Zoology introduction (1)

Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
DiagramDiagram
Life Science
Botany Zoology Genetics Ecology

IntroductionIntroduction
• Botany – the science that deals with plants
and plant life.
• Zoology – The science that deals with
animals and animal life.
• Ecology – The branch of biology that deals
with the relations between living organisms
and their environment.
• Genetics – The branch of biology that deals
with heredity and variation in animal and
plant species.

 What is life?What is life?

 Difficult to defineDifficult to define
 Therefore discuss properties of livingTherefore discuss properties of living
systemssystems

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems
 1) Chemical Uniqueness1) Chemical Uniqueness
 Made up of large moleculesMade up of large molecules
 MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES
 Four categoriesFour categories
 Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
 ProteinsProteins
 CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
 LipidsLipids

 2) Complexity and Hierarchical2) Complexity and Hierarchical
OrganizationOrganization
 One level builds on previous levelOne level builds on previous level
 MacromoleculesMacromolecules
 CellsCells
 TissueTissue
 OrgansOrgans
 Organ system etcOrgan system etc
 Emergent Characteristics –Emergent Characteristics –
 Unique characteristics that appear at a givenUnique characteristics that appear at a given
level of organizationlevel of organization

 3) Reproduction3) Reproduction
 Replacement of individuals in a populationReplacement of individuals in a population
 Types of ReproductionTypes of Reproduction
 AsexualAsexual
 SexualSexual

 4) Possession of a Genetic Program4) Possession of a Genetic Program
 Faithful transmission of traits – HeredityFaithful transmission of traits – Heredity
 Information contained in GenesInformation contained in Genes
 Specifically encoded in the DNASpecifically encoded in the DNA

 5) Metabolism5) Metabolism
 Complex chemical processes that go on inComplex chemical processes that go on in
cells – provide energycells – provide energy
 Two processesTwo processes
 Anabolism – Building up reactionsAnabolism – Building up reactions
 Catabolism – Breaking down reactionsCatabolism – Breaking down reactions

 6) Growth / Development6) Growth / Development
 Changes that take place during the life ofChanges that take place during the life of
an organisman organism
 Metamorphosis – The transformation thatMetamorphosis – The transformation that
take place in post-embryonic stagestake place in post-embryonic stages

 7) Environmental Interaction7) Environmental Interaction
 Ecology – Study of interactions betweenEcology – Study of interactions between
organisms and their environmentorganisms and their environment
 Organisms responding to stimuli fromOrganisms responding to stimuli from
environmentenvironment
 IRRITABILITYIRRITABILITY

IMPORTANT BIOLOGICALIMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS ANDCONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

DARWIN’S THEORY OFDARWIN’S THEORY OF
EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

 Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
 Galapagos IslandsGalapagos Islands
 1859 – Published “The Origin of Species”1859 – Published “The Origin of Species”
 Major obstacle – Heredity not understoodMajor obstacle – Heredity not understood
 5 major theories5 major theories

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
 1) Perpetual Change1) Perpetual Change
 Living world is neither constant nor cyclicLiving world is neither constant nor cyclic
instead is constantly changinginstead is constantly changing
 Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence
 99% of species that once lived on the99% of species that once lived on the
planet now extinctplanet now extinct

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
 2) Common Descent2) Common Descent
 All forms of life descended from aAll forms of life descended from a
common ancestor through branchingcommon ancestor through branching
lineageslineages
 PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY
 DNA studies – Provide evidenceDNA studies – Provide evidence

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
 3) Multiplication3) Multiplication
of Speciesof Species
 new species arenew species are
produced by theproduced by the
splitting andsplitting and
transformation oftransformation of
older onesolder ones
 Process known as –Process known as –
SpeciationSpeciation

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
 4) Gradualism4) Gradualism
 Large differences that characterizeLarge differences that characterize
different species, originate through thedifferent species, originate through the
accumulation of small changes over aaccumulation of small changes over a
period of timeperiod of time
 Did not take place overnight – but overDid not take place overnight – but over
geological timegeological time

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
 5) Natural Selection5) Natural Selection
 Explains why organisms are constructedExplains why organisms are constructed
the way they arethe way they are
 To meet the demands of their environmentTo meet the demands of their environment

RESEARCH STUDIESRESEARCH STUDIES
INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY
 STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL
a) Cell biologya) Cell biology studies the structural andstudies the structural and
physiological properties of cells, including theirphysiological properties of cells, including their
behavior, interactions, and environment. This isbehavior, interactions, and environment. This is
done on both the microscopic and moleculardone on both the microscopic and molecular
levels, for single-celled organisms such aslevels, for single-celled organisms such as
bacteria as well as the specialized cells inbacteria as well as the specialized cells in
multicellular organisms such as humans.multicellular organisms such as humans.

 b) Anatomyb) Anatomy considers the forms ofconsiders the forms of
macroscopic structures such as organs andmacroscopic structures such as organs and
organ systems.[10] It focuses on howorgan systems.[10] It focuses on how
organs and organ systems work together inorgans and organ systems work together in
the bodies of humans and animals, inthe bodies of humans and animals, in
addition to how they work independently.addition to how they work independently.
Anatomy and cell biology are two studiesAnatomy and cell biology are two studies
that are closely related, and can bethat are closely related, and can be
categorized under "structural" studiescategorized under "structural" studies..

 PHYSIOLOGICALPHYSIOLOGICAL
 Physiology studies the mechanical,Physiology studies the mechanical,
physical, and biochemical processes ofphysical, and biochemical processes of
living organisms by attempting toliving organisms by attempting to
understand how all of the structures functionunderstand how all of the structures function
as a whole. The theme of "structure toas a whole. The theme of "structure to
function" is central to biology.function" is central to biology.

 EVOLUTIONARY
 Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin
and descent of species, as well as their change
over time, and includes scientists from many
taxonomically oriented disciplines. For example, it
generally involves scientists who have special
training in particular organisms such
as mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology,
or entomology, but use those organisms as
systems to answer general questions about
evolution

 CLASSIFICATION
 Scientific classification in zoology, is a
method by which zoologists group and
categorize organisms by biological type,
such as genus or species. Biological
classification is a form of scientific
taxonomy. Modern biological classification
has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus,
who grouped species according to shared
physical characteristics.

 ETHOLOGY
 Ethology is the scientific and objective study of
animal behavior under natural conditions,[19]
as opposed to behaviorism, which focuses on
behavioral response studies in a laboratory
setting. Ethologists have been particularly
concerned with the evolution of behavior and
the understanding of behavior in terms of the
theory of natural selection. the first modern
ethologist was Charles Darwin

 BIOGEOGRAPHY
 Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of
organisms on the Earth,[21] focusing on topics
like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal
and migration, and cladistics. The creation of
this study is widely accredited to Alfred Russel
Wallace, a British biologist who had some of
his work jointly published with Charles Darwin

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
 Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-basedCarl Linnaeus introduced the rank-based
system of nomenclature into biology.system of nomenclature into biology.
 Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista andAnimalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and
MoneraMonera

Categories of Animal ClassificationCategories of Animal Classification
 Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
 Phylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
 Class - MammaliaClass - Mammalia
 Order - PrimatesOrder - Primates
 Family - HominidaeFamily - Hominidae
 Genus -Genus - HomoHomo
 Species -Species - sapienssapiens

Zoology introduction (1)

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Zoology introduction (1)