.00 18.71
Clovis 0.43 0.43 0.59 1.04 2.10 2.60 2.62 2.96 2.16 1.61 0.56 0.60 17.71
Corrales 0.43 0.39 0.67 0.65 0.68 0.82 1.63 1.95 1.18 0.85 0.91 0.64 10.80
Crownpoint 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.36 0.67 2.06 1.89 0.85 0.85 0.46 0.61 9.75
Cuba 0.89 0.69 0.88 0.68 0.80 0.80 2.07 2.28 1.38 1.11 0.80 0.72 13.09
Deming 0.48 0.54 0.34 0.20 0.16 0.37 2.07 1.90 1.22 0.79 0.52 0.89 9.50
Española 0.47 0.43 0.59 0.58 0.89 0.75 1.50 1.94 1.00 0.90 0.57 0.50 10.12
Estancia 0.54 0.53 0.64 0.55 1.01 0.97 2.19 2.38 1.51 1.13 0.64 0.80 12.87
Farmington 0.58 0.50 0.55 0.51 0.36 0.46 0.80 1.07 0.83 1.11 0.49 0.62 7.89
Fort Sumner 0.39 0.40 0.44 0.59 1.16 1.47 2.42 2.81 1.80 1.37 0.55 0.49 13.90
Gallup 0.89 0.73 0.89 0.53 0.64 0.47 1.54 1.93 1.13 1.00 0.99 0.74 11.50
Grants 0.51 0.43 0.52 0.45 0.57 0.57 1.71 2.10 1.35 1.10 0.56 0.66 10.52
Hobbs 0.48 0.45 0.46 0.80 2.09 1.83 2.16 2.42 2.66 1.58 0.57 0.58 16.06
Jemez Springs 1.08 0.88 1.02 0.89 1.07 1.07 2.61 3.12 1.58 1.50 1.06 0.94 16.83
Las Cruces 0.52 0.33 0.23 0.21 0.33 0.66 1.46 2.27 1.31 0.82 0.46 0.76 9.17
Los Alamos 0.91 0.79 1.10 0.94 1.31 1.38 3.14 3.78 1.82 1.42 0.98 0.98 18.53
Los Lunas 0.35 0.42 0.46 0.44 0.49 0.57 1.23 1.76 1.21 1.06 0.46 0.53 8.98
Pecos 0.66 0.65 0.86 0.73 1.14 1.29 3.00 3.48 1.86 1.09 0.80 0.63 16.21
Raton 0.37 0.39 0.71 0.91 2.51 2.25 2.87 3.34 1.88 0.92 0.49 0.41 17.07
Roswell 0.42 0.46 0.29 0.60 1.33 1.63 2.01 2.48 2.16 1.06 0.51 0.59 13.52
Ruidoso 1.17 1.20 1.21 0.63 0.94 1.94 4.05 4.03 2.65 1.54 0.85 1.63 21.85
Sandia Park 3.10 1.24 1.44 0.93 1.14 1.12 3.00 3.00 1.83 1.40 1.31 1.20 20.44
Santa Fe 0.65 0.74 0.79 0.94 1.33 1.05 2.35 2.17 1.52 1.11 0.62 0.71 13.99
Shiprock 0.51 0.43 0.46 0.40 0.52 0.32 0.63 0.98 0.67 0.86 0.57 0.59 6.93
Silver City 1.25 0.85 0.84 0.55 0.21 0.58 2.78 2.48 1.91 1.21 0.49 1.07 14.17
Socorro 0.39 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.59 0.62 2.59 1.77 1.46 0.97 0.37 0.56 10.40
Taos 0.71 0.63 0.83 0.77 1.17 0.89 1.62 1.98 1.25 1.03 0.84 0.68 12.40
Tijeras 0.63 0.97 1.06 0.90 0.78 0.88 2.45 2.42 1.57 1.46 0.80 1.18 15.10
T or C 0.47 0.37 0.33 0.21 0.42 0.81 1.72 2.11 1.37 0.96 0.54 0.96 10.26
Tucumcari 0.26 0.47 0.39 0.87 1.49 1.78 3.30 2.40 1.46 0.94 0.50 0.27 14.11
Vaughn 0.44 0.44 0.35 0.51 0.92 1.60 1.99 2.56 1.41 0.87 0.41 0.38 11.87

* Data obtained from the Western Region Climate Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency
** The average rainfall for more specific locations may vary from the averages shown here. In Albuquerque, for example, average
rainfall ranges from 8.51 inches a year at the airport to 14.00 inches a year near the Sandia foothills.

18

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX II, III

APPENDIX II
RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS

ROOF HIGH LOW
Metal, gravel, asphalt
shingle, fiberglass,
mineral paper 0.95 0.90

PAVING
Concrete, asphalt 1.00 0.90

GRAVEL 0.70 0.25

SOIL
Flat, bare 0.75 0.20
Flat, with vegetation 0.60 0.10

LAWN
Flat, sandy soil 0.10 0.05
Flat, heavy soil 0.17 0.13

APPENDIX III
*AVERAGE EVAPOTRANSPIR ATION FOR SELECTED AREAS IN NM

Areas Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Northwestern 0 0.33 0.86 1.87 3.37 4.95 6.15 5.37 3.56 1.91 0.60 0 28.9
Plateau (Gallup)
Northern 0 0.30 0.68 1.56 2.82 4.26 5.05 4.51 3.02 1.63 0.52 0 24.3
Mtns. (Santa Fe)
Eastern 0.35 0.55 1.27 2.53 4.31 6.23 7.00 6.30 4.26 2.42 0.91 0.45 36.5
Plains (Clovis)
Western 0.26 0.41 0.98 1.87 3.23 4.85 5.67 4.94 3.41 1.92 0.71 0.35 28.6
Mtns. (Grants)
Central Valley 0.38 0.64 1.44 2.76 4.58 6.37 7.17 6.43 4.42 2.52 0.93 0.46 38.1
(Albuquerque)
Central Highlands 0.26 0.41 0.98 1.94 3.33 4.85 5.48 4.81 3.39 1.91 0.71 0.35 28.4
(Mountainair)
Southeastern 0.52 0.78 1.68 3.10 4.95 6.79 7.33 6.66 4.69 2.84 1.17 0.66 41.1
Plains (Carlsbad)
Southern Desert 0.56 0.83 1.78 3.11 4.94 6.91 7.66 6.80 4.88 2.97 1.24 0.68 42.3
(Las Cruces)

* Data obtained from the Toro Company, “Rainfall–Evapotranspiration Data,” Form #490-1358

19

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX IV

APPENDIX IV
PLANT W ATER USE COEFFICIENTS The Plant Water Use Coefficient represents the
water needs of a particular plant relative to the
PLANT TYPE PERCENTAGE rate of evapotranspiration (ET). Thus a low-water
use plant requires only 20 percent of ET, but a
Low Water Use 0.20 high-water use plant requires 75 percent of ET.
Medium Water Use 0.50
New plantings of all types require additional water.
Supplemental water must be supplied in areas
High Water Use 0.75 where a plant’s water use requirement (demand)
exceeds the amount of water available from
precipitation (supply). If you’re unsure of a plant’s
water use requirements, consult the City of
Albuquerque’s Xeriscape Guide.

Low water use plants include grasses such as Blue Grama and trees such as Desert Willow.
Medium water use plants include grasses such as Buffalograss and trees such as Modesto Ash.
High water use plants include grasses such as Kentucky Bluegrass and trees such as Globe Willow.

Demonstration Garden photo courtesy of Santa Fe Greenhouses,
Santa Fe, New Mexico

20

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX V

APPENDIX V WORKSHEET #1: SUPPLY CALCULA TIONS

A B C D E F
Follow the lettered From Multiply “A” Enter the Multiply “B” Enter the Multiply “D”
instructions for each Appendix I by 0.623 square by “C.” runoff by “E.” This
month. enter the to convert footage This is the coefficient is the total
rainfall inches to of the gross gallons for your monthly yield
amount in gallons per catchment of rainfall catchment of harvested
inches for square foot. surface. per month. surface. water in
each month. gallons.
Januar y
Februar y
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Totals

WORKSHEET #2: DEMAND CALCULATIONS (METHOD 1)

A B C D E F
Follow the lettered From From Multiply “A” Multiply “C” Enter the Multiply “E”
instructions for each Appendix IV Appendix V by “B” to by 0.623 to total square by “D.” This
month. enter the enter the plant obtain plant convert footage is your total
ET amount demand water needs inches to of landscaping
in inches according to in inches. gallons per landscaping. demand
for each its water square foot. in gallons.
month. needs.
Januar y
Februar y
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Totals

21

RAINW ATER HARVESTING CALCUL ATION WORKSHEETS

WORKSHEET #3: Month Monthly Average Landscape Convert Landscape
DEMAND CALCULA TIONS Use in Winter Use Use in CCF to Use in
(METHOD 2) CCF in CCF CCF Gallons Gallons

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

WORKSHEET #4: Month Yield Demand Cumulative Municipal
STORAGE/MUNICIP AL USE Gallons Storage Storage Use
CALCUL ATIONS Gallons
(yield-demand)

Year 1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Year 2
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

22

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX VI

APPENDIX VI GUIDELINES FOR GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUTS
Gutters and downspouts are key components of the system for distributing rainwater to
plants. They should be properly sized and durable, but they should also be attractive
and well-suited to the building they’re used on.

The following are general guidelines for the use of gutters and downspouts. Particular
applications may vary, depending on the type of gutter selected and any special consider-
ations, such as snow load or roof type. Consult a company that specializes in gutter
design and installation for more information.

GUTTERS
• Select gutters that are at least 5 inches wide.
• Select galvanized steel (29-gauge minimum) or aluminum (.025-inch minimum)
gutters.
• To enhance flow, slope sectional gutters 1/16 of an inch per 1 foot of gutter;
slope seamless gutters 1/16 of an inch per 10 feet.
• If a straight run of gutter exceeds 40 feet, use an expansion joint at the connection.
• Keep the front of the gutter 1/2 inch lower than the back.
• Provide gutter hangers at least every 3 feet. Space hangers every 1 foot in areas of
heavy snow load.
• Select elbows in 45, 60, 75, or 90-degree sizes.

DOWNSPOUTS
• Space downspouts from 20 to 50 feet apart.
• Provide 1 square inch of downspout area for every 100 square feet of roof area.
A 2-inch by 3-inch downspout will accommodate 600 to 700 square feet; a 3-inch by
4-inch downspout will accommodate up to 1,200 square feet.
• Do not exceed 45-degree angle bends.
• Select downspouts in configurations—square, round, and corrugated round,
depending on your needs. Both gutters and downspouts come in a variety of
maintenance-free finishes.
• Use 4-inch diameter pipe to convey water to the storage container or filter.

Gutter drain filter.

23

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX VII

APPENDIX VII HOW TO BUILD A R AINBARREL

Source: Albuquerque Journal, June 26, 1999 Carol Cooperrider Used with Permission

24

RAINW ATER HARVESTING APPENDIX VIII

APPENDIX VIII WHERE TO GO FOR MORE INFORMA TION

PUBLICATIONS
• Introduction to Permaculture, by Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, 1988.
• The Negev—The Challenge of a Desert, Second Edition, by Michael Evenari, Leslie
Shanan, and Naphtali Tadmor. Harvard Press, 1982.
• “Water Harvesting Traditions in the Desert Southwest,” by Joel Glansburg, in the
Permaculture Drylands Journal, #30, pp. 25-27. Permaculture Institute, USA,
Summer 1998.
• “Water Conservation Through an Anasazi Gardening Technique,” by Carleton S.
White, David R. Dreesen, and Samual R. Loftin in the New Mexico Journal of Science,
Volume 38, pp. 251-278. New Mexico Academy of Science, November 1998.
• Ferrocement Water Tanks and Their Construction, by S.B. Watt. Intermediate
Technology Publications, 1978.
• “Constructing Quick and Inexpensive Water Cisterns for Zone One Use,” by Dan
Dorsey in the Permaculture Drylands Journal #24, pp. 8-10. Permaculture Institute,
USA, December 1995.

OTHER R AINW ATER HARVESTING GUIDES
• Texas Guide to Rainwater Harvesting, Second Edition, by Wendy Price Todd and
Gail Vittori. Texas Water Development Board, 1997.
• Harvesting Rainwater for Landscape Use, by Patricia H. Waterfall. Arizona
Department of Water Resources, 1998.

ORGANIZATIONS
American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
P.O. Box 685283
Austin, TX 78768-5283

Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems
8604 F.M. 969
Austin, TX 78724
(512) 928-4786

Permaculture Institute, USA
Casa Las Barrancas Farm
P.O. Box 3702
Pojoaque, NM 87501

Green Builders Program, Home Builders Association of Central New Mexico
5931 Office Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109
(505) 344-3294

25

RAINW ATER HARVESTING NOTES

NOTES

26

RAINW ATER HARVESTING NOTES

NOTES

27

City of Albuquerque
Jim Baca, Mayor

P.O. Box 1293
Albuquerque, NM 87103

Albuquerque, New Mexico Rainwater Harvesting Manual

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