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Zoonoses and food safety related activities in APHCA member states
The document outlines zoonoses and food safety activities conducted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in collaboration with various partners across Asia and Africa. It discusses the burden of zoonotic diseases in different regions, ongoing projects aimed at improving livestock health and food safety, and the impact of interventions in the dairy sector of India. Additionally, it highlights the importance of integrating agriculture, nutrition, and health to enhance the livelihoods of vulnerable populations.
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Zoonoses and food safety related activities in APHCA member states
- 1. International Livestock ResearchInstitute: Zoonoses & Food Safety Related Activities in APHCA member states Jeffrey Gilbert MD DVM Joint APHCA-OIE Regional Workshop, 24-25 September 2013 Thimphu Bhutan
- 2. Outline of talk • • • • • • ILRI(ILRAD/ILCA); CGIAR; CGIAR Research Programmes (CRPs) DfID review Indonesia – HPAI Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in SE Asia (EcoZD) GET Dairy India IDRC-PHFI • • • Grameen Danone Viet Nam: ACIAR and CRP-3.7 PENAPH
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- 4. ILRI and whereit works Headquarters in Nairobi ILRI outposts ILRI outposts in SE Asia: , Hanoi, Vientiane, ChiangMai (Bangkok)
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- 6. CRP4 Strategic goal: CRP4is a research and development program that will work to accelerate progress in improving the nutrition and health of poor people by exploiting and enhancing the synergies between agriculture, nutrition, and health through four research components: value chains, biofortification, control of agriculture-associated diseases, and integrated ANH development programs and policies. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/crp4proposal_final_oct06_2011.pdf
- 8. DfID Review –56 zoonoses (2012) Across a range of zoonoses burden, poverty burden, and reliance on livestock, the hotspots for poverty, emerging livestock systems and zoonoses are (in decreasing order of importance both by region and country; countries in red appear in multiple listings): South Asia: India > Bangladesh > Pakistan Is higher than: East and Central Africa: Ethiopia > Nigeria > Congo DR > Tanzania > Sudan Is higher than: South East Asia: China > Indonesia > Myanmar > Vietnam Is higher than: West Africa: Burkina Faso > Mali > Ghana 1. zoonotic gastrointestinal disease; 2. leptospirosis; 3. cysticercosis; 4. zoonotic tuberculosis 5. rabies; 6. leishmaniasis; http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/21161 7. brucellosis; 8. echinococcosis; 9. toxoplasmosis; 10. Q fever 11. zoonotic trypanosomosis 12. hepatitis E 13. anthrax.
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- 10. INDONESIA Project title: Pro-PoorHPAI Risk Reduction Period: 2007 - October 2010 International partners: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Royal Veterinary College, University of London (UK) National partners: DGLS/DAH Local Dinas (Bogor Kota and Kabupaten) Universities (UGM and IPB) & NGO´s
- 11. DFID-Funded Collaborative HPAIResearch Project for Asia and Africa Objectives: 1. Provide scientific basis for improving HPAI control strategies – More cost-effective – More ‘equitable’ 2. Inject insights into policy processes – national – regional and global 3. Build capacity for evidence-based formulation of pro-poor disease control policy
- 12. DFID-Funded Collaborative HPAIResearch Project for Asia and Africa Outputs: 1. Background: Review of national poultry sectors & experience with HPAI 2. Disease risk: risk maps, Qualitative & quantitative risk assessments 3. Institutional analysis: poultry value chain study, alignment of poultry sector actors with HPAI control; HPAI institutional response analysis 4. Livelihood analysis: qualitative information on the impact of HPAI on people’s livelihoods; quantitative livelihood analysis 5. Evaluation of Risk management options (synthesis analysis) including KAP 6. Communication and advocacy
- 13. Avian influenza control(Indonesia) • • • - Operational research (OR) to control AI in backyards Feasibility and effectiveness of different treatment options compared (BY chicken and semi-intensified farms) Partners & Donors: FAO, MoA, USAID, WB Period and location: 08/2007 – 12/2009, 16 Districts of Java Objective - evaluate intervention strategies against HPAI in backyard and semi-intensive farms in Indonesia by: • Assessing the feasibility of implementing the interventions • Assessing the impact the interventions on HPAI
- 14. EcoZD (multi-country) Ecosystem Approachesto the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in SE Asia EcoHealth Resource Centre at Chiang Mai University Increased risk of brucellosis and toxoplasmosis Prevalence of priority pig zoonoses Hygiene in small-scale poultry slaughterhouses (2 countries) Zoonotic causes of acute diarrhoea EcoHealth Resource Centre at Gadjah Mada University Leptospirosis in community and abattoirs Rabies control and prevention
- 15. Compare / Contrast vOneHealth • Definitions open to debate: range from quite rigid to very flexible; issues of branding • One-Health – biomedical focus: human + animal + wildlife; • One-Health: focus on communicable diseases • One-Health: operational / strategy • EcoHealth: environment & socio-economic aspects – pioneered outside ‘traditional’ health • EcoHealth: communicable & non-communicable diseases (dioxin; heavy metal toxicity) • Eco-Health: academic / research / complexity
- 16. Indonesia Rabies in Bali •Ecological focus: • Behaviour • Demography • Fecundity • Socio-cultural
- 17. Lao PDR Priority Pigzoonoses • 7 zoonoses • Taenia/cysticercosis • Trichinella • Erysipelas • Japanese B encephalitis • Hepatitis E • Brucella • Coxiella • 3 non-zoonoses • PRRS • CSF • FMD
- 18. 2011 EcoZD (ILRI/ACIARI)Human Cysticercosis Prevalence 4.7% (some hot-spots)
- 19. Results: Crude Sero-prevalence Disease Humans Pigs JEVIgM 4.4% 8.5% JEV IgG 75.2% Hep E IgG 64% 61.4% Trichinella 47.3% 13.7% Taenia solium IgG 2.9% Cysticercosis IgG 4.7% Erysipelas 47.5% CSF 10.3% PRRS 8.2% FMD (ABC non-structural ELISA) 2.1% * Prevalence data reported above has not been adjusted for population weighting factors
- 20. EcoHealth Resource Centres ChiangMai & Gadjah Mada Universities • Academic environment • Multi-faculty training • Multi-faculty research • Food safety • Hill-tribe health • Leptospirosis • toxoplasmosis • Future OH/EH resource for the SE Asia region
- 21. Joint Thai-Vietnamese team Poultryslaughterhouse hygiene • Engage community • Discuss cost-benefits • Policy engagement at central level (DLD)
- 22. Non-APHCA: Cambodia –China – Viet Nam Cambodia: Zoonotic causes of acute human diarrhoea Yunnan province, China: brucellosis VietNam: leptospirosis
- 23. Challenges & Solutions Challenges •Accepting novel ‘EcoHealth’ paradigm and fostering transdisciplinary collaboration (some countries rigid mechanism including financial mechanisms) Solutions 5 year project cycle assisted, learning by doing approach gives first-hand experience using country priorities not donor ones Plans for all countries to disseminate approach and findings to research community, policy makers and communities • Limited capacity within disciplines eg proposal writing, epidemiology, dissemination (journal articles, policy, IEC) Mentoring by ILRI researchers & technical experts provided real-time suppport according to needs;EcoHealth(One Health) Resource Centres for regional training and advocacy • Competition with other projects/initiatives/’paradigm (One Health) Teams/members were encouraged to be part of other initiatives; some team members drafted & submitted multi-country proposal to APEIR • Sustainability of EcoHealth (One Health) approach Ownership by teams: they chose the priority and conducted the research Further funding cycle(s) essential: 10+ years to institutionalise
- 24. GET Dairy (India) Background:the traditional dairy sector in Assam • About 95% of milk in Assam is marketed through the informal dairy sector. • The hygiene and quality of milk marketed by informal sector players is perceived to be poor by consumers but the distribution system facilitates farmers access to markets and consumers access to milk. • Government support to informal sector players has been limited and the policy environment has been mostly unfavourable. An initiative to improve the quality of milk and livelihoods for value chain actors in the traditional dairy sector was undertaken by ILRI and supported by various donors. Its objectives were: 1. To improve the hygiene and quality of milk produced and marketed by informal dairy market actors. 2. To reduce the risk of zoonoses (e.g. brucellosis, tuberculosis etc.) and milk borne diseases. 3. To ensure the informal dairy actors were competitive in the emerging retail market where bigger business has a larger role. 4. To bring the informal sector dairy market actors under the ambit of more effective regulation.
- 25. GET Dairy (India) Fundingprovided by OFID were used to evaluate the initiative, in a project called “Generating Evidence to Improve the Traditional Dairy Sector in Assam” or GETDairy. The main research questions were. • How does training and certification of informal dairy chain actors change knowledge, behaviour and milk quality/safety outcomes? • How does participation in the training and certification scheme translate into livelihood benefits for milk value chain actors and reduced health risks for dairy consumers? • What are the economy-wide impacts of these programmes? What are the overall costs and benefits of the initiatives? Who gets the benefits and who pays the costs • How can research outputs be translated to development outcomes? Which policy processes enabled and hindered adoption? All the data needed to answer these questions has been collected and analysed. The findings are: • Improved practices resulted in reduced levels of hazards and increased productivity. • The average quantity of milk procured and sold by trained traders increased significantly compared to untrained traders. • The average cost of production and selling increased marginally but profitability increased. • The traditional dairy sector development became an important focus of Dairy Development Department.
- 27. ILRI-IDRC-PHFI (India) ‘Promoting Health,Livelihood, and Sustainable Livestock Systems’ A proposal jointly prepared by ILRI and the Public Health Foundation of India has just been funded by IDRC Canada. It will generate evidence and improved understanding of interactions between disease risk, livestock and human health, and sustainable development in different types of peri-urban settings of the country and influence the coordination of policy and practice that supports safe food production, healthy livestock and improved public health. .
- 29. Viet Nam ACIAR –Pigs • • • Assessing the human and economic costs of pork-borne diseases in smallholder pig value chains The adoption of ‘risk-based’ approaches to food safety and pork-borne diseases as opposed to the currently applied ‘hazard-based’ approaches Incentive-based innovation as a means of improving the management of human and animal health risks in smallholder pig value chains The main research for development issues confronting Vietnam’s pig sector in the current context include productivity and associated NRM implications of intensification, market access for inputs and outputs, food safety, value chain performance, and the appropriate institutional and policy adjustments required to jumpstart the change process in order achieve development goals.
- 30. Grameen Danone (Bangladesh) ‘Buildinga Framework for Assessing the Impacts of Efforts to Enhance Access to Nutritious Foods Through In-Depth Analysis of the Grameen Danone Foods Ltd Case’ (in partnership with BRAC and IDS UK) is value chain focussed; part of the nutrition component of the CRP Agriculture for Improved Health and Nutrition. It will develop capacity and an analytical approach for the analysis of value chains-based initiatives aimed at enhancing access and consumption of nutritious foods by the poor and to use this learning to develop research proposals on leveraging value chains for nutrition. A better understanding of value chains could assist with risk assessment of zoonoses.
- 31. Participatory Epidemiology -PENAPH Partners: • FAO • OIE • RVC • ILRI • US-CDC • VSF-Canada • VSF-Belgium • AU-IBAR • AFENET