Chapter 5 DC to AC Converters
Outline
5.1 Commutation
5.2 Voltage source inverters
5.3 Current source inverters
5.4 Multiple- inverter connections and multi- level
inverters
5.1 Commutation types
Basic operation principle of inverters
uo
S1 io load S3
io
u o S4
t1 t2
Ud
S2
A classification of inverters
Square- wave inverters (are discussed in this chapter)
PWM inverters ( will be discussed in Chapter 6)
The concept of commutation
4 types of commutation
1)Device commutation:
Fully- controlled devices: GTO, IGBT, MOSFET
2)Line commutation:
Phase- controlled rectifier,Phase- controlled AC controller,
Thyristor cycloconverter
3)Load commutation
4)Forced commutation
(1) Load commutation
uo
io
Ld
id
VT1
Ed
uo
C
R
io
VT2
VT3
L
uo
VT4
io
iVT iVT
1
O
i
O
uVT
O
a)
iVT2 iVT3
t1
uVT4
uVT1
t
t
t
b)
(2) Forced commutation (capacitance commutation)
S
VT
VD VT
VD VT
a)
Direct- Coupled
With Coupling-Inductor
b)
Another classification of commutations
4 types of Commutations
Device commutation
Self-commutation
For fully-controlled
devices
Forced commutation
External
commutation
Line commutation
Load commutation
For thyristors
2 classes of inverters
Voltage Source Inverter
Current Source Inverter
(VSI)
(CSI)
Ld
+
V1
Ud
C
V2
V3
VD1
R io L
u o V4
VD2
id
VT1
VD3
Ed
VD4
C
io
VT2
VT3
L
uo
VT4
5.2 Voltage source inverter (VSI)
Features
DC side is constant voltage, low impedance (voltage source, or bulk cap)
AC side voltage is square wave or quasi- square wave.
AC side current is determined by the load.
Anti- parallel diodes are necessary to provide energy feedback path.
(freewheeling diodes , feedback diodes)
Ud
V1
C
V2
VD1
R
VD 3
io L
uo
VD2
-
V3
V4
VD 4
Single-phase half bridge VSI
Ud
2
Ud
Ud
2
V1
L
io R
uo
V2
VD 1
VD2
The current conducting path is determined by the polarity of load voltage and load
current. (This is true for analysis of many power electronics circuits.)
The magnitude of output square- wave voltage is Ud/2.
Single-phase full bridge VSI
Operation principle
Ud
-
V3
V1
C
V2
VD1
R io L
uo
VD2
V4
VD3
VD4
Quantitative analysis
Fourier series extension of output voltage
uo
4U d
1
1
sin
sin
3
sin
5
3
5
5-1
Magnitude of output voltage fundamental component
4U d
U o1m
1.27U d
5-2
Effective value of output voltage fundamental component
U o1
2 2U d
0.9U d
5-3
Output voltage control by phase-shift
u G1
+
Ud
-
V3
V1
C
V2
VD1
R io L
uo
VD2
V4
u G2
VD3
u G3
VD4
u G4
o
uo
io
t
io
t1 t2
uo
t3
Inverter with center- tapped transformerpush-pull inverter
io
load
uo
+
Ud
V1
V2
VD1
VD 2
Three-phase VSI
uUN
V1
Ud
2
N
Ud
2
V4
V3
VD1
U
V5
VD3
VD5
N
V
VD4
V6
W
VD6
VD2
V2
180 conduction
Dead time (blanking time) to
avoid shoot through
a o
uVN
b o
uWN
c o
uUV
Ud
t
t
Ud
d o
uNN
e o
uUN
f o
iU
g o
id
h
o
t
Ud
6
2Ud
3
Ud
3
t
t
t
t
Basic equations to obtain voltage
For line voltage
For phase voltage of the load
u UN u UN' u NN'
u VN u VN' u NN'
uUV uUN' uVN'
uVW uVN' uWN'
uWU uWN' uUN'
u NN'
u WN u WN' u NN '
1
1
(u UN' uVN' u WN' ) (u UN uVN u WN )
3
3
uUN + uVN + uWN =0
u NN'
1
(u UN' u VN' u WN' )
3
Quantitative analysis
Fourier series extension of output line- to- line voltage
uUV
2 3U d
1
1
1
1
sin t sin 5t sin 7t sin 11t sin 13t
5
7
11
13
2 3U d
1
k
sin
1
)
sin
n
t
n n
n 6k 1
5-8
Magnitude of output voltage (line- to- line) fundamental component
U UV1m
2 3U d
1.1U d
5-10
Effective value of output voltage (line- to- line) fundamental component
U UV1
U UV1m
2
6
U d 0.78U d
5-11
5.3 Current source inverter (CSI)
Features
DC side is constant current , high
impedance (current source, or
large inductor)
AC side current is quasis-quare
wave. AC side voltage is
determined by the load.
No anti-parallel diodes are needed.
sometimes series diodes are
needed to block reverse voltage
for other power semiconductor
devices.
Ld
i d VT1
Ed
VT2
VT3
C
io
R
uo
VT4
Single-phase bridge CSI
Parallel Resonant Inverter
uG 1 , 4
Ld
I d VT1
LT1
LT2
VT2
VT 3
C
io
R uo
LT3
LT4
VT4
uG2O,3
O
iT
io
than the resonant frequency so that the
load becomes capacitive and load
current is leading voltage to realize
load commutation.
uo
O
iVT2, 3
Id
Switching frequency is a little higher
iVT1 , 4
t
t
t1
I d t2
t3
t6
t4
t t5
t7
t
t
t
uVT2, 3
O
uVT1 , 4
O
uAB
O
Three- phase self-commutated CSI
id
VT1 VT3 VT5
Ud
iU
iV
V
W
VT4 VT6 VT2
iW
uUV
Three- phase force- commutated CSI
L
Id VT1
VD1
VT3
C1
C5
VD3
Ud
VD4
VD6
C4
VT1
C13
+ VD1
U V
VT5
C3
VD5
VD2
C6
U
V
W
M
3
VT6
VD3
C2
VT4
VT3
VD2
VT2
Id
VT2
Three- phase load-commutated CSI
uU
uW
uV
Pulse Distributor
VT1
VT3
Ud
UdM
VT4
VT5
VT6
U
V
W
VT2
MS
3~
BQ
iU
O
iV
O
iW
VT4
VT6
uVT1
u dM
VT1 VT3
VT2
VT5
t
t
5.4 Multiple- inverter connections and multi-level inverters
Series connection of 2 single- phase VSIs
3rd Harmonics
u1
Ud
T1
u1
O
u2
t
180
60
3rd Harmonics
T2
u2
uo
120
O
Series connection of 2 3- phase VSIs
I
U U1
(U A1)
O
T1
A1
uU1
Ud
uUN
T2
C22 C
21
II
2 U
3 d
U U2
A22
B21
-U B22
C1
B22
t
1
Ud
3
U A21
O
B1
A 21
Ud
uU2
O
U UN
1 U
3 d
t
t
(1+ 1 U d )
3
(1+ 2 U d )
3
1 U t
3 d
5-24
Multi-level Inverters 3- level inverter
+
+
VD 11
VD 1
V 11
VD12
U
O'
Ud
VD4
Rs
V
VD41
VD42
iU
V12
V41
V42
Ls
