Using secrets in GitHub Actions

For general information about secrets, see 关于机密.

Creating secrets for a repository

若要在 GitHub 上为个人帐户存储库创建机密或变量，你必须是存储库所有者。 若要在 GitHub 上为组织存储库创建机密或变量，你必须拥有 admin 访问权限。 最后，若要通过 REST API 为个人帐户存储库或组织存储库创建机密或变量，你必须拥有协作者访问权限。

gh secret set SECRET_NAME

gh secret set SECRET_NAME < secret.txt

Creating secrets for an environment

要为个人帐户存储库中的环境创建密码或变量，你必须是存储库所有者。 要为组织存储库中的环境创建密码或变量，必须具有 admin 访问权限。 有关环境的详细信息，请参阅“Managing environments for deployment”。

gh secret set --env ENV_NAME SECRET_NAME

gh secret list --env ENV_NAME

Creating secrets for an organization

在组织中创建机密或变量时，可以使用策略来限制存储库的访问。 例如，您可以将访问权限授予所有仓库，也可以限制仅私有仓库或指定的仓库列表拥有访问权限。

组织所有者和拥有“管理组织操作变量”或“管理组织操作机密”权限的用户可以在组织级别创建机密或变量。

有关详细信息，请参阅“关于自定义组织角色”。

gh auth login --scopes "admin:org"

gh secret set --org ORG_NAME SECRET_NAME

gh secret set --org ORG_NAME SECRET_NAME --visibility all

gh secret set --org ORG_NAME SECRET_NAME --repos REPO-NAME-1, REPO-NAME-2

gh secret list --org ORG_NAME

Reviewing access to organization-level secrets

You can check which access policies are being applied to a secret in your organization.

1. 在 GitHub 上，导航到组织的主页面。

2. 在组织名称下，单击 “设置”****。 如果看不到“设置”选项卡，请选择“”下拉菜单，然后单击“设置”********。

   

3. 在边栏的“安全性”部分中，选择 机密和变量，然后单击 操作。

4. The list of secrets includes any configured permissions and policies. For more details about the configured permissions for each secret, click Update.

Using secrets in a workflow

To provide an action with a secret as an input or environment variable, you can use the secrets context to access secrets you've created in your repository. For more information, see 访问有关工作流运行的上下文信息 and GitHub Actions 的工作流语法.

steps:
  - name: Hello world action
    with: # Set the secret as an input
      super_secret: ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }}
    env: # Or as an environment variable
      super_secret: ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }}

Secrets cannot be directly referenced in if: conditionals. Instead, consider setting secrets as job-level environment variables, then referencing the environment variables to conditionally run steps in the job. For more information, see 访问有关工作流运行的上下文信息 and jobs.<job_id>.steps[*].if.

If a secret has not been set, the return value of an expression referencing the secret (such as ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }} in the example) will be an empty string.

Avoid passing secrets between processes from the command line, whenever possible. Command-line processes may be visible to other users (using the ps command) or captured by security audit events. To help protect secrets, consider using environment variables, STDIN, or other mechanisms supported by the target process.

If you must pass secrets within a command line, then enclose them within the proper quoting rules. Secrets often contain special characters that may unintentionally affect your shell. To escape these special characters, use quoting with your environment variables. For example:

Example using Bash

steps:
  - shell: bash
    env:
      SUPER_SECRET: ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }}
    run: |
      example-command "$SUPER_SECRET"

Example using PowerShell

steps:
  - shell: pwsh
    env:
      SUPER_SECRET: ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }}
    run: |
      example-command "$env:SUPER_SECRET"

Example using Cmd.exe

steps:
  - shell: cmd
    env:
      SUPER_SECRET: ${{ secrets.SuperSecret }}
    run: |
      example-command "%SUPER_SECRET%"

Limits for secrets

You can store up to 1,000 organization secrets, 100 repository secrets, and 100 environment secrets.

A workflow created in a repository can access the following number of secrets:

• All 100 repository secrets.
• If the repository is assigned access to more than 100 organization secrets, the workflow can only use the first 100 organization secrets (sorted alphabetically by secret name).
• All 100 environment secrets.

Secrets are limited to 48 KB in size. To store larger secrets, see the Storing large secrets workaround below.

Storing large secrets

To use secrets that are larger than 48 KB, you can use a workaround to store secrets in your repository and save the decryption passphrase as a secret on GitHub. For example, you can use gpg to encrypt a file containing your secret locally before checking the encrypted file in to your repository on GitHub. For more information, see the gpg manpage.

1. Run the following command from your terminal to encrypt the file containing your secret using gpg and the AES256 cipher algorithm. In this example, my_secret.json is the file containing the secret.

   gpg --symmetric --cipher-algo AES256 my_secret.json
   

2. You will be prompted to enter a passphrase. Remember the passphrase, because you'll need to create a new secret on GitHub that uses the passphrase as the value.

3. Create a new secret that contains the passphrase. For example, create a new secret with the name LARGE_SECRET_PASSPHRASE and set the value of the secret to the passphrase you used in the step above.

4. Copy your encrypted file to a path in your repository and commit it. In this example, the encrypted file is my_secret.json.gpg.

   警告

   Make sure to copy the encrypted my_secret.json.gpg file ending with the .gpg file extension, and not the unencrypted my_secret.json file.

   git add my_secret.json.gpg
   git commit -m "Add new secret JSON file"
   

5. Create a shell script in your repository to decrypt the secret file. In this example, the script is named decrypt_secret.sh.

   Shell

   #!/bin/sh
   
   # Decrypt the file
   mkdir $HOME/secrets
   # --batch to prevent interactive command
   # --yes to assume "yes" for questions
   gpg --quiet --batch --yes --decrypt --passphrase="$LARGE_SECRET_PASSPHRASE" \
   --output $HOME/secrets/my_secret.json my_secret.json.gpg
   

6. Ensure your shell script is executable before checking it in to your repository.

   chmod +x decrypt_secret.sh
   git add decrypt_secret.sh
   git commit -m "Add new decryption script"
   git push
   

7. In your GitHub Actions workflow, use a step to call the shell script and decrypt the secret. To have a copy of your repository in the environment that your workflow runs in, you'll need to use the actions/checkout action. Reference your shell script using the run command relative to the root of your repository.

   name: Workflows with large secrets
   
   on: push
   
   jobs:
     my-job:
       name: My Job
       runs-on: ubuntu-latest
       steps:
         - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         - name: Decrypt large secret
           run: ./decrypt_secret.sh
           env:
             LARGE_SECRET_PASSPHRASE: ${{ secrets.LARGE_SECRET_PASSPHRASE }}
         # This command is just an example to show your secret being printed
         # Ensure you remove any print statements of your secrets. GitHub does
         # not hide secrets that use this workaround.
         - name: Test printing your secret (Remove this step in production)
           run: cat $HOME/secrets/my_secret.json
   

Storing Base64 binary blobs as secrets

You can use Base64 encoding to store small binary blobs as secrets. You can then reference the secret in your workflow and decode it for use on the runner. For the size limits, see Using secrets in GitHub Actions.

1. Use base64 to encode your file into a Base64 string. For example:

   On macOS, you could run:

   base64 -i cert.der -o cert.base64
   

   On Linux, you could run:

   base64 -w 0 cert.der > cert.base64
   

2. Create a secret that contains the Base64 string. For example:

   $ gh secret set CERTIFICATE_BASE64 < cert.base64
   ✓ Set secret CERTIFICATE_BASE64 for octocat/octorepo
   

3. To access the Base64 string from your runner, pipe the secret to base64 --decode. For example:

   name: Retrieve Base64 secret
   on:
     push:
       branches: [ octo-branch ]
   jobs:
     decode-secret:
       runs-on: ubuntu-latest
       steps:
         - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         - name: Retrieve the secret and decode it to a file
           env:
             CERTIFICATE_BASE64: ${{ secrets.CERTIFICATE_BASE64 }}
           run: |
             echo $CERTIFICATE_BASE64 | base64 --decode > cert.der
         - name: Show certificate information
           run: |
             openssl x509 -in cert.der -inform DER -text -noout
   

Redacting secrets from workflow run logs

GitHub Actions automatically redacts the contents of all GitHub secrets that are printed to workflow logs.

GitHub Actions also redacts information that is recognized as sensitive, but is not stored as a secret. Currently GitHub supports the following:

• 32-byte and 64-byte Azure keys
• Azure AD client app passwords
• Azure Cache keys
• Azure Container Registry keys
• Azure Function host keys
• Azure Search keys
• Database connection strings
• HTTP Bearer token headers
• JWTs
• NPM author tokens
• NuGet API keys
• v1 GitHub installation tokens
• v2 GitHub installation tokens (ghp, gho, ghu, ghs, ghr)
• v2 GitHub PATs

As a habit of best practice, you should mask all sensitive information that is not a GitHub secret by using ::add-mask::VALUE. This causes the value to be treated as a secret and redacted from logs. For more information about masking data, see GitHub Actions 的工作流命令.

Redacting of secrets is performed by your workflow runners. This means a secret will only be redacted if it was used within a job and is accessible by the runner. If an unredacted secret is sent to a workflow run log, you should delete the log and rotate the secret. For information on deleting logs, see Using workflow run logs.