Schematics

A scaffolding library for the modern web.

Description

Schematics are generators that transform an existing filesystem. They can create files, refactor existing files, or move files around.

What distinguishes Schematics from other generators, such as Yeoman or Yarn Create, is that schematics are purely descriptive; no changes are applied to the actual filesystem until everything is ready to be committed. There is no side effect, by design, in Schematics.

Glossary

Tooling

Schematics is a library, and does not work by itself. A reference CLI is available on this repository, and is published on NPM at @angular-devkit/schematics-cli. This document explains the library usage and the tooling API, but does not go into the tool implementation itself.

The tooling is responsible for the following tasks:

1. Create the Schematic Engine, and pass in a Collection and Schematic loader.
2. Understand and respect the Schematics metadata and dependencies between collections. Schematics can refer to dependencies, and it's the responsibility of the tool to honor those dependencies. The reference CLI uses NPM packages for its collections.
3. Create the Options object. Options can be anything, but the schematics can specify a JSON Schema that should be respected. The reference CLI, for example, parses the arguments as a JSON object and validates it with the Schema specified by the collection.
4. Schematics provides some JSON Schema formats for validation that tooling should add. These validate paths, html selectors and app names. Please check the reference CLI for how these can be added.
5. Call the schematics with the original Tree. The tree should represent the initial state of the filesystem. The reference CLI uses the current directory for this.
6. Create a Sink and commit the result of the schematics to the Sink. Many sinks are provided by the library; FileSystemSink and DryRunSink are examples.
7. Output any logs propagated by the library, including debugging information.

The tooling API is composed of the following pieces:

Engine

The SchematicEngine is responsible for loading and constructing Collections and Schematics. When creating an engine, the tooling provides an EngineHost interface that understands how to create a CollectionDescription from a name, and how to create a SchematicDescription.

Schematics (Generators)

Schematics are generators and part of a Collection.

Collection

A Collection is defined by a collection.json file (in the reference CLI). This JSON defines the following properties:

Schematic

Operators, Sources and Rules

A Source is a generator of a Tree; it creates an entirely new root tree from nothing. A Rule is a transformation from one Tree to another. A Schematic (at the root) is a Rule that is normally applied on the filesystem.

Operators

FileOperators apply changes to a single FileEntry and return a new FileEntry. The result follows these rules:

1. If the FileEntry returned is null, a DeleteAction will be added to the action list.
2. If the path changed, a RenameAction will be added to the action list.
3. If the content changed, an OverwriteAction will be added to the action list.

It is impossible to create files using a FileOperator.

Provided Operators

The Schematics library provides multiple Operator factories by default that cover basic use cases:

Provided Sources

The Schematics library additionally provides multiple Source factories by default:

Provided Rules

The schematics library also provides Rule factories by default:

Templating

As referenced above, some functions are based upon a file templating system, which consists of path and content templating.

The system operates on placeholders defined inside files or their paths as loaded in the Tree and fills these in as defined in the following, using values passed into the Rule which applies the templating (i.e. template<T>(options: T)).

Path Templating

Content Templating

Examples

Simple

An example of a simple Schematics which creates a "hello world" file, using an option to determine its path:

import {Tree} from '@angular-devkit/schematics';

export default function MySchematic(options: any) {
  return (tree: Tree) => {
    tree.create(options.path + '/hi', 'Hello world!');
    return tree;
  };
}

A few things from this example:

1. The function receives the list of options from the tooling.
2. It returns a Rule, which is a transformation from a Tree to another Tree.

Templating

A simplified example of a Schematics which creates a file containing a new Class, using an option to determine its name:

// files/__name@dasherize__.ts

export class <%= classify(name) %> {
}

// index.ts

import { strings } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import {
  Rule, SchematicContext, SchematicsException, Tree,
  apply, branchAndMerge, mergeWith, template, url,
} from '@angular-devkit/schematics';
import { Schema as ClassOptions } from './schema';

export default function (options: ClassOptions): Rule {
  return (tree: Tree, context: SchematicContext) => {
    if (!options.name) {
      throw new SchematicsException('Option (name) is required.');
    }

    const templateSource = apply(
      url('./files'),
      [
        template({
          ...strings,
          ...options,
        }),
      ]
    );

    return branchAndMerge(mergeWith(templateSource));
  };
}

Additional things from this example:

1. strings provides the used dasherize and classify functions, among others.
2. The files are on-disk in the same root directory as the index.ts and loaded into a Tree.
3. Then the template Rule fills in the specified templating placeholders. For this, it only knows about the variables and functions passed to it via the options-object.
4. Finally, the resulting Tree, containing the new file, is merged with the existing files of the project which the Schematic is run on.

Future Work

Schematics is not done yet. Here's a list of things we are considering:

• Smart defaults for Options. Having a JavaScript function for default values based on other default values.
• Prompt for input options. This should only be prompted for the original schematics, dependencies to other schematics should not trigger another prompting.
• Tasks for running tooling-specific jobs before and after a schematics has been scaffolded. Such tasks can involve initialize git, or npm install. A specific list of tasks should be provided by the tool, with unsupported tasks generating an error.