1
ChE 308 Lecture 3 Chlor-Alkali Industries: Caustic soda, Chlorine, Soda Ash
Chlor-Alkali Industry
Lime stone and Fuel Carbon dioxide Ammonia Sodium Chloride
Electrolyte Process
Soda Ash
Sodium bicarbonate
Chlorine Pulp and Paper Solvents Pesticides Plastics Sanitation Refrigeration Fluid
Caustic Soda Soap, Rayon, Dyes, Paper, Foods, rubber, Textiles, Chemicals, Bleaching, Petroleum, Metallurgy Soap Glass Drugs Paper Ceramics Sugar Photography Leather Drugs Beverages Baking Powder Food products Fire extinguisher
Manufacture of Chlorine and Caustic Soda
Sodium Hydroxide:
White, solid material that picks up moisture from air. If put in water, it produces a large amount of heat. Very corrosive and can cause severe burns
Caustic Soda and Chlorine Processes
Sodium Chloride solution (brine)is electrolytically decomposed to elemental chlorine (in the anode compartment), and sodium hydroxide solution and elemental hydrogen (in the cathode compartment) in all the processes The overall reaction for the electrolytic production of caustic soda and chlorine is: 2 NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O = Cl2 (gas) + H 2 (gas) + 2 NaOH (aq) Anode Cathode
Manufacture of Chlorine and Caustic Soda contd
Reactions: Decomposition Voltage and voltage efficiency:
Where, E= Theoretical decomposition voltage H= enthalpy change of reaction J= electrical equivalent of heat T= absolute temperature F= Faraday constant n= number of equivalents involved
Manufacture of Chlorine and Caustic Soda contd
Decomposition Voltage and voltage efficiency (contd):
The ratio of theoretical voltage to that actually used is the Voltage efficiency of the cell(ranges from 60-75%). The ratio of the theoretical to the actual current consumed is defined as the Current efficiency(ranges from 95-97%). The product of voltage efficiency and current efficiency is the energy efficiency of the cell.
Manufacture of Chlorine and Caustic Soda contd
Methods of manufacture
1. Chemical: Lime soda Process 2. Electrochemical: Chloro Alkali Process Diaphragm Cell Mercury Cell process Membrane cell process
Electrochemical methods of manufacture
Diaphragm cell process:
This process uses a steel cathode, and the anode area is separated from the anode area by a permeable diaphragm. A diluted caustic brine leaves the cell. The caustic soda must usually be concentrated to 50% and the salt removed. Mercury cell process: Sodium metal forms an amalgam at a mercury cathode. This sodium is then reacted with water to produce NaOH.
Membrane cell process:
This process is similar to the diaphragm cell process. Here a Naflon membrane is used to separate the cathode and the anode reactions. Only sodium ions and a little water pass through the membrane. It produces a high quality of NaOH. Of the three processes , it requires the lowest consumption of electric energy and the amount of steam needed for the concentration of the caustic soda is relatively small.
Electrochemical methods of manufacture contd
Diaphragm Cell type Process
Electrochemical methods of manufacture contd
Mercury Cell type Process
10
Electrochemical methods of manufacture contd
Membrane Cell type Process
Electrochemical methods of manufacture contd
11
Electrochemical methods of manufacture contd
12
Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrochemical methods of manufacture
Process Advantages Disadvantages
13
Diaphragm Process
Use of well brine Low electricity consumption
Use of asbestos High steam consumption Low purity caustic Low chlorine quality
Mercury Process
50% caustic direct from cell High purity chlorine and hydrogen Simple brine purification
Use of mercury Expensive cell operation Large floor space Costly environment protection
Membrane Process
Low energy consumption Cost of membrane Use of solid salt, high purity brine Low capital investment High oxygen content in chlorine High purity caustic Insensitivity to cell load variations and shutdowns
14
Comparison of cell technologies
Mercury Diaphragm Membrane
Operating current density(KA/m2) Cell voltage (V)
8-13 3.9- 4.2
0.9-2.6 2.9- 3.5
3-5 3.0-6.0
NaOH strength(wt%)
50
12
33-35
Energy Consumption(KWh/MT Cl2) Steam Consumption (KWh/MT Cl2) for concentration to 50% NaOH
3360
2720
2650
610
180
15
Membrane cell process Flow sheet
16
17
Dorr Continuous Causticization Process
18
19
Other Chlor-Alkali Products
20
Liquid Chlorine
Chemical Formula: Cl2 Appearance: Clear amber color Product Quality: Cl2 purity 99.5% Uses: Manufacture of various chemical compounds e.g., carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated lime, PVC, HCl, etc. Water purification, manufacture of metallic chlorides, chlorinated lime, chlorobenzene, etc. Shrink proofing wool, in flame-retardant compounds, manufacture of trichloroethylene, neoprene etc. Processing of meat, fish, vegetables and fruit, in special batteries (with lithium or zinc)
21
Hydrochloric acid
Chemical Formula: HCl Product quality: 30-32% HCl Appearance: Colorless or slightly yellow fuming liquid Uses: Metal picking and cleaning, industrial acidizing, boiler scale removal Processing of bone in gelatin manufacturing industry, food processing (corn syrup, sodium glutamate). Manufacture of dyestuffs, casein, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubber, laboratory reagent etc. Effluent treatment and the regeneration of ion-exchange resin in water treatment. Bangladesh demand: 150- 200 TPD
22
Sodium Hypochlorite
Chemical Formula: NaOCl Product quality: Available Cl2 Appearance: Pale greenish liquid Uses: Disinfection, odor control, specification, bleaching. Chlorination of drinking and process water, oil refineries, petroleum refineries. Textile industry, pulp and paper industry, soap manufacturing, food processors, wood processing. Elimination of slime and algae in swimming pool and boiler water. Bangladesh demand: 40- 50 TPD
23
Stable Bleaching Powder
Chemical Name: chlorinated lime Chemical Formula: Ca(OCl)Cl Product quality: 30-32% HCl Appearance: Dry free flowing dull white powder Product quality: Available chlorine conc. 35-37% min Uses: Sewage disposal, odor control, BOD reduction and removal of poisonous matter. Potable water purification, mosquito control, control of epidemic etc. Bleaching agent (paper & textile), algaecide, bactericidal and deodrant. Elimination of algae and slime in swimming pool, sanitation and general hygiene. Bangladesh demand: 100- 150 TPD
24
Na2CO3
Shall be discussed on next class
