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Zoonotic Diseases

The document discusses zoonotic diseases, detailing their definitions, classifications, and various transmission methods. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the interaction between pathogens, hosts, and the environment, while highlighting the significant role of animals as reservoirs for these diseases. Additionally, it outlines prevention strategies to mitigate risks associated with zoonotic infections.

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Introduction by Prof. Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid on Zoonoses Diseases. Overview of lecture contents.

Infections result from pathogens invading tissues. Key terms: Infection, disease, pathogen, pathogenicity.

List of zoonotic diseases affecting cattle: Anthrax, Brucellosis, and others.

Emerging diseases show rising trends. 75% are zoonoses, with examples such as Ebola and Anthrax.

Definition and full involvement of animals and environment in zoonotic infection cycles.

Definitions of reservoirs, sources of infection, and roles of vectors in disease transmission.

Classification of zoonoses by transmission type: direct, cyclozoonosis, metazoonosis, and more.

Classification of zoonoses by animal species, including those from dogs, cats, birds, and more. Prevention methods include personal hygiene, protective equipment, and general awareness.

Methods to prevent zoonotic transmission through direct contact and contaminated objects.

Preventing oral transmission through hygiene and safe food practices.

Strategies to control vector-borne zoonotic diseases, including reduction methods.

Detailed information on specific zoonotic diseases affecting cattle and their transmission to humans.

Concluding remarks and acknowledgments for contributions from CDC and presentation reviewers.

MBBS.USMLE, DPH, Dip-Card, M.Phil, FCPS,PhD Professor Community Medicine Gujranwala Medical College Gujranwala. Ex- Professor Community and Family Medicine UmulQurrah University Makka Saudi Arabia
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬ Zoonoses Disease Lecture Introduction
Definition – Infection: pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply – Disease: The pathologic state that results when something damages or disrupts tissues and organs – Infectious disease: the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products • -Pathogen: a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease • Type and severity of infection depend on -Pathogenicity---- of the organism and the condition of its host. (pathogenicity:the ability of an infectious agent to cause disease) 10/9/2023 3 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle Present in the worldwide. • Anthrax • Brucellosis • Cryptosporidiosis • Dermatophilosis • E. coli • Giardia • Leptospirosis • Listeriosis • Pseudocowpox • Q Fever • Ringworm • Salmonella • Tuberculosis • Vesicular stomatitis 10/9/2023 4 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Emerging Infectious Disease • Emerging Infectious Disease – An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range • On average, 1 newly identified infectious disease every year for each of the last 30 years (WHO) 10/9/2023 5 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle Foreign Animal Diseases • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – Mad cow disease • Melioidosis • Rift Valley Fever 10/9/2023 6 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Emerging Infectious Disease • Approximately 75% of recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonoses Ebola Virus Anthrax Avian Influenza Virus 10/9/2023 7 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
DEFINITION • Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people. •The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek • ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases) • People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection 10/9/2023 8 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
10/9/2023 9 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist • Reservoir: the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates • Source: the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired • Living Reservoirs – Carrier: an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice. • Asymptomatic carriers • Incubation carriers • Convalescent carriers • Chronic carrier • Passive carrier 10/9/2023 10 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Animals as Reservoirs and Sources • Vector: a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another – Majority are arthropods – Larger animals can also be vectors • Biological vector: actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle • Mechanical vectors: transport the infectious agent without being infected 10/9/2023 11 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Figure 13.10 10/9/2023 12 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
History 10/9/2023 13 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
10/9/2023 14 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
10/9/2023 15 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Health and Wellness for all Arizonans LLlecLec 10/9/2023 16 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
10/9/2023 17 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Agent Host Environment Zoonotic diseases are multifactorial and their occurrence is affected by interactions between the host, the agent and the environment 10/9/2023 18 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Classification of zoonoses disease according to the mode of transmission Transmission of infections may be direct, indirect via arthropod vectors, or from environmental foci Direct zoonosis : the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air (influenza) or through bites and saliva (rabies). Cyclozoonosis :a zoonotic disease that requires at least two species of vertebrates as definitive and intermediate hosts. Examples: hydatid disease Metazoonosis:zoonoses require both a vertebrate host and an invertebrate host; an example is trypanosomiasis. Saprozoonosis Combination (e.g. direct & metazoonosis) 10/9/2023 19 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
SAPROZOONOSIS Diseases of vertebrate animals which can affect people, the infectious agents of which are either capable of replicating in inanimate sites, or require an inanimate environment for the development of an infectious stage of their life cycle  eg. histoplasmosis, Toxocara canis, certain food-borne diseases 10/9/2023 20 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Slide 1 Anthropozoonoses: Zoonoses where the main reservoir of infection is non-human ,but vertebrate animals Most zoonoses are of this type e.g. bovine tuberculosis, rabies . Zooanthroponoses: Diseases that mainly affect people, which may be transmitted to animals, which then act as temporary reservoirs of infection Examples are Mycobacterium tuberculosis in dogs, infectious hepatitis in apes. Classification of zoonoses according the reservoir 10/9/2023 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
 Dogs & Cats as  Rabies  Roundworm  Ringworm  Cat Scratch Disease  Food Animals  Salmonella  E.coli  Brucellosis Zoonoses Classification : Animal Species 10/9/2023 22 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
 Birds:  Psittacosis  West Nile virus  Eastern Equine Encephalitis  Avian Influenza  Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians  Salmonella  Mycobacterium  Wild Animals  Hantavirus  Plague  Tularemia  Lyme Disease Zoonoses: Animal Species 10/9/2023 23 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Rabieses (viral infection) 10/9/2023 24 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
CLASSICAL RABIES(Direct zoonoses) Virulent rabies spread from Europe to Asia and other regions by infected dogs; many countries worldwide Dogs most important domestic hosts, cats, cattle and other domestic animals commonly involved Many wild reservoirs which differ between regions; principally canids (foxes, wolves, jackals) but also mongooses,,raccoons, bats Some countries free by eradication e.g. UK Direct zoonosis – bites, mucosal exposure, other routes e.g. corneal transplants 10/9/2023 25 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Slide 55 Hanta virus First recognized in the Korean war in the 1950s along the Hantan river New strain causing Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome recognized in America in 1993 Rodent reservoir www.kuleuven.be/ rega/mvr/research.html 10/9/2023 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
General Prevention Steps Animal health  Control diseases in the herd  Makes economic sense  If the disease is not present, people cannot be exposed 10/9/2023 27 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
General Prevention Steps Awareness education  Work with herd veterinarian, livestock extension specialists  Educate anyone who works with animals about zoonotic disease risks  English Urdu Punjabi Sindhi Balochi Pashtoon 10/9/2023 28 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
General Prevention Steps Personal hygiene  Wash hands after handling animals  Removes the infectious agent Personal protective equipment  Gloves, coveralls, boots  Mask, goggles 10/9/2023 29 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Aerosol Transmission  Infected droplets passed through the air from an animal to a person  Sneeze/cough  Birthing tissues  Fecal material  Urine  Contaminated soil 10/9/2023 30
Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Aerosol Transmission  Anthrax  Listeriosis  Melioidosis*  Q Fever  Rift Valley Fever*  Tuberculosis * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 31
Aerosol Transmission  Basic prevention steps involve:  Controlling dust  Wearing masks in certain situations 10/9/2023 32 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Aerosol Prevention Practices  Control dust in dry lots  Contaminated soil can be a source of zoonotic disease  Use water in limited amounts 10/9/2023 33 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Aerosol Prevention Practices  Wear an N-95 mask when:  Handling infectious animals or their tissues  Assisting with calving  Power washing 10/9/2023 34 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
DIRECT CONTACT AND FOMITE CONTROL Zoonotic Transmission
Direct Contact Transmission  Pathogen in animal (blood, saliva, body fluids) or environment  Contact with open wounds, mucous membranes, skin 10/9/2023 36 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Fomite Transmission  Contaminated inanimate object  Carries pathogens  Brushes, needles, clothing, bedding 10/9/2023 37 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact or Fomite Transmission  Anthrax  Brucellosis  Dermatophilosis F  Leptospirosis  Melioidosis*  Pseudocowpox F  Q Fever  Rabies  Ringworm F  Rift Valley Fever*  Salmonella  Tuberculosis  Vesicular stomatitis F Denotes fomite transmission * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 38 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices Personal hygiene  Provide hand washing facilities  Warm running water, soap, clean towels  Located next to animal contact areas  Post signs reminding people to wash hands after handling animals  Check soap and towels weekly 10/9/2023 39 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices PPE- Gloves  Wear latex/nitrile gloves when working with animals  Sick or unknown health status, create a barrier between you and the disease  Especially important for hands with cuts, abrasions, chapped  Wash hands after removing gloves 10/9/2023 40 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices PPE- Coveralls  Require clean clothing in animal areas  Restrict work/farm clothing from being worn outside of your operation  Prevent disease agents from “leaving”  Provide laundry facilities on farm 10/9/2023 41 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices PPE- Boots  Require clean boots in animal areas  Provide a boot bath or trashcan at the entrance/exit for ease of cleaning/disposing  Wash hands after removing boots 10/9/2023 42 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices Keep equipment clean  Wash and disinfect grooming equipment if used on animals with skin abrasions  Splash guard to catch urine, feces  Wash down parlor equipment after soiled with urine, feces 10/9/2023 43 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices  Some zoonotic diseases spread at calving  Wear water-resistant outer garment, coveralls  Wear rectal sleeves, gloves  Immediately remove and dispose of all birthing tissues (placenta, fetal membranes) 10/9/2023 44 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Direct Contact, Fomite Prevention Practices  Remove soiled bedding  Thoroughly clean and wash area  Clean equipment and personal protective gear  Disinfect birthing area and equipment  Wash hands after removing outerwear, gloves 10/9/2023 45 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
ORAL AND FOMITE CONTROL Zoonotic Transmission
Oral, Fomite Transmission  Ingesting contaminated food, water  Feces, urine, unpasteurized milk, undercooked meats  Eating or drinking after animal contact without washing hands 10/9/2023 47 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Oral, Fomite Transmission  Anthrax  Brucellosis  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)*  Cryptosporidiosis  E. coli F  Giardia  Leptospirosis F  Listeriosis  Melioidosis*  Q Fever  Salmonella F  Tuberculosis * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease F Denotes fomite transmission 10/9/2023 48 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices On the farm  Manure properly handled and stored  Does not contaminate drinking water  Personal hygiene practices  Washing hands after animal contact before eating, drinking, preparing food  Minimize contact with disease agents 10/9/2023 49 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices In the home  Drink pasteurized milk and juices  Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating  Defrost meats in the refrigerator 10/9/2023 50 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices  After contact with raw meat  Wash hands, utensils, cutting board, kitchen surfaces with hot soapy water  Cook beef/beef products thoroughly  Internal temperature of 160oF  Eat cooked food promptly  Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours after cooking  Store in shallow containers 10/9/2023 51 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Oral, Fomite Transmission Summary  Oral and fomite transmission could occur on your farm  Crypto, leptospirosis, listeriosis  Foreign animal diseases can also be spread via oral route  BSE, melioidosis  Prevention steps as described here can help minimize your risk 10/9/2023 52 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
VECTOR CONTROL Zoonotic Transmission
Vector Transmission  Insect  Acquires pathogen from one animal  Transmits to a person  Biological vectors  Ticks, mosquitoes  Mechanical vectors  Flies, cockroaches 10/9/2023 54 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Transmission  Anthrax  Flies  Q Fever  Ticks  Rift Valley Fever*  Mosquitoes Horsefly Tick Mosquito * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 55 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Source reduction  Flies, mosquitoes  Control adults  Flies, mosquitoes, ticks  Minimize interaction with insects  Personal protection 10/9/2023 56 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Source reduction, fly larvicides  Feed additives  All animals on farm, 3 weeks prior to season  Parasitic wasps feed on fly pupa  Predatory mites, beetles feed on larva  Adulticides  Knockdowns for high concentrations  Residuals for barn walls, ceilings  Baits, fly traps in conjunction with other methods 10/9/2023 57 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Control adult flies  Target key areas on farm  Milking parlor, calf hutches  Barns  Animals 10/9/2023 58 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
 Source reduction, mosquitoes  Lay single eggs in damp soil  Lay eggs on water surface  Larvae, pupae live upside down in water;  Breathe via siphon, trumpet at water surface  Larvae need organic matter for development Vector Prevention Practices Larva 10/9/2023 59 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Source reduction, mosquitoes  Eliminate mosquito larval habitats  Fill tree holes  Empty containers that hold water weekly  Circulate lagoons, water tanks  Drill holes in or use half tires for silage piles 10/9/2023 60 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Mosquito larvicides  Use when source reduction and biological control not feasible  More effective and target-specific  Less controversial than adulticides  Applied to smaller geographic areas  Larvae concentrate in specific locations 10/9/2023 61 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Adulticides  Less efficient than source reduction  Require multiple applications  Require proper environmental conditions  Light wind, no rain  Small droplets to contact adults 10/9/2023 62 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Avoid mosquitoes if possible  Stay inside during the evening when mosquitoes are most active  Wear long pants and sleeves  Use repellent  DEET  Follow label directions  Do NOT use DEET on pets 10/9/2023 63 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vector Prevention Practices  Tick control  Regular inspection of animals  Mow pastures  Acaricides  Personal protection  Wear long sleeves  Tuck pants into socks  Repellent  Remove ticks immediately 10/9/2023 64 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF CATTLE
Anthrax in Cattle  Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis  Forms spores  Can remain in soil for decades  Animal disease  Spreads through the body  Rapid death 10/9/2023 66 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Anthrax in People  Three forms of the disease  Skin (direct, vector)  Intestinal (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Most skin lesions go away on their own  People at risk:  Handle infected hides, wool, and furs 10/9/2023 67
Brucellosis in Cattle  Bacterium: Brucella abortus  Third trimester abortions  Up to 80%  Inflammation of placenta  Birth of dead/weak calves  Retained placenta  Low milk yield  Temporary sterility  Shed bacteria in milk for life 10/9/2023 68 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Brucellosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Variable (undulant) fever  Headache, weakness, joint pain, depression, weight loss, fatigue, liver problems 10/9/2023 69 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle  BSE caused by prions  First case in the U.K, 1986  Long incubation: 4-5 years  Rapid progression to death once signs appear  Hindlimb incoordination, tremors, falling, behavior changes  No treatment 10/9/2023 70 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Cryptosporidiosis in Cattle  Protozoan: Cryptosporidium parvum  Spring, late fall/ early winter  Scours in calves  < 3 weeks old  Can be infected without signs of illness  Estimated up to 50% of dairy calves shed “crypto” 10/9/2023 71
Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Cryptosporidiosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Symptoms  Profuse, watery diarrhea  Abdominal pain  Usually self-limiting  Severe in people with a weak immune system 10/9/2023 72
Dermatophilosis in Cattle  Bacterium: Dermatophilus congolensis  Carry the bacteria without showing signs  Break-down of skin  Prolonged wetting, high humidity  Scabs, crusts 10/9/2023 73 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Dermatophilosis in People  Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  Pustules on hands, arms  Sores, ulcers  Scars form 10/9/2023 74 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Giardiasis in Cattle  Protozoan: Giardia intestinalis  Adult cattle  Usually do not show signs of illness  Source of infection for calves  Calves  Scours >4 weeks old  Can become chronic and lose weight 10/9/2023 75 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Giardiasis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Symptoms  May not be sick  Others may have diarrhea, intestinal gas, stomach cramps, nausea  Usually self-limiting in a few months 10/9/2023 76 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Leptospirosis in Cattle  Adult cattle  Abortions  Decreased fertility  Decreased milk yield  Retained placenta  Jaundice  Calves  Fever  Refusal to eat  Reddened eyes  Diarrhea  Jaundice  Death •Bacterium: Leptospira 10/9/2023 77 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Leptospirosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  Flu-like signs: Fever, body aches, headache  Weakness, vomiting, mental confusion  Jaundice, stiff neck  Liver, kidney or central nervous system damage 10/9/2023 78 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Melioidiosis in Cattle  Bacterium: Burkholderia pseudomallei  Foreign animal disease  Most cases occur in southeast Asia  Rare in cattle  Pneumonia  Neurologic signs 10/9/2023 79 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Melioidiosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  Pneumonia  Fever  Small abscesses throughout the body  May become chronic 10/9/2023 80 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Pseudocowpox in Cattle  Virus  Signs of illness  Small, red, raised sores on teats/udder  Forms vesicles, scabs, nodules  Sore may form a “ring” or “horseshoe”  Slow spread, whole herd affected  Reinfection common 10/9/2023 81 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Pseudocowpox in People  Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  “Milker’s nodules”  Small, red, raised, flat-topped spots  Sores become firm nodules  Heals without scars 10/9/2023 82 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Q Fever in Cattle  Bacterium: Coxiella burnetii  Most do not show any signs  May cause abortions  Large number of bacteria shed  Calving (placenta, fetal fluids, fetus)  Milk  Urine  Feces 10/9/2023 83 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Q Fever in People  Inhalation (aerosol)  Ingestion (oral)  Symptoms  Sudden onset: flu-like, pneumonia, liver disease  Long term: heart complications, bone inflammation  Pregnant women: premature delivery, death of the fetus • Direct contact • Ticks (vector) 10/9/2023 84 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Rabies in Cattle  Virus  100 cases/year  Signs of illness  Unexplained paralysis  Anorexia  Nervous, irritable, hyperexcitable, unsteady  May be aggressive  Abnormal bellowing  Death within 7-10 days 10/9/2023 85 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Rabies in People  Direct contact  Bite of infected animal or through broken skin  Symptoms  Fever, headache  Itching at bite site  Confusion, abnormal behavior  Difficulty swallowing  Death within 2-10 of signs  Vaccination BEFORE signs develop is highly effective 10/9/2023 86 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Ringworm in Cattle  Fungus, also called dermatophyte  Usually only grow in hair, nails and the outer layer of the skin  Signs of illness  Areas of hair loss, scaling, crusts  “Ringworm” lesion  May or may not be itchy  Small area to whole body involvement 10/9/2023 87 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Ringworm in People  Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  Take 1-2 weeks to appear  Itchy  “Ringworm” lesion 10/9/2023 88 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Rift Valley Fever in Cattle  Virus, foreign animal disease  Occurs in Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen  Mosquitoes  Abortion storm  Adult cattle  Fever, weakness, anorexia, drooling, diarrhea, yellow skin  Death rate 10%  Calves  Fever, depression, sudden death  Death rate 10-70% 10/9/2023 89 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Rift Valley Fever in People  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Mosquito (vector)  Ingestion (oral)  No signs to flu-like symptoms  Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting  Recovery in 4-7 days  Severe disease in 1% 10/9/2023 90 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Salmonellosis in Cattle  Bacterium: Salmonella  Infected but show no signs  Shed the bacteria when stressed (transporting, weaning, calving)  Adult cattle  Profuse diarrhea, anorexia, decreased milk production, weight loss, abortion  Calves  Scours, joint infections, gangrene of feet, tips of ears, tail 10/9/2023 91 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Salmonellosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Direct contact  Symptoms  12 - 72 hours after infection  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea  Cramping, abdominal pain  Headache, fever, chills  Severe in children, elderly and those with a weak immune system 10/9/2023 92 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Tuberculosis in Cattle  Bacterium: Mycobacterium bovis  1917: U.S. eradication program began  Less infection, but still present  Signs of illness  Slowly progressive disease  Early stage: Asymptomatic  Late stage: Weight loss, anorexia, cough, difficulty breathing 10/9/2023 93 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Tuberculosis in People  Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  May not be sick  Disease of the lungs: Fever, cough, chest pain  Disease can spread: Kidney, spine and brain 10/9/2023 94 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vesicular Stomatitis in Cattle  Virus  Signs of illness  Vesicles: Oral, mammary gland, coronary band, interdigital region  Salivation, lameness  Vesicles isolated to one area of body  Mouth or feet  Recover within 2 weeks 10/9/2023 95 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Vesicular Stomatitis in People  Direct contact  Incubation period: 1-6 days  Flu-like symptoms  Headache, fever, pain behind the eyes, malaise, nausea, limb and back pain, oral vesicles (rare)  Self-limiting disease  Recovery in 4-7 days 10/9/2023 96 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Author: Ingrid Trevino, DVM, MPH Reviewer: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH Acknowledgments  CDC  Ingrid Tvino DVM MPH 10/9/2023 97 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
Health and Wellness for all Arizonans 10/9/2023 98 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid

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Zoonotic Diseases

  • 1.
    MBBS.USMLE, DPH, Dip-Card,M.Phil, FCPS,PhD Professor Community Medicine Gujranwala Medical College Gujranwala. Ex- Professor Community and Family Medicine UmulQurrah University Makka Saudi Arabia
  • 2.
    ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬‫بسم‬ Zoonoses Disease Lecture Introduction
  • 3.
    Definition – Infection: pathogenicmicroorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply – Disease: The pathologic state that results when something damages or disrupts tissues and organs – Infectious disease: the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products • -Pathogen: a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease • Type and severity of infection depend on -Pathogenicity---- of the organism and the condition of its host. (pathogenicity:the ability of an infectious agent to cause disease) 10/9/2023 3 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 4.
    Zoonotic Diseases ofCattle Present in the worldwide. • Anthrax • Brucellosis • Cryptosporidiosis • Dermatophilosis • E. coli • Giardia • Leptospirosis • Listeriosis • Pseudocowpox • Q Fever • Ringworm • Salmonella • Tuberculosis • Vesicular stomatitis 10/9/2023 4 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 5.
    Emerging Infectious Disease •Emerging Infectious Disease – An infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range • On average, 1 newly identified infectious disease every year for each of the last 30 years (WHO) 10/9/2023 5 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 6.
    Zoonotic Diseases ofCattle Foreign Animal Diseases • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – Mad cow disease • Melioidosis • Rift Valley Fever 10/9/2023 6 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 7.
    Emerging Infectious Disease •Approximately 75% of recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonoses Ebola Virus Anthrax Avian Influenza Virus 10/9/2023 7 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 8.
    DEFINITION • Zoonoses :are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people. •The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek • ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases) • People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection 10/9/2023 8 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 9.
  • 10.
    Reservoirs: Where PathogensPersist • Reservoir: the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates • Source: the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired • Living Reservoirs – Carrier: an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice. • Asymptomatic carriers • Incubation carriers • Convalescent carriers • Chronic carrier • Passive carrier 10/9/2023 10 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 11.
    Animals as Reservoirsand Sources • Vector: a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another – Majority are arthropods – Larger animals can also be vectors • Biological vector: actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle • Mechanical vectors: transport the infectious agent without being infected 10/9/2023 11 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 12.
    Figure 13.10 10/9/2023 12 ProfMuhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Health and Wellnessfor all Arizonans LLlecLec 10/9/2023 16 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 17.
  • 18.
    Agent Host Environment Zoonotic diseases aremultifactorial and their occurrence is affected by interactions between the host, the agent and the environment 10/9/2023 18 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 19.
    Classification of zoonosesdisease according to the mode of transmission Transmission of infections may be direct, indirect via arthropod vectors, or from environmental foci Direct zoonosis : the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air (influenza) or through bites and saliva (rabies). Cyclozoonosis :a zoonotic disease that requires at least two species of vertebrates as definitive and intermediate hosts. Examples: hydatid disease Metazoonosis:zoonoses require both a vertebrate host and an invertebrate host; an example is trypanosomiasis. Saprozoonosis Combination (e.g. direct & metazoonosis) 10/9/2023 19 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 20.
    SAPROZOONOSIS Diseases of vertebrateanimals which can affect people, the infectious agents of which are either capable of replicating in inanimate sites, or require an inanimate environment for the development of an infectious stage of their life cycle  eg. histoplasmosis, Toxocara canis, certain food-borne diseases 10/9/2023 20 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 21.
    Slide 1 Anthropozoonoses: Zoonoses wherethe main reservoir of infection is non-human ,but vertebrate animals Most zoonoses are of this type e.g. bovine tuberculosis, rabies . Zooanthroponoses: Diseases that mainly affect people, which may be transmitted to animals, which then act as temporary reservoirs of infection Examples are Mycobacterium tuberculosis in dogs, infectious hepatitis in apes. Classification of zoonoses according the reservoir 10/9/2023 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 22.
     Dogs &Cats as  Rabies  Roundworm  Ringworm  Cat Scratch Disease  Food Animals  Salmonella  E.coli  Brucellosis Zoonoses Classification : Animal Species 10/9/2023 22 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 23.
     Birds:  Psittacosis West Nile virus  Eastern Equine Encephalitis  Avian Influenza  Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians  Salmonella  Mycobacterium  Wild Animals  Hantavirus  Plague  Tularemia  Lyme Disease Zoonoses: Animal Species 10/9/2023 23 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 24.
    Rabieses (viral infection) 10/9/202324 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 25.
    CLASSICAL RABIES(Direct zoonoses) Virulentrabies spread from Europe to Asia and other regions by infected dogs; many countries worldwide Dogs most important domestic hosts, cats, cattle and other domestic animals commonly involved Many wild reservoirs which differ between regions; principally canids (foxes, wolves, jackals) but also mongooses,,raccoons, bats Some countries free by eradication e.g. UK Direct zoonosis – bites, mucosal exposure, other routes e.g. corneal transplants 10/9/2023 25 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 26.
    Slide 55 Hanta virus First recognizedin the Korean war in the 1950s along the Hantan river New strain causing Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome recognized in America in 1993 Rodent reservoir www.kuleuven.be/ rega/mvr/research.html 10/9/2023 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 27.
    General Prevention Steps Animalhealth  Control diseases in the herd  Makes economic sense  If the disease is not present, people cannot be exposed 10/9/2023 27 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 28.
    General Prevention Steps Awarenesseducation  Work with herd veterinarian, livestock extension specialists  Educate anyone who works with animals about zoonotic disease risks  English Urdu Punjabi Sindhi Balochi Pashtoon 10/9/2023 28 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 29.
    General Prevention Steps Personalhygiene  Wash hands after handling animals  Removes the infectious agent Personal protective equipment  Gloves, coveralls, boots  Mask, goggles 10/9/2023 29 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 30.
    Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Aerosol Transmission  Infecteddroplets passed through the air from an animal to a person  Sneeze/cough  Birthing tissues  Fecal material  Urine  Contaminated soil 10/9/2023 30
  • 31.
    Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Aerosol Transmission  Anthrax Listeriosis  Melioidosis*  Q Fever  Rift Valley Fever*  Tuberculosis * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 31
  • 32.
    Aerosol Transmission  Basicprevention steps involve:  Controlling dust  Wearing masks in certain situations 10/9/2023 32 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 33.
    Aerosol Prevention Practices Control dust in dry lots  Contaminated soil can be a source of zoonotic disease  Use water in limited amounts 10/9/2023 33 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 34.
    Aerosol Prevention Practices Wear an N-95 mask when:  Handling infectious animals or their tissues  Assisting with calving  Power washing 10/9/2023 34 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 35.
  • 36.
    Direct Contact Transmission Pathogen in animal (blood, saliva, body fluids) or environment  Contact with open wounds, mucous membranes, skin 10/9/2023 36 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 37.
    Fomite Transmission  Contaminated inanimateobject  Carries pathogens  Brushes, needles, clothing, bedding 10/9/2023 37 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 38.
    Direct Contact or FomiteTransmission  Anthrax  Brucellosis  Dermatophilosis F  Leptospirosis  Melioidosis*  Pseudocowpox F  Q Fever  Rabies  Ringworm F  Rift Valley Fever*  Salmonella  Tuberculosis  Vesicular stomatitis F Denotes fomite transmission * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 38 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 39.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices Personal hygiene  Provide hand washing facilities  Warm running water, soap, clean towels  Located next to animal contact areas  Post signs reminding people to wash hands after handling animals  Check soap and towels weekly 10/9/2023 39 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 40.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices PPE- Gloves  Wear latex/nitrile gloves when working with animals  Sick or unknown health status, create a barrier between you and the disease  Especially important for hands with cuts, abrasions, chapped  Wash hands after removing gloves 10/9/2023 40 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 41.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices PPE- Coveralls  Require clean clothing in animal areas  Restrict work/farm clothing from being worn outside of your operation  Prevent disease agents from “leaving”  Provide laundry facilities on farm 10/9/2023 41 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 42.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices PPE- Boots  Require clean boots in animal areas  Provide a boot bath or trashcan at the entrance/exit for ease of cleaning/disposing  Wash hands after removing boots 10/9/2023 42 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 43.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices Keep equipment clean  Wash and disinfect grooming equipment if used on animals with skin abrasions  Splash guard to catch urine, feces  Wash down parlor equipment after soiled with urine, feces 10/9/2023 43 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 44.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices  Some zoonotic diseases spread at calving  Wear water-resistant outer garment, coveralls  Wear rectal sleeves, gloves  Immediately remove and dispose of all birthing tissues (placenta, fetal membranes) 10/9/2023 44 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 45.
    Direct Contact, Fomite PreventionPractices  Remove soiled bedding  Thoroughly clean and wash area  Clean equipment and personal protective gear  Disinfect birthing area and equipment  Wash hands after removing outerwear, gloves 10/9/2023 45 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 46.
  • 47.
    Oral, Fomite Transmission Ingesting contaminated food, water  Feces, urine, unpasteurized milk, undercooked meats  Eating or drinking after animal contact without washing hands 10/9/2023 47 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 48.
    Oral, Fomite Transmission Anthrax  Brucellosis  Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)*  Cryptosporidiosis  E. coli F  Giardia  Leptospirosis F  Listeriosis  Melioidosis*  Q Fever  Salmonella F  Tuberculosis * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease F Denotes fomite transmission 10/9/2023 48 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 49.
    Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices Onthe farm  Manure properly handled and stored  Does not contaminate drinking water  Personal hygiene practices  Washing hands after animal contact before eating, drinking, preparing food  Minimize contact with disease agents 10/9/2023 49 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 50.
    Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices Inthe home  Drink pasteurized milk and juices  Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating  Defrost meats in the refrigerator 10/9/2023 50 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 51.
    Oral, Fomite Prevention Practices After contact with raw meat  Wash hands, utensils, cutting board, kitchen surfaces with hot soapy water  Cook beef/beef products thoroughly  Internal temperature of 160oF  Eat cooked food promptly  Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours after cooking  Store in shallow containers 10/9/2023 51 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 52.
    Oral, Fomite Transmission Summary Oral and fomite transmission could occur on your farm  Crypto, leptospirosis, listeriosis  Foreign animal diseases can also be spread via oral route  BSE, melioidosis  Prevention steps as described here can help minimize your risk 10/9/2023 52 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Vector Transmission  Insect Acquires pathogen from one animal  Transmits to a person  Biological vectors  Ticks, mosquitoes  Mechanical vectors  Flies, cockroaches 10/9/2023 54 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 55.
    Vector Transmission  Anthrax Flies  Q Fever  Ticks  Rift Valley Fever*  Mosquitoes Horsefly Tick Mosquito * Denotes Foreign Animal Disease 10/9/2023 55 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 56.
    Vector Prevention Practices Source reduction  Flies, mosquitoes  Control adults  Flies, mosquitoes, ticks  Minimize interaction with insects  Personal protection 10/9/2023 56 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 57.
    Vector Prevention Practices Source reduction, fly larvicides  Feed additives  All animals on farm, 3 weeks prior to season  Parasitic wasps feed on fly pupa  Predatory mites, beetles feed on larva  Adulticides  Knockdowns for high concentrations  Residuals for barn walls, ceilings  Baits, fly traps in conjunction with other methods 10/9/2023 57 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 58.
    Vector Prevention Practices Control adult flies  Target key areas on farm  Milking parlor, calf hutches  Barns  Animals 10/9/2023 58 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 59.
     Source reduction,mosquitoes  Lay single eggs in damp soil  Lay eggs on water surface  Larvae, pupae live upside down in water;  Breathe via siphon, trumpet at water surface  Larvae need organic matter for development Vector Prevention Practices Larva 10/9/2023 59 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 60.
    Vector Prevention Practices Source reduction, mosquitoes  Eliminate mosquito larval habitats  Fill tree holes  Empty containers that hold water weekly  Circulate lagoons, water tanks  Drill holes in or use half tires for silage piles 10/9/2023 60 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 61.
    Vector Prevention Practices Mosquito larvicides  Use when source reduction and biological control not feasible  More effective and target-specific  Less controversial than adulticides  Applied to smaller geographic areas  Larvae concentrate in specific locations 10/9/2023 61 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 62.
    Vector Prevention Practices Adulticides  Less efficient than source reduction  Require multiple applications  Require proper environmental conditions  Light wind, no rain  Small droplets to contact adults 10/9/2023 62 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 63.
    Vector Prevention Practices Avoid mosquitoes if possible  Stay inside during the evening when mosquitoes are most active  Wear long pants and sleeves  Use repellent  DEET  Follow label directions  Do NOT use DEET on pets 10/9/2023 63 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 64.
    Vector Prevention Practices Tick control  Regular inspection of animals  Mow pastures  Acaricides  Personal protection  Wear long sleeves  Tuck pants into socks  Repellent  Remove ticks immediately 10/9/2023 64 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 65.
  • 66.
    Anthrax in Cattle Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis  Forms spores  Can remain in soil for decades  Animal disease  Spreads through the body  Rapid death 10/9/2023 66 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 67.
    Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Anthrax in People Three forms of the disease  Skin (direct, vector)  Intestinal (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Most skin lesions go away on their own  People at risk:  Handle infected hides, wool, and furs 10/9/2023 67
  • 68.
    Brucellosis in Cattle Bacterium: Brucella abortus  Third trimester abortions  Up to 80%  Inflammation of placenta  Birth of dead/weak calves  Retained placenta  Low milk yield  Temporary sterility  Shed bacteria in milk for life 10/9/2023 68 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 69.
    Brucellosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Variable (undulant) fever  Headache, weakness, joint pain, depression, weight loss, fatigue, liver problems 10/9/2023 69 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 70.
    Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy inCattle  BSE caused by prions  First case in the U.K, 1986  Long incubation: 4-5 years  Rapid progression to death once signs appear  Hindlimb incoordination, tremors, falling, behavior changes  No treatment 10/9/2023 70 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 71.
    Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Cryptosporidiosis in Cattle Protozoan: Cryptosporidium parvum  Spring, late fall/ early winter  Scours in calves  < 3 weeks old  Can be infected without signs of illness  Estimated up to 50% of dairy calves shed “crypto” 10/9/2023 71
  • 72.
    Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid Cryptosporidiosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Symptoms  Profuse, watery diarrhea  Abdominal pain  Usually self-limiting  Severe in people with a weak immune system 10/9/2023 72
  • 73.
    Dermatophilosis in Cattle Bacterium: Dermatophilus congolensis  Carry the bacteria without showing signs  Break-down of skin  Prolonged wetting, high humidity  Scabs, crusts 10/9/2023 73 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 74.
    Dermatophilosis in People Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  Pustules on hands, arms  Sores, ulcers  Scars form 10/9/2023 74 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 75.
    Giardiasis in Cattle Protozoan: Giardia intestinalis  Adult cattle  Usually do not show signs of illness  Source of infection for calves  Calves  Scours >4 weeks old  Can become chronic and lose weight 10/9/2023 75 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 76.
    Giardiasis in People Ingestion (oral)  Symptoms  May not be sick  Others may have diarrhea, intestinal gas, stomach cramps, nausea  Usually self-limiting in a few months 10/9/2023 76 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 77.
    Leptospirosis in Cattle Adult cattle  Abortions  Decreased fertility  Decreased milk yield  Retained placenta  Jaundice  Calves  Fever  Refusal to eat  Reddened eyes  Diarrhea  Jaundice  Death •Bacterium: Leptospira 10/9/2023 77 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 78.
    Leptospirosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  Flu-like signs: Fever, body aches, headache  Weakness, vomiting, mental confusion  Jaundice, stiff neck  Liver, kidney or central nervous system damage 10/9/2023 78 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 79.
    Melioidiosis in Cattle Bacterium: Burkholderia pseudomallei  Foreign animal disease  Most cases occur in southeast Asia  Rare in cattle  Pneumonia  Neurologic signs 10/9/2023 79 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 80.
    Melioidiosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  Pneumonia  Fever  Small abscesses throughout the body  May become chronic 10/9/2023 80 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 81.
    Pseudocowpox in Cattle Virus  Signs of illness  Small, red, raised sores on teats/udder  Forms vesicles, scabs, nodules  Sore may form a “ring” or “horseshoe”  Slow spread, whole herd affected  Reinfection common 10/9/2023 81 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 82.
    Pseudocowpox in People Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  “Milker’s nodules”  Small, red, raised, flat-topped spots  Sores become firm nodules  Heals without scars 10/9/2023 82 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 83.
    Q Fever inCattle  Bacterium: Coxiella burnetii  Most do not show any signs  May cause abortions  Large number of bacteria shed  Calving (placenta, fetal fluids, fetus)  Milk  Urine  Feces 10/9/2023 83 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 84.
    Q Fever inPeople  Inhalation (aerosol)  Ingestion (oral)  Symptoms  Sudden onset: flu-like, pneumonia, liver disease  Long term: heart complications, bone inflammation  Pregnant women: premature delivery, death of the fetus • Direct contact • Ticks (vector) 10/9/2023 84 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 85.
    Rabies in Cattle Virus  100 cases/year  Signs of illness  Unexplained paralysis  Anorexia  Nervous, irritable, hyperexcitable, unsteady  May be aggressive  Abnormal bellowing  Death within 7-10 days 10/9/2023 85 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 86.
    Rabies in People Direct contact  Bite of infected animal or through broken skin  Symptoms  Fever, headache  Itching at bite site  Confusion, abnormal behavior  Difficulty swallowing  Death within 2-10 of signs  Vaccination BEFORE signs develop is highly effective 10/9/2023 86 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 87.
    Ringworm in Cattle Fungus, also called dermatophyte  Usually only grow in hair, nails and the outer layer of the skin  Signs of illness  Areas of hair loss, scaling, crusts  “Ringworm” lesion  May or may not be itchy  Small area to whole body involvement 10/9/2023 87 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 88.
    Ringworm in People Direct contact  Fomite  Symptoms  Take 1-2 weeks to appear  Itchy  “Ringworm” lesion 10/9/2023 88 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 89.
    Rift Valley Feverin Cattle  Virus, foreign animal disease  Occurs in Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen  Mosquitoes  Abortion storm  Adult cattle  Fever, weakness, anorexia, drooling, diarrhea, yellow skin  Death rate 10%  Calves  Fever, depression, sudden death  Death rate 10-70% 10/9/2023 89 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 90.
    Rift Valley Feverin People  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Mosquito (vector)  Ingestion (oral)  No signs to flu-like symptoms  Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting  Recovery in 4-7 days  Severe disease in 1% 10/9/2023 90 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 91.
    Salmonellosis in Cattle Bacterium: Salmonella  Infected but show no signs  Shed the bacteria when stressed (transporting, weaning, calving)  Adult cattle  Profuse diarrhea, anorexia, decreased milk production, weight loss, abortion  Calves  Scours, joint infections, gangrene of feet, tips of ears, tail 10/9/2023 91 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 92.
    Salmonellosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Direct contact  Symptoms  12 - 72 hours after infection  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea  Cramping, abdominal pain  Headache, fever, chills  Severe in children, elderly and those with a weak immune system 10/9/2023 92 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 93.
    Tuberculosis in Cattle Bacterium: Mycobacterium bovis  1917: U.S. eradication program began  Less infection, but still present  Signs of illness  Slowly progressive disease  Early stage: Asymptomatic  Late stage: Weight loss, anorexia, cough, difficulty breathing 10/9/2023 93 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 94.
    Tuberculosis in People Ingestion (oral)  Inhalation (aerosol)  Direct contact  Symptoms  May not be sick  Disease of the lungs: Fever, cough, chest pain  Disease can spread: Kidney, spine and brain 10/9/2023 94 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 95.
    Vesicular Stomatitis in Cattle Virus  Signs of illness  Vesicles: Oral, mammary gland, coronary band, interdigital region  Salivation, lameness  Vesicles isolated to one area of body  Mouth or feet  Recover within 2 weeks 10/9/2023 95 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 96.
    Vesicular Stomatitis in People Direct contact  Incubation period: 1-6 days  Flu-like symptoms  Headache, fever, pain behind the eyes, malaise, nausea, limb and back pain, oral vesicles (rare)  Self-limiting disease  Recovery in 4-7 days 10/9/2023 96 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 97.
    Author: Ingrid Trevino,DVM, MPH Reviewer: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH Acknowledgments  CDC  Ingrid Tvino DVM MPH 10/9/2023 97 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid
  • 98.
    Health and Wellnessfor all Arizonans 10/9/2023 98 Prof Muhammad Tauseef Jawaid