TikZ绘图示例——尺规作图: 椭圆的近似画法

最新推荐文章于 2025-06-30 09:03:14 发布

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这篇博客详细介绍了如何使用LaTeX的TikZ库来绘制一个椭圆的几何构造过程，包括作长轴、短轴，确定圆心，绘制中垂线，并通过尺规作图的方法找到椭圆的焦点，最终完成椭圆图形的精确描绘。

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做法

作长轴 $A B$ 短轴 $C D$ , $CDAB,\,CD$ 互相垂直平分于点 $O$ ;
连接 $A C$ ;
以 $O$ 为圆心, $O A$ 为半径作圆弧交 $O C$ 延长线于 $E$ 点;
以 $C$ 为圆心, $C E$ 为半径作圆弧与 $A C$ 交于 $F$ 点;
作 $A F$ 的垂直平分线交 $C D$ 延长线于 $G$ 点, 交 $A B$ 于 $H$ 点;
截取 $GH,\,G$ 对于 $O$ 点的对称点 $G′H',\,G'$ ;
$HH,\,H$ 即为长轴圆心, $G′G,\,G'$ 为短轴圆心.

图形

代码

\documentclass[tikz,border=3pt]{standalone}
% \usepackage{tkz-euclide} % 可用于绘制中垂线
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\usetikzlibrary{intersections,through}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations}

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[]
        % 标记点A,B,C,D,O
        \coordinate [label=below left:$A$] (A) at (0,0);
        \coordinate [label=below right:$B$] (B) at (6,0);
        \coordinate [label=above right:$C$] (C) at (3,1.5);
        \coordinate [label=below right:$D$] (D) at (3,-1.5);
        \coordinate [label=above right:$O$] (O) at (3,0);
        % AB, CD互相垂直
        \draw [densely dash dot,name path=AB] ($(A)!-.1!(B)$) -- ($(A)!1.1!(B)$);
        \draw [densely dash dot,name path=CD] ($(C)!-1!(D)$) -- ($(C)!2!(D)$);

        % 连接AC
        \draw [name path=AC] (A) -- (C);
        % 以O为圆心, OA为半径作圆弧交OC延长线于E
        \path [name path=oAE]
        let 
            \p1=($(O)-(A)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (O) circle (\n1);
        \path [name intersections={of=CD and oAE}]
            coordinate [label=below right:$E$] (E) at (intersection-1);
        % 作圆弧
        \draw [red] 
        let 
            \p1=($(O)-(A)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (A) arc (180:88:\n1);

        % 以C为圆心, CE为半径作圆弧与AC交于F
        \path [name path=oEF]
        let 
            \p1=($(C)-(E)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (C) circle (\n1);
        \path [name intersections={of=AC and oEF}]
            coordinate [label=below right:$F$] (F) at (intersection-1);
        % 作圆弧
        \draw [red] 
        let 
            \p1=($(C)-(E)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (E) arc (90:215:\n1);

        % 作AF的中垂线交CD延长线于G,交AB于H
        % % 中垂线使用tkz-euclide包的mediator选项
        % \tkzDefLine[mediator](A,F)
        % \tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
        % 这里采用尺规作图中的中垂线作法
        \path [name path=oA]
        let 
            \p1=($(A)-(F)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (A) circle (\n1);
        \path [name path=oF]
        let 
            \p1=($(A)-(F)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (F) circle (\n1);
        % 找交点
        \path [name intersections={of=oA and oF}]
            coordinate [] (M) at (intersection-1)
            coordinate [] (N) at (intersection-2);
        % 作圆弧
        \draw [red]
        let 
            \p1=($(A)-(F)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (M) arc (147:157:\n1)
            (M) arc (147:137:\n1)
            (M) arc (86:96:\n1)
            (M) arc (86:76:\n1)
            (N) arc (-33:-43:\n1)
            (N) arc (-33:-23:\n1)
            (N) arc (-94:-104:\n1)
            (N) arc (-94:-84:\n1);
        \path [name path=MN] ($(M)!-.2!(N)$) -- ($(M)!-2.1!(N)$);
        \path [draw,name path=GH] ($(M)!-.1!(N)$) -- ($(M)!2.1!(N)$);
        \path [name intersections={of=GH and AB}]
            coordinate [label=above right:$H$] (H) at (intersection-1);
        \path [name intersections={of=GH and CD}]
            coordinate [label=above right:$G$] (G) at (intersection-1);

        % 标记弧段
        \path [name path=oG] 
        let 
            \p1=($(O)-(G)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (O) circle (\n1);
        \path [name path=oH] 
        let 
            \p1=($(O)-(H)$),
            \n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)}
        in 
            (O) circle (\n1);
        % 找对称点G', H'
        \path [name intersections={of=oG and CD}]
            coordinate [label=above right:$G'$] (G') at (intersection-1);
        \path [name intersections={of=oH and AB}]
            coordinate [label=above right:$H'$] (H') at (intersection-1);
        \fill (G) ellipse [x radius=1pt,y radius=.5pt]
              (H) ellipse [x radius=.5pt,y radius=1pt]
              (G') ellipse [x radius=1pt,y radius=.5pt]
              (H') ellipse [x radius=.5pt,y radius=1pt];

        % 绘制椭圆
        % 以G, G'为圆心, GC为半径作圆弧
        \draw [thick]
        let 
            \p2=($(G)-(C)$),
            \n2={veclen(\x2,\y2)}
        in 
            (C) arc (90:61:\n2)
            (C) arc (90:119:\n2)
            (D) arc (-90:-61:\n2)
            (D) arc (-90:-119:\n2);
        % 以H, H'为圆心, HA为半径作圆弧
        \draw [thick]
        let 
            \p2=($(H)-(A)$),
            \n2={veclen(\x2,\y2)}
        in 
            (A) arc (180:232:\n2)
            (A) arc (180:128:\n2)
            (B) arc (0:52:\n2)
            (B) arc (0:-52:\n2);
            % (H) circle (\n2)
            % (H') circle (\n2);
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}