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Zoonotic diseases
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- 2. • Zoo- animal,-noses: diseases (Greek) • Zoonotic diseases are also known as Zoonosis and Zoonoses are the diseases that are naturally transmissible to a human from other vertebrates (WHO). • The pathogens may be bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. • They amount to more than about 150 diseases thought to be originated from animals, such as measles, smallpox, diphtheria, AIDS (from monkeys )
- 3. •Reverse zoonoses are diseasesthat humans give to animals. These include Staphylococcus aureus infection, Streptococcus infection and Tuberculosis. • Pseusdozoonotic diseases are the diseases humans think they can get from animals don’t such as feline leukemia, feline AIDS, pinworms etc.
- 4. • A/C TOLIFE CYCLE OF THE PATHOGEN – a) Orthozoonoses- are the diseases maintained in nature in a single vertebrate host. E.g.- Rabies, maintained in Canids. b) Cyclozoonoses- require more than one vertebrate host to maintain their life cycle. E.g. Echinococcosis c) Metazoonoses- require both, a vertebrate and an invertebrate host, for development. E.g.- Trypanosomes in Humans and flies.
- 5. d) Saprozoonoses- arethe diseases that require a vertebrate host and another type of environmental reservoirs(food or soil). E.g. Listeriosis and Histoplasmosis.
- 6. a) Anthropozoonoses- arethe diseases primarily transmitted from lower vertebrates to human beings. E.g. Rabies(Lyssa virus), Anthrax(Bacillus anthracis), Brucellosis(Brucella abortus)- Malta fever, Undulant fever or Mediterranean fever. b) Zooanthroponoses- are the diseases transmitted from human beings to lower vertebrates. E.g. Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica), Diphtheria infection. c) Amphixenoses- are the diseases that may be transmitted in either direction. E.g. Staphylococcal, Streptococcal infection
- 9. • Humans areoften accidental and dead-end hosts for Zoonotic diseases • The animals are the definitive hosts • Sometimes the animal may get ill from the pathogen and sometimes don’t. • When the animal host doesn’t become ill but is still capable of transmitting the disease to people, it is said to be carrier or a reservoir host.
- 10. 1. Ecological changesin man's environment- E.g. Leptospirosis, Tuleraemia, Helminthic infections etc. 2. Handling animal by-products and wastes (occupational hazards) - e.g. anthrax in carpet weavers, Leptospirosis in rice field workers, trypanosomiasis in hunters,, Q-fever in abattoir and rendering plant workers, jungle yellow fever and tick borne diseases in wood cutters, bovine tuberculosis in farmers etc. 3. Increased movements of man Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, etc 4. Increased trade in animal products - e.g. Salmonellosis, Foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Newcastle disease etc.
- 11. I. Increased densityof animal population – e.g. Dermatophytosis, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis etc I. Transportation of infected animals e.g. Yellow fever Chikungunya fever, Dengue fever etc. II. Cultural anthropological norms –In Kenya, people allow the dogs and hyenas to eat human dead bodies infected with Hyatidosis.
- 12. EXAMPLES OF ZOONOTICDISEASES
- 13. • Most Notableinstances of outbreaks have been seen to have started from or transmitted by animals 1. Plague- most recent outbreak was recorded in 1994, of bubonic and pneumonic plague. The plague is responsible for estimated 475 million of deaths in Europe in the 16-17th century and known as “BLACK DEATH”.
- 14. o The causativeagent is Yersinia pestis(bacteria). o Reservoirs- Rodents, rabbits, wild carnivores o Now vaccines are available along with treatment by antibiotics.
- 15. • Spread ofthe Bacillus anthracis to man happens. • Reservoirs- Sheep, Cows, Goats, soil • Common in west and central Africa than in India. • Transmission- inhalation of spores, handling contaminated animals, eating raw/undercooked mea of infected animals. • Treatment- by antibiotics
- 16. : from Mycobacteriumbovis • Reservoir : Cattle • Transmission: i)Food borne: unpasteurized milk and raw meat • Droplet/aerosols ii)M avium- Reservoir : Birds • Risk for immunocompromised persons: Elderly, HIV or on chemotherapy : Spirochete leptospira icterohemorrhagica infection (Reservoir-rats) • Transmission - Urine-> Soil, Water and Tissues Contaminated with Leptospires. • C/C- Fever, Malaise, Weil’s diseases(acute severe form)
- 18. Flu-. • RNA virusfrom the family Orthomyxoviridae. • However, the death toll was of 500+ in India. • Reservoirs- Pigs, humans • Pandemics- 1918-1933: ‘Spanish Flu’(recorded 40 million deaths globally) 1957-68: ‘Asian Flu’(2 million deaths) 2009-10: ‘Novel H1N1’(17,000+
- 19. • Rabies isone of the most important oldest recognized diseases in India. • It has been recognized in India since the Vedic period (1500–500 BC) . • Is a highly fatal Zoonotic viral encephalitis. • Genus-Lyssavirus Family-Rhabdoviridae, • Reservoirs- carnivores (dogs, cats, foxes, jackal etc), human beings, Bats • Rabies is transmitted by bites of rabid animals(dogs 95%), corneal transplant, sexual contact, tissues of an infected animal or fresh wound that come into contact with saliva or tissues of an infected animal.
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- 21. Nipah Virus infection(NiV) is an emerging infectious disease of in the South-East Asia Region. Genus Henipavirus in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae(RNA). Reservoir: Fruit bats (Genus Pteropusa) . There were focal outbreaks of NiV in Bangladesh and India during winter in 2001. A second outbreak was recorded in 2018 in Kerala An illness of mysterious fever with high case fatality is reported as the complain.(50-75% deaths)
- 22. • DENGUE FEVER •Also known as break bone fever • Transmission- Bite of Aedes aegyptii during early morning & in the evening. • C/f- Saddle back fever, headache, retrobulbar pain, morbiliform rash appears on trunk & spreads centripetally to face, trunk & limbs. Fever lasts for 5- 7 days • Reservoirs- Mosquitoes and humans • JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS • Caused by Japanese encephalitis virus . JE was first recorded in Vellore and Pondicherry in mid 1950s. • Transmitted through Zoonotic • Vector- Bite of Culex tritaenniorhynchus • C/f- Fever, rigors, headache & vomiting • Reservoirs- Pigs, Mosquitoes, Water birds
- 24. • As of6 April 2020, a cumulative total of 12,00,000+ COVID-19 cases were reported in globally, with 4287 in India. • COVID-19 is a Zoonotic virus. Bats appear to be the reservoir of COVID-19 virus, but the intermediate host(s) has not yet been identified. However, further research is sill going on about the disease. • The median age is 51 years (range 2 days-100 years old) with the majority of cases (77.8%) lying between 30–69 years. • COVID-19 is transmitted via droplets and fomites during close unprotected contact between an infector and infectee. Airborne spread has not been reported • Fecal shedding has been demonstrated from some patients
- 26. LABRATORY DIAGNOSIS OFDISEASES DISEASE SAMPLE MICROSCOPY CULTURE SEROLOGY ANTHRAX SPUTUM,STOOL,BL OOD GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA NUTRIENT,BLOOD AGAR ELISA,CFT,ASCOLI THERMOPRECIPITI N TEST PLAGUE STOOL,FOOD,BLOO D,SPUTUM GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI BLOOD AGAR, GHEE BROTH PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATI ON LEPTOSPIROSIS BLOOD, URINE DARK GROUND MICROSCOPY KORTHOF’S/STUAR T’S MEDIA MICROSCOPIC AGGLUTINATION TEST TB(M bovis) SPUTUM ACID FAST BACILLI L J MEDIA ----------------------- TYPHUS BLOOD ----------------------- YOLK SAC OF CHICK EMBRYO WEIL-FELIX TEST RABIES CORNEAL IMPRESSION,SALIV A,PM-BRAIN IMMUNOFLUORSC ENCE TISSUE CULTURE --------------------- TENIA/ ECHINOCOSSUS STOOL EGG ----------------------- ELISA, INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY LEISHMANIA BLOOD AMASTIGOTE FORMS --------------------------CFT,ANTIMONY TEST FUNGAL SKIN,NAIL,HAIR KOH PREPARATIONSDA ------------------------
- 27. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Textbook of microbiologyby Ananthanarayan and Paniker