pgsql: Fix loss of fractional digits for large values in cash_numeric()

Fix loss of fractional digits for large values in cash_numeric().

Money values exceeding about 18 digits (depending on lc_monetary)
could be inaccurately converted to numeric, due to select_div_scale()
deciding it didn't need to compute any fractional digits. Force
its hand by setting the dscale of one division input to equal the
number of fractional digits we need.

In passing, rearrange the logic to not do useless work in locales
where money values are considered integral.

Per bug #15925 from Slawomir Chodnicki. Back-patch to all supported
branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/[email protected]

Branch
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REL9_5_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/13e493cf68a4ed8a54e974c41470fab43676e67c

Modified Files
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src/backend/utils/adt/cash.c | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
src/test/regress/expected/money.out | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
src/test/regress/sql/money.sql | 12 +++++++-
3 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)