pgsql: Revise postmaster startup/shutdown logic to eliminate the problem

Log Message:
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Revise postmaster startup/shutdown logic to eliminate the problem that a
constant flow of new connection requests could prevent the postmaster from
completing a shutdown or crash restart. This is done by labeling child
processes that are "dead ends", that is, we know that they were launched only
to tell a client that it can't connect. These processes are managed
separately so that they don't confuse us into thinking that we can't advance
to the next stage of a shutdown or restart sequence, until the very end
where we must wait for them to drain out so we can delete the shmem segment.
Per discussion of a misbehavior reported by Keaton Adams.

Since this code was baroque already, and my first attempt at fixing the
problem made it entirely impenetrable, I took the opportunity to rewrite it
in a state-machine style. That eliminates some duplicated code sections and
hopefully makes everything a bit clearer.

Modified Files:
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pgsql/src/backend/postmaster:
postmaster.c (r1.539 -> r1.540)
(http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c.diff?r1=1.539&r2=1.540)