5

Mathematics
Std IX and X

Introduction
Mathematics is the language of all
sciences. Mathematics as a subject at the
secondary level has great importance in a
progressive country like India as it develops
various life skills. The challenges caused by
tremendous growth in the population,
globalization, pollution, competitions between
countries, natural disasters emphasise the
need to develop the curriculum in
Mathematics at the secondary level.
Knowledge of the subject and skills acquired
while learning-Mathematics helps in
developing the ability to execute, manage,
plan with precision. This could be effectively
inculcated at the secondary level and hence
Mathematics has got the pivotal place in the
scheme of studies of secondary education.
Mathematics helps to develop
decision making which is applicable to real
life situations. In addition, it helps enormously
in the development of the other disciplines
which involves analysis, reasoning and
adoption of innovative ideas. A study of the
different applications of Mathematics at
secondary level in various fields like science,
geography, economics, social sciences etc.
gives the student a comprehensive and
global perspective.
The curriculum in the subject of
Mathematics has undergone changes from
time to time in accordance with the growth of
the subject to address the emerging needs
of the society. The proposed syllabus for the
state of Maharashtra has been designed by
adopting all units and subunits from the
respective syllabus of NCF 2005. The
proposed curriculum includes the . study of
Number system, Algebra, Geometry,
Trigonometry, Mensuration, Statistics, Graphs
and Co-ordinate geometry.

The teaching of Mathematics should

be imparted through various activities which
may involve the use of concrete materials,
models, patterns, charts, pictures, posters,
games, puzzles, experiments and through
field visits and projects.
Objectives
To enable the students
1.

to consolidate the mathematical

knowledge and skills acquired at the
upper primary stage.

2.

to
acquire
knowledge
and
understanding of mathematical terms,
symbols, concepts principles and
processes and proofs.

3.

to develop the ability to apply

mathematical knowledge to solve
problems in real life situations.

4.

to develop analytical, logical thinking

and problem solving abilities of
students.

5.

to develop skills in drawing geometrical

figures, diagrams, graphs, charts etc.

6.

to identify the inter relationship between

different parts of problems and draw
logical conclusions.

7.

to develop an interest in students to

study mathematics as a discipline.

8.

to develop awareness of the need for

national integration, protection of
environment, by nuclear family removal
of social barriers, elimination of sex bias.

9.

to develop reverence and respect

towards great mathematicians
particularly
towards
Indian
Mathematicians.

133

Std. IX
Algebra
1.

2.

3.

Sets :
Introduction
Methods of writing sets
Types of sets
Subset - Proper, Improper subset
Super set
Universal set
Venn diagrams
Operations on sets
Relations between various operations
Number of elements in the set and
related results.
Real Numbers :
Revision of natural numbers, integers,
rational numbers and irrational numbers
Existence of irrational numbers and
their representations on the number line
Every real number is represented by a
unique point on the number line and
conversely, every point on the number
line represents a unique real number
Properties of real numbers
Definition of nth root of a real number
Surds - Definition
Forms of surds
Operations and Laws of surds
Rationalization of Surds
Absolute value of real numbers
Euclid's division Lemma
Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic
Algebraic Expressions :
Introduction to algebraic expression ?
Operations on algebraic expressions
Methods of factorization of algebraic
expression ?
Introduction to polynomials
Operations on polynomials
134

4.

5.

6.

7.

Value of polynomials
Zeros/roots of polynomial
Relation between zeros and coefficient
of polynomials?
Remainder theorem
Factor theorem
Graphs :
Cartesian coordinate system
Understanding of graphs of lines parallel
to axes
Graph of line ax + by + c = o
Linear equations in two variables
System of linear equations
Solution of system of linear equations
in two variables(Algebraic methods)
Ratio, proportion and variation
Introduction to ratio
Properties of ratio
Properties of equal ratios
Theorem on equal ratios
Percentage as a ratio
Introduction to proportion
Introduction to variation
Revision of concepts based on Direct
variation, Inverse variation
Mixed variation
Real life problems based on ratio,
proportion and variation
Statistics :
Collection of data
Classification and tabulation of data
Diagramatic representation of data
Graphical representation of data
Mean, median, mode of ungrouped data

Geometry

1.

Lines and Angles :

3.

Congruence of triangles :

Introductions to line

Criteria of congruent triangles

Basic terms and definitions related to

line

Theorem of an isosceles triangle and

its converse

Introduction to Euclid's Geometry

Perpendicular bisector theorem

Plane seperation axiom

Angle bisector theorem

Introduction to angles in terms of

rotation

Properties of triangles based on

inequalities

Directed angles, Sexagesimal system

Types of angles

Property of perpendicular drawn from

a point outside the line.

zero angle, straight angle,coterminal

angle

4.

Circle :

Introduction to circle and related terms

Relation between angles

Circle passing through the given points

Introduction to mathematical proofs

Parallel lines

One and only one circle passes through

the three non collinear points.

Results on parallel lines and transversal

Congruence of circles

Tests of parallel lines

Properties of chords of the circle

Results on perpendicular lines

5.

Quadrilateral :

Distance of a point from a line

Properties of quadrilateral

2.

Triangles :

Properties of parallelogram

Types of triangles

Properties of rectangle

Terms related to triangle

Properties of a trapezium

Properties of triangle

Properties of a rhombus

Exterior angles and corresponding

interior opposite angles

Properties of a square

Results involving exterior angle and

corresponding interior opposite angles

Similar triangles

Kite

Tests for particular quadrilateral

Theorem on midpoints of two sides of

a triangle and its converse

135

6.

Coordinate Geometry :

9.

Mensuration :

Distance formula

Area of triangle

Section formula

Area of regular hexagon, polygon

7.

Area of a triangle

Area of quadrilaterals

Geometric constructions :

Basic construction - perpendicular

bisector of given segment.

If two parallelograms lie between two

parallel lines and have the same base
then they have thesame area.

Construction of a triangle

If a triangle and a parallelogram have

the same base and lie between the
same parallel lines, then the area of the
triangle is half the area of the
parallelogram.

- Sum/difference of two sides and base

angles is given
- Perimeter and base angles are given
8.

Trigonometry :

Perimeter of triangle and quadrilateral

Introduction to trigonometric ratios

Area of circle

Trigonometric Ratios of angles 0o, 30

o, 45 o, 60 o, 90 o

Trigonometric
identities
complementary angles

136

for

Std. X
Algebra
1.

Arithmetic Progression :

Introduction to Sequence

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) and

Geometric Progression (G.P.)

General term of an A.P. and G.P.

Sum of the first 'n' terms of an A.P. and

G.P.

Cramer's rule

4.

Consistency of pair of linear equations

Introduction to probability and related

terms

Classical definition of probability

Types of events

Probability :

2.

Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean.

Equally likely outcomes

Quadratic Equations

Probability of an event

Introduction to quadratic equations

Properties of Probability

Solutions of quadratic equations

Addition theorem (without proof)

Nature of roots based on discriminant

5.

Relation between roots of the equation

and coefficient of the terms in the
equation Equations reducible to
quadratic form

Brief revision of Tabulation of data,

inclusive and exclusive type of tables

Mean, median and mode of grouped

data

Statistics :

3.

Linear equations in two variables

System of linear equations in two
variables

Histograms, frequency polygon,

frequency curve, pie diagram

Algebraic methods of solving linear

equations in two variables

Ogives (Cumulative frequency graphs)

Graphical representation of different

possibilities of solutions/Inconsistency

Applications of ogives in determination

of median

Graphical method of solving a system

of linear equations

Relation between measures of central

tendency

Introduction to normal distribution

Determinantof order two

Properties of normal distribution

137

Geometry

1.

2.

3.

4.

Similarity :
Properties of ratios of areas of two
triangles
Basic proportionality theorem
Introduction to similarity
Similar triangles
Areas of two similar triangles
Similarity in right angled triangles
Pythagoras theorem and its converse
30o-60o-90o theorem and 45 o-45 o90 o theorem
Application of Pythagoras theorem in
acute and obtuse angle.
Appolonius theorem
Circle :
Tangents and its properties
Theorem - Tangent at any point to the
circle is perpendicular to the radius and
its converse
Number of tangents from a point to a
circle
Theorem- The length of two tangent
segments drawn from a point outside
the circle are equal
Touching circles
Introduction to an arc
Angle subtended by the arc to the centre
and to the point on the circle
Cyclic quadrilateral
Tangent - Secant theorem
Co-ordinate Geometry :
Slope of a line
Intercepts made by a line
Standard forms of equation of a line
General equation of a line.
Geometric Constructions :
Division of line segment in a given ratio
Basic geometric constructions

138

5.

6.

Construction of tangent to the circle

from the point on the circle and out side
the circle.
Construction of tangent without using
centre
Construction of triangle If the base,
angle apposite to it and either median
altitude is given
Construction of a triangle similar to a
given triangle
Trigonometry :
Angles in standard position.
Trigonometric ratios in terms of
coordinates of point
Trigonometric Identities (with proof)
Use of basic identities and their
applications
Problems on height and distance
Menstruation :
Length of an arc
Area of the sector
Area of a Circular Segment
Euler's formula
Surface area and volume of cuboids
Spheres, hemispheres, right circular
cylinders cones, frustum of a cone.
Problems based on areas and
perimeter/circumference of circle,
sector and segment of a circle.
Problems on finding surface areas and
volumes of combinations of any two of
the following : cuboids, spheres,
hemispheres and right circular
cylinders/ cones
Problems involving converting one type
of metallic solid into another.