1

EE 521 Analysis of Power Systems

Fall 2012

C. C. Liu

ProblemSet 1

Problem 1: The following is a one-line diagram of a 3-bus power system.

The bus and line input data are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table1 - Bus Input Data for Problem 1
Bus No. Type V Angle P
G
Q
G
P
L
Q
L

per unit degrees per unit per unit per unit per unit
1 swing 1.000 0.000 --- --- 0.000 0.000
2 load --- --- 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.200
3 generator 1.010 --- 1.300 --- 0.200 0.600

Table 2 - Line Input Data for Problem 1
Line No. From Bus To Bus r x g/2 b/2
per unit per unit per unit per unit
1 2 3 0.036 0.400 0.000 0.430
2 2 1 0.018 0.200 0.000 0.220
3 1 3 0.009 0.100 0.000 0.110

The power flow results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 - Power Flow Output Data for Problem 1
Bus No. V Angle P
G
Q
G
P
L
Q
L

per unit Degrees per unit per unit per unit per unit
1 1.000 0.000 --- --- 0.000 0.000
2 0.951 -15.642 0.000 0.000 2.000 0.200
3 1.010 1.980 1.300 0.595 0.200 0.600
2
1
3
2
a) Calculate the reactive power generation at bus 1 in p.u. (You do NOT need the
complete Y
bus
matrix.)
b) Calculate the real power flow on line 1-2, at bus 1 end.
c) Calculate the total reactive power generated by the shunt capacitors of the 3 lines
equivalents.

Solutions:
0.951-15.64
O
Q
g1
2
1
3
10
1.011.98
O


a) Y

12
=- 1/ (r
12
+jx
12
) =- 1/(0.018+j0.2) =G
12
+jB
12
=-0.4464 +j 4.9598
Y

13
=- 1/ (r
13
+jx
13
) =- 1/(0.009+j0.1) =G
13
+jB
13
=-0.8928 +j 9.9197
Y

11
=- y
12
-y
13
+jb
12
/2+jb
13
/2=-(-0.4464 +j 4.9598) - (-0.8928 +j 9.9197)
+j0.220+j0.110 =1.3392 j 14.5495

Q
g1
= -V
1
2
B
11
+V
1
V
2
[G
12
sin
12
- B
12
cos
12
] +V
1
V
3
[G
13
sin
13
- B
13
cos
13
]
=-0.0888 p.u.
(Note that
12,

13
are Voltage angle difference)

b) I
12
= (V
1
-V
2
) 1/( R
12
+jX
12
) =(10
o
- 0.951-15.64
o
) (0.4464 j4.9598)
=1.3093 j 0.3032 p.u.
S
12
=V
1
I
12
* =1.3093 +j0.3032
P
12
=Re( S

12
) =1.3093 p.u.
c) Q
shunt
=V
1
2
(b
13
/2 +b
12
/2) +V
2
2
(b
21
/2 +b
23
/2) +V
3
2
(b
31
/2 +b
32
/2) =
=1.0
2
(0.110 +0.220) +0.951
2
(0.220 +0.430) +1.01
2
(0.110 +0.430)
=1.47 p.u.







3
Problem 2: This problem is about the Newton Raphson power flow algorithm. A 3-bus
power system is shown below. Bus 1 is the slack bus of this system. All values are in per
unit.




















Now suppose the generating unit at bus 2 is to be completely shut down due to technical
problems. In other words, the power plant is to be disconnected from the system. Follow
the next steps to find the resulting system operating condition.

a) What equations are needed for the power flow solution after the generating plant at
bus 2 is completely disconnected? You should minimize the number of equations you
need for the N-R iteration to find the complex bus voltages.


( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
3 3
2
3 33
2
3 1 3 31 1 3 3
3 3 1 3 31 1 3 3
cos 11 . 1 11 . 1 cos ) (
sin 11 . 1 sin ) (


V V B V B V V Q
V B V V P
= + =
= =
x
x




(

=
11 . 1 11 . 1
11 . 1 11 . 1
j j
j j
Y
bus


b) Find the J acobian matrix for the system after the generator unit at bus 2 is
disconnected. You need to write down the definition (of J acobian) first, and then
formulas and their values for the flat start condition.

V
2
2

V
3
3

V
1
=
0
0 1 p.u.
8 . 1
13
j z =

9 . 0
23
j z =

9 . 0
12
j z =
2 . 0 1 . 0
3
j S
D
+ =

4

( )

(
(
(
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
V
Q Q
V
P P
J
V

x
x
Definition

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(

=
3 31 3 33 3 31 3
3 31 3 31 3
cos 2 sin
sin cos


B V B B V
B B V
J x Formulas

( )
(

=
11 . 1 0
0 11 . 1
x J Values for the flat start condition

c) Now calculate the voltages at V
2
and V
3
based on one iteration of the Newton
Raphson algorithm.


( )
( )
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

2 . 0
1 . 0
0
0
2 . 0
1 . 0
0
3
0
3
3
3
0
3
3
x
x
Q
P
Q
P
Q
P



(

=
11 . 1 0
0 11 . 1
0
J
(

9009 . 0 0
0 9009 . 0
1
0
J


(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=

1802 . 0
1623 . 5
1802 . 0
0901 . 0
2 . 0
1 . 0
0
1
0
3
3 1
0
0
3
3
0
J
Q
P
J
V

x


(

=
(

+
(

= + =
8195 . 0
1623 . 5
1802 . 0
1623 . 5
1
0
0 0
0 0 1
x x x

Therefore after the first iteration
0
3
1623 . 5 8195 . 0 = V

Using the calculated values for the voltage magnitude and angle at bus 3, the
voltage at bus 2 can be found.

( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
3 1 1 2
3249 . 2 9088 . 0 1623 . 5 8195 . 0 0 1
2
1
0 1
2
1
= = = V V V V


5
Problem 3: Consider the following power system. All quantities are in per unit. All lines
are purely inductive. The reactance of all transmission lines is 0.5 p.u. Ignore shunt
capacitances of transmission lines. Bus 1 is the slack bus.

Follow the steps below to perform one iteration of the fast-decoupled power flow. Use
flat start to initialize the power flow algorithm. a) Write the 3 equations needed to
calculate the power flow solution. b) Calculate one iteration of the P- equations.
Compute the new voltage angles. Calculate one iteration of the Q-V equation. Compute
the new voltage magnitude.

Solutions:

The bus admittance matrix is:

(
(
(

=
4 2 2
2 4 2
2 2 4
j j j
j j j
j j j
Y
bus


The power flow equations are:

0 cos cos
0 sin sin
0 sin sin
31 31 1 3 32 32 2 3 33
2
3
31 31 1 3 32 32 2 3
2 23 23 3 2 21 21 1 2
= +
= + +
= +
D
D
g
Q B V V B V V B V
P B V V B V V
P B V V B V V





Calculate one iteration of the P- equations. Compute the new voltage angles.

For a flat start: V
1
(0)
=V
3
(0)
=1.0 , V
2
(0)
= 1.05 p.u. and
1
(0)
=
2
(0)
=
3
(0)
=0.0 rad.

P
2
(0)
=1.05*1.0*2*0.0 +1.05*1.0*2*0.0 =0
P
3
(0)
=1.0*1.05*2*0 +1.0*1.0*2*0 =0
Load
P
D
+jQ
D
=1+j1 p.u.
V
3
1
3
2
V
1
=1/0
P
G2
=0.5 p.u.
V
2
=1.05
6
P
2
(0)
=0.5 - 0 =0.5 p.u.
P
3
(0)
=-1.0 - 0 =-1 p.u.

(

=
(

=
(

=
(

(
(
(
(

=
(

254 . 0
10 * 937 . 7
0 . 1
476 . 0
4 2
2 4
12
1
0 . 1 / 0 . 1
05 . 1 / 5 . 0
4 2
2 4
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
33 32
23 22

V
P
V
P
B B
B B

2
(1)
=0 - 7.937*10
-3
=- 7.937*10
-3
rad. =-0.455

3
(1)
=0 - 0.254 =-0.254 rad. =-14.55

Calculate one iteration of the Q-V equation. Compute the new voltage magnitude.
Q
3
(0)
=-1.0^2*(-4) - 1.0*1.05*2*cos
32
(1)
- 1.0*1.02*cos
31
(1)
=-0.09996 -0.1 p.u.
Q
3
(0)
=-1.0 - (-0.1) =-0.9 p.u.
| | | |
225 . 0
0 . 1
9 . 0
4
1
3
3
3
3 33
=

=
(

=
V
V
Q
V B

V
3
(1)
=1.0 - 0.225 =0.775 p.u.





















7
Problem 4: DC load flow

A three-bus power system has a double circuit between bus 2 and bus 3 as shown in
Figure P1. Suppose one of the double lines is to be scheduled for maintenance.

PG2

PG1

PLoad
To be
maintained
B=2
B=2
B=4(total)
PG1=0.05 p.u.
Pload=0.2 p.u.
V1,V2,V3=1 p.u.
0
3
=
(for reference)
Bus1
Bus2
Bus3



a) Find the B matrix and Z=B
-1
matrix for the system condition before the dotted line is
de-energized for maintenance.

B
old
=
(

6 2
2 4
, Z
old
=j
(

2 . 0 1 . 0
1 . 0 3 . 0



b) Use the DC load flow method to find the nodal angles
2 1
, after

the dotted line is de-
energized for maintenance.
B
new
=
(

4 2
2 4
, inverse(B
new
)=
(

33 . 0 17 . 0
17 . 0 33 . 0


(

2
1

=
(

33 . 0 17 . 0
17 . 0 33 . 0

(

2 . 0
05 . 0
=
(

0575 . 0
0175 . 0
rad=
(

29 . 3
1