ELEMENTS (Components) OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Choose among each component that offers se era! cr"t"ca! cho"ces HO# (Cr"ter"a for se!ect"ng) #hat "s the reason of the research$ To %hat e&tent the res'!t %"!! affect (o'r )ec"s"on$ #"!! "t *e 'se) for a cr"t"ca! )ec"s"on$ (eg+!",e "n estment )ec"s"on) (strateg"c or tact"ca! or operat"ona! "mportance of the )ec"s"on) #hat "s the re-'"re) )egree of prec"s"on an) conf")ence$ E&tent of genera!".at"on re-'"re)+ Is there s'ff"c"ent t"me a a"!a*!e for s'ch a research$ #hat "s the *')get a!!ocate) for the research$ S/MMAR01 As, the fo!!o%"ng -'est"on at e er( po"nt of se!ect"on

#hether the *enef"ts that res'!t from a more soph"st"cate) )es"gn to ens're acc'rac(2 conf")ence2 genera!".a*"!"t(2 etc+2 are #ORTH the "n estment of more reso'rces$
3

TYPES OF RESEARCH (Common classification) PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

E45LORATOR0 RESEARCH

DESCRI5TI6E CAUSAL RESEARCH RESEARCH

E45LORATOR0

DESCRI5TI6E H05OTHESIS TESTING

It "s the purpose rather than a technique that )eterm"nes %hether a st')( "s e&p!orator(2 )escr"pt" e or ca'sa!+

T05E OF THE IN6ESTIGATION

CORRELATIONAL CAUSAL COM5ARISON (D"fference)

T05E OF IN6ESTIGATION 7 Ca'sa! ers's non ca'sa! (corre!at"ona!)

Corre!at"ona! #hen the researcher "s "ntereste) "n )e!"neat"ng the "mportant ar"a*!es that are assoc"ate) %"th the pro*!em+ St')( can *e con)'cte) "n the nat'ra! sett"ng %here e ents occ'r %"tho't researcher "nterfer"ng %"th the ar"a*!es+ (No man"p'!at"on of "n)epen)ent ar"a*!e) #hen the researcher %ant to )e!"neate the ca'se of a pro*!em Some ar"a*!es ha e to *e man"p'!ate) an) others contro!!e)

Ca'sa!

Ma,e E45LORATOR0 St')(

FOR
O*ta"n"ng *etter 'n)erstan)"ng of the phenomena To )ef"ne the pro*!em more c!ear!(7 refer: what is a problem D"agnos"ng a s"t'at"on (hot "ss'es "n compan(2 concern of emp!o(ees2 c'stomers2 s'pp!"ers2 concern of compan(2 sector2 co'ntr"es) D"sco er"ng ne% ")eas2 see,"ng for ne% opport'n"t"es+ (%or,ers ha "ng s'ggest"ons for "mpro ement !",e "ncreas"ng pro)'ct"on2 re)'c"ng cost2 c'stomers s'ggest"ons for ne% pro)'cts to )e e!op+

THEN

5rocee) %"th more r"goro's research

/s'a!!( )ata "s co!!ecte) *( "nter "e%s2 o*ser at"ons an) %hen the )ata re ea! some pattern regar)"ng the phenomena of "nterest then

Theor"es are *'"!t 7 H(pothes"s are )e e!ope)

9NOT:s

Doing a study for the first time in a particular organization does not make the research exploratory in nature Purpose is to help formulate the problem and clarify concepts rather than developing a conclusive evidence

THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF E45LORATOR0 RESEARCH

(C!ass"f"e) on the *as"s of )ata co!!ect"on 7 "nformat"on gather"ng) E45ERIENCE S/R6E0S 7 D"sc'ss"ons %"th ,no%!e)gea*!e peop!e2 *oth "ns")e an) o'ts")e the compan(+ SECONDAR0 DATA ANAL0SIS 7 Not on!( 'se) for e&p!or"ng (e&p!orator( research *'t a!so for )escr"pt" e an) conc!'s" e research+ CASE ST/DIES 5ILOT ST/DIES
37FOC/S GRO/5 875RO;ECTI6E METHODS <7DE5TH INTER6IE#S

<

DESCRI5TI6E ST/D0
Descr"*"ng the character"st"cs of a variable "n a g" en s"t'at"on of "n)" ")'a!s2 organ".at"ons
L",e )emograph"c character"st"cs

!",e emp!o(ees2 c'stomers !",e pro)'ct"on !e e!s2 assets2 !ocat"ons2

sa!es2 "n entor( !e e!s2 s'pp!"ers2 prof"ts2 f"nanc"a! rat"os+

"n)'str"es

!",e econom"ca!2 f"nanc"a! "n)"cators perta"n"ng to the "n)'str"es+

For the p'rpose of 1 /n)erstan)"ng the character"st"cs of a gro'p "n a g" en s"t'at"on A") "n th"n,"ng s(stemat"ca!!( a*o't aspects "n a g" en s"t'at"on Offer ")eas for f'rther research Can *e '!t"mate!( 'se) for )ec"s"on p'rposes+
='a!"tat" e )ata ma( he!p to 'n)erstan) the phenomena More -'ant"tat" e )ata "n terms of fre-'enc"es2 meas'res of centra! ten)enc"es (mean2 me)"an2 mo)e2 -'art"!es2 percent"!es) meas'res of )"spers"on (stan)ar) )e "at"on)

E&p!orator( Descr"pt" e

H05OTHESIS TESTING (refer to )"sc'ss"on on ca'sa! > corre!at"ona! t(pe of "n est"gat"on)
Nat're of certa"n re!at"onsh"ps Esta*!"sh the )"fferences among gro'ps In)epen)ence of t%o or more factors( ar"a*!es) D"sc'ss"on of n'!! (Ho) an) a!ternat" e h(pothes"s (Ha) F"na! #or) on se!ect"on among e&p!orator(2 )escr"pt" e an) h(pothes"s test"ng R"gorness "ncrease
Cost "ncrease

ST/D0 SETTING
CONTRI6ED 7 Art"f"c"a! Sett"ng

NONCONTRI6ED 7 Nat'ra! en "ronment %here e ents nat'ra!!( occ'r

FIE D !"#D$

7 A noncontr" e) sett"ng %"th m"n"ma! researcher "nterference+ Correlational studies

FIE D E%PE&I'E(" 7 A noncontr" e) sett"ng %"th researcher "nterference to a mo)erate e&tent+ Cause -effect relations i! )* E%PE&I'E(" 7 A contr" e) sett"ng %"th researcher "nterference to the ma&"m'm e&tent+ Cause- effect relations i!

/NIT OF ANAL0SIS
INDI6ID/ALS @ D0ADS (#"fe7 H's*an)2 S'per"or7S'*or)"nate)@ GRO/5S@ DI6ISIONS@ IND/STR0@ CO/NTRIES+

TIME HORIAON1 CROSS SECTIONAL @ LONGIT/DINAL 6ALIDIT0

INTERNAL 6ALIDIT0 1 Refers to the e&tent of the conf")ence "n the ca'se effect that ar"a*!e 4 ca'ses ar"a*!e 0+ E4TERNAL 6ALIDIT01 Refers to the e&tent of genera!".a*"!"t( of the res'!ts of a ca'sa! st')( to other peop!e2 e ents or sett"ngs+ There "s a tra)e7off *et%een e&terna! a!")"t( an) "nterna! a!")"t( For "nterna! a!")"t( th"ght contro!

E45LORATOR0 RESEARCH
Most e&p!orator( research "s +ualitative rather than +uantitative Three "nterre!ate) p'rposes

D"agnos"ng a s"t'at"on

Screen"ng a!ternat" es C concept test"ng

D"sco er"ng ne% ")eas

GENERAL CATEGORIES OF E45LORATOR0 RESEARCH
(C!ass"f"e) on the *as"s of )ata co!!ect"on 7 "nformat"on gather"ng)

CATEGORIES

E45LANATIONS

D"sc'ss"ons %"th ,no%!e)gea*!e E45ERIENCE S/R6E0S peop!e2 *oth "ns")e an) o'ts")e the compan( Not on!( 'se) for e&p!or"ng (e&p!orator( research) *'t a!so for SECONDAR0 DATA )escr"pt" e an) conc!'s" e research+ ANAL0SIS 5re!"m"nar( re "e% of )ata to c!ar"f( "ss'es "n the ear!( stages In est"gat"ng one or fe% s"t'at"ons s"m"!ar to the researchersD pro*!em CASE ST/DIES an) )escr"*"ng the case s"t'at"on Sma!! sca!e e&p!orator( research techn"-'e that 'ses samp!"ng *'t )oes 5ILOT ST/DIES not app!( r"goro's stan)ar)s

5ILOT ST/DIES FOC/S 5RO;ECTI6E DE5TH INTER6IE#

FOC/S GRO/5 INTER6IE# A-)dvantages S(nerg"sm Seren)"p"t( Sno%*a!!"ng St"m'!at"on Sec'r"t( Spontane"t( Spec"a!".at"on Scr'n"t( Str'ct're Spee) Explanations Com*"ne) effort Opport'n"t( to )e e!op the ")ea to "ts f'!! s"gn"f"cance Cha"n of responses St"m'!at"ng2 mot" at"ng the respon)ents to e&press+ Foc's "s on the gro'p rather than the "n)" 'a! 5eop!e spea, "f the( ha e )ef"n"te fee!"ngs Gro'p "s "nter "e%e) *( the h"gh!( tra"ne) "nter "e%er
(mo)erator)

O*ser e) *( se era! peop!e+ As the sess"on can *e tape recor)e) "t can *e !ater e&am"ne) "n )eta"! Mo)erator as a part"c"pant contro! the )"sc'ss"ons+ Open an) reopen the top"cs Inter "e%"ng more than one respon)ent at the same t"me

F7Gro'p compos"t"on1 E to 3G "n)" ")'a!s@ homogeno's gro'ps %"th s"m"!ar !"fest(!es2 Ho* c!asses2 e&per"ence an) comm'n"cat"on s,"!!s

C 7 En "ronmenta! con)"t"ons1 S"te sho'!) *e research agenc(2 off"ce conference room an) or a hote! (re!a&e) an) nat'ra!)

D7 The mo)eratorsD ;o*

E er(one sho'!) get a chance to spea, 5romote "nteract"on among mem*ers Sho'!) ga"n conf")ence of peop!e Ma,e them fee! re!a&e) an) eager to ta!, Man"p'!ate the f!o% of the )"sc'ss"on to generate fresh ")eas

E 75!ann"ng the foc's gro'p o't!"ne@ D"sc'ss"on g'")e

#r"tten remar,s an) o't!"ne of top"cs that %"!! *e )"sc'sse)

F 7 Foc's gro'p that 'se ")eo conferenc"ngCremote !ocat"ons G 7 Foc's gro'p as )"agnost"c too!s
Can *e 'se) to )"agnose pro*!ems s'ggeste) *( -'ant"tat" e research+ ='ant"tat" e research ma( *e short on 9%h(: tho'gh "t "s poss"*!e to 'n)erstan) %hat "s happen"ng+

H C Shortcom"ngs C Dom"nant part"c"pant I 7 Interact" e me)"a an) on !"ne research 7 "s *eg"nn"ng to emerge

5RO;ECTI6E TECHNI=/ES
An "n)"rect means of -'est"on"ng that ena*!es a respon)ent to 9proHect: the *e!"efs an) fee!"ngs on to a th"r) part(2 onto an "nan"mate o*Hect or "nto a tas, s"t'at"on
J

#or) assoc"at"on test1 S'*Hect "s presente) %"th a !"st of

%or)s an) as,e) to respon) %"th the f"rst %or) that comes to m"n)+ /se) to pretest %or)s or ")eas to *e 'se) "n -'est"onna"re+

Sentence comp!et"on1 e+g+ A *oss sho'!) not 77777777777777

Th"r) person techn"-'e 1 Respon)ent "s as,e) %h( a th"r)

person (ne"gh*or) )oes %hat he or she )oes or %hat he or she th"n,s a*o't an o*Hect2 e ent2 person2or act" "t(+ Respon)ent "s e&pecte) to transfer h"s or her att"t'tes to the th"r) person+

Themat"c appercept"on test Cp"ct're fr'strat"on1

A test cons"st"ng of a ser"es of p"ct'res sho%n to research s'*Hects %ho are then as,e) to pro ")e a )escr"pt"on of the p"ct'res+ The researcher ana!(s"s the content of these )escr"pt"ons "n an effort to c!ar"f( a research pro*!em+

DE5TH INTER6IE#S1 A re!at" e!( 'nstr'ct're)2 e&tens" e "nter "e% 'se) "n the pr"mar( stages of research process+ DATA INFORMATION Recor)e) meas'res A *o)( of facts that are "n format of certa"n phenomena s'"ta*!e for )ec"s"on ma,"ng

GLOFAL INFIRMATION S0STEMS AND THE INTERNET

K

An organ".e) co!!ect"on of comp'ter har)%are an) soft%are2 )ata2 an) personne! )es"gne) to capt're2 store2 'p)ate2 man"p'!ate2 ana!(se2 an) "mmea)"ate!( )"sp!a( "nformat"on a*o't %or!)%")e *'s"ness act" "t(+ Dec"s"on s'pport s(stem "s a comp'ter *ase) s(stem that he!ps )ec"s"on ma,ers confront pro*!ems thro'gh )"rect "nteract"on %"th )ata*ases an) ana!(t"ca! soft%are Data*ase "s a co!!ect"on of ra% )ata or "nformat"on arrange) "n a !og"ca! manner an) organ".e) "n aform that can *e store) an) processe) *( a comp'ter+ Soft%are 1 Sprea)sheets an) stat"st"ca! soft%are "s "mportant EDI 1 Net%or,s !"n, one or more comp'ters to share )ata an) soft%are+ Inp't management CComp'ter".e) )ata arch"e es 1 Inp't "nc!')es a!! the n'mer"ca! te&t2 o"ce an) "mage )ata that enter )ata *ase s(stems+ Inp't sho'!) *e manage) other%"se gar*age "n 7 gar*age o't %"!! occ'r+ Internet 7 Intranet C E&tranet Chost C ser er

3G

F"!e transfer protoco! (ftp)1 a soft%are that a!!o%s 'sers to esta*!"sh an "nteract" e f"!e transfer sess"ons %"th a remote hostDs comp'ter s(stem so that the 'ser can rea) an) )o%n!oa) f'!!7te&t ers"ons of f"!es from the remote s(stem+ Search eng"nes

SECONDAR0 DATA
AD6ANTAGES DISAD6ANTAGES Less e&pens" e Ma( not meet the researcherDs nee)

O*ta"ne) rap")!( Format of the )ata ma( *e "ncon en"ent Data con ers"on "s necessar( Acc'rac( of the )ata sho'!) *e er"f"e) 7 Cross chec,

OF;ECTI6E FOR SECONDAR0 DATA RESEARCH DESIGN

37 Fact F"n)"ng 1 Stat"st"cs2 facts a*o't the pop'!at"on 87 Mo)e! *'"!)"ng1 Spec"f("ng re!at"onsh"p *et%een t%o or more ar"a*!es+ De e!op"ng )escr"pt" e or pre)"ct" e e-'at"ons+ Eg@ mar,et share@ est"mat"on of mar,et potent"a!
33

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDAR0 DATA

Interna! or propr"etar( )ata1 Secon)ar( )ata that are create)2 recor)e)2 or generate) *( the organ".at"on E&terna! so'rces1 Foo,s an) per"o)"ca!s2 Go ernment so'rces (DLE2 HAALNE) Stoc, mar,et so'rces (LMMF2 S5M) Cham*er of commerce etc+ LTO2 LSO

38