Fuel Injection System

Fuel Injection System

Uses pressure (not Vacuum) from an electrical pump to spray fuel into the intake manifold.

Provides the engine with proper air-fuel ratio (14.7 : 1)

Fuel Injection System

Advantages Improved Atomization Better fuel flow Smoother idle

Improved fuel economy

Lower emissions

Better cold weather drivability

Increased engine power Simpler

Fuel Injection System

Atmospheric Pressure Pressure formed by the air surrounding the earth. Atmospheric pressure is 14.7psi at sea level. Any space with less than 14.7psi at sea level has vacuum. Engine acts as a vacuum pump, producing vacuum in the intake manifold.

Fuel Injection System

Engine Throttle Valve

Controls air flow and gasoline to power engine.

When butterfly valve is closed it restricts air-flow and the resulting flow of fuel into the engine.

When accelerator is pressed, the air-flow is increased in the intake manifold.

Engine sensors detect the resulting changes and increase fuel flow through the injectors.

Fuel Injection System

Electronic Fuel Injection uses various engine sensors and control module to regulate the opening and closing of injector valve.

Fuel delivery system

Air induction system

Sensor system Computer control system

Fuel Delivery system

Electrical Fuel Pump draws fuel from tank and forces it into the regulator.

Pressure Regulator controls the amount of pressure that enters the injector and any extra fuel is returned to the fuel tank.

Fuel Injector is simply a coil or solenoid operated valve. Spring pressure holds the injector closed. When engaged, the injector sprays fuel into the engine. Injector Pulse Width indicates the time each Injector is energized (Kept Open).

Air Induction System

Air filter

Throttle valve

Sensors

Connecting ducts

Sensor System

Monitors engine operating condition and reports this information to ECM (computer). Sensors are electrical devices that change resistance or voltage with change in condition such as temperature, pressure and position.

Computer Control System

Uses electrical data from the sensors to control the operation of the fuel injectors. Engine Control Module (ECM)- Brain of the electronic fuel injection.

Engine Sensors
Oxygen Sensor measures the oxygen content in engine exhaust. Mounted on the exhaust system before the catalytic converter. Voltage out-put of O2 sensor changes with the change in oxygen content of exhaust. Lean mixture decreases the voltage. Rich mixture increases the voltage. Signal is sent to ECM and the ECM changes the time that an injector is open or close.

Engine Sensors
Open Loop When the electronic injection system doesnt use the input from the engine exhaust. System operates on information stored in the computer (PROM). Computer ignores the sensors when the engine is cold.

Closed Loop Ones engine reaches the operating temperature, computer uses information from oxygen sensor and the other sensors.

Engine Sensors
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP) Measures the pressure, or vacuum inside the engine intake manifold. Manifold pressure = Engine load

High pressure (low intake vacuum) = High load = Rich mixture

Low pressure (high intake vacuum) = Little load = Lean mixture Computer senses the change in resistance and alters the fuel mixture.

Engine Sensors
Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Variable resister connected to the throttle plate.

Change in throttle angle = change in resistance. Based on the resistance, ECM richens or leans the mixture.

Engine Sensors
Engine Temperature Sensor

Monitors the operating temperature of the engine.

Exposed to engine coolant.

Engine cold = Low Resistance = Rich Mixture Engine Hot = High Resistance = Lean Mixture.

Engine Sensors
Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)

Measures the amount of outside air entering the engine.

Contains an air flap or door that operates a variable resistor. Helps computer to determine how much fuel is needed.

Engine Sensors
Inlet Air Temperature Sensor

Measures the temperature of air entering the engine. Cold air (more dense) = More fuel for proper AF ratio.

Engine Sensors
Crankshaft Position Sensor

Detects engine speed.

Changes injector timing and duration.

Higher engine speed = More fuel

Engine Sensors

Engine Idle Speed Control

Fast Idle Thermo Valve

Thermo wax plunger expands and shrinks as the engine warms up or cools down. The thermo valve opens when cold to allow air to by-pass the throttle valve. This extra air increases engine idle speed to prevent cold engine stalling.

Engine Idle Speed Control

Idle Air Control Motor (IAC)

Computer opens the valve when temperature sensor signals a cold engine.
Open = More Air = Increased Idle Speed.

Throttle Body Injection

Uses one or two injectors.

Injectors (pulse) spray fuel into the top of throttle body air horn.
Atomized fuel mixes with air and drawn into the engine. Fuel pressure regulator is spring loaded and is part of the housing. Fuel is being injected whenever the engine is running, also called CIS: Continuous Injection System.

EFI
EFI Multi port Injection System Injector is pressed into the runner(Port) in the intake manifold. Injector sprays towards an engine intake valve. Each cylinder has its own injector EFI Direct fuel Injection System

Injectors are pressed into the combustion chamber and spray fuel directly into the combustion chamber.

Fuel Injection Diagnosis

***Do not be confused with ignition or engine mechanical problems. Fuel leaks. Vacuum leaks. Kinked lines. Sensor problems.

Loose or corroded electrical connections.

***Do not disconnect EFI harness terminal when ignition in on position.

Diagnosis
OBD (On Board Diagnostics) & OBD II Most EFI systems have on-board diagnostic abilities. ECM can detect and record possible faults. MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light) in the dash-board glows when any abnormality is sensed.

Scan tool will find and display many problems.

Always scan for trouble codes before attempting other diagnostic procedures or disconnecting the battery (will clear codes).

Diagnosis

Pressure Regulator Testing ***Caution Relieve fuel pressure (up to 60psi)before disconnecting line. Bleed Relief Valve or Fuse Check fuel pressure with fuel pressure gauge and match readings against the specs. Fuel Pressure Too Low Check clogged fuel filter or bad electric pump. Fuel Pressure Too High Usually bad pressure regulator. Maximum Fuel Pressure Test Pinch the return line with engine running (line with smaller diameter) Check the gauge, if pressure too low, Fuel Pump, not the pressure regulator is at fault.

Diagnosis
Injector Testing Bad injector can cause Rough Idle Hard Starting Poor Fuel Economy Engine Miss Leaky Injectors will richen the fuel mixture. Dirty Injectors restricts the airflow, causing a lean mixture. Inoperative EFI Injectors no action (Miss Fire)

1. FAIR - but weak 2. BAD - split spray pattern 3. BAD - split spray pattern 4. BAD - jetting on left side

5. GOOD
6. BAD - feathering at top of spray

TBI Diagnosis

Check Pressure. Fuel spray pattern can be seen into the horn. If current and fuel pressure present, injector may be bad.

Regulator can be taken apart (GM). Broke spring or bad diaphragm.

Multi port Diagnosis

Listen for clicking sound at each injector with a stethoscope. Locate the bad injector.

Using an ohm meter check for resistance across coil and short to ground. Infinite Resistance = Open coil Zero resistance to ground = shorted.

Diagnosis
Injector noid light

Special test lights to check EFI feed circuit. Injector cleaning kit can clean partially clogged injectors. ***caution Some manufacturers do not recommend cleaning injectors (Pintel Type)

Oxygen Sensor Diagnosis

O2 voltage cycles from about 0.2 0.8 Volts. 0.2 volts = lean AFR 0.8 volts = Rich AFR

Simulate LEAN condition by pulling off a large vacuum hose. (0.2 0.3 volts)
Simulate RICH condition by injecting propane into the air intake. (0.7 0.8 volts)

Temperature Sensors

Resistance can be checked by dipping it in hot Vs cold water.

Cold = Low resistance. Hot = High resistance.