SUBMITTED BY:-

DEEPAK KUMAR
107128
ECE-1
National Institut o! T"#nolo$%& Ku'u(s#t'a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude towards all those who helped me to
undertake training in N.H.P.C.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Ms Na)ita& S'* M$' +IT , C-MM*. for his
guidance, valuable suggestions encouragement during the pro!ect.
No words suffice to express thanks to M' Anil C#a/la& C#i! +IT , C-MM*. for his
ideology, design methodology for the pro!ect work devotion of his valuable time and for
providing better working environment.
TAB0E -1 C-NTENTS
N2PC-T2E C-MPANY
SATE00ITE C-MMUNICATI-N
Introduction
"hy #atellite for Communication
$ypes %f #atellite
Component %f #atellite
3SAT +3'% S4all A5'tu' T'4inal.
Introduction
&#'$ e(uipments
Component %f &#'$
'dvantages of &#'$
INMARSAT
Introduction
Component %f IN)'*#'$
&alue 'dded #ervices
Connectivity +iagram
0DST +0on$ Distan" Satllit Tl5#on.
Introduction
Components of ,+#$
Connectivity +iagram
INTRODUCTION TO NHPC
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation ,imited -NHPC., ' /ovt. of India 0nterprise, was
corporated in the year 1234 with an authori5ed capital of *s. 6777 million and with an ob!ective to
plan, promote and organi5e an integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power in all
aspects. ,ater on NHPC expanded its ob!ects to include other sources of energy like /eothermal,
$idal, "ind etc.
Ma'(t 3alu
't present, NHPC is a schedule 8'8 0nterprise of the /ovt. of India with an authori5ed share
capital of *s. 1,47,777 )illion . "ith an investment base of over *s. 6,67,777 )illion 'pprox. ,
NHPC is among the top ten companies in India in terms of investment. +epartment of Public
0nterprise, /ovt. of India recently conferred prestigious )iniratna status to NHPC.
Initially, on incorporation, NHPC took over the execution of #alal #tage9I, :airasiul and ,oktak
Hydro9electric Pro!ects from Central Hydroelectric Pro!ects Control :oard. #ince then, it has
executed 1; pro!ects with an installed capacity of 4134 )" on ownership basis including pro!ects
taken up in !oint venture. NHPC has also executed 4 pro!ects with an installed capacity of <2.;4
)" on turnkey basis. $wo of these pro!ects have been commissioned in neighbouring countries
i.e. Nepal and :hutan.
+uring the financial year 67739677< , NHPC Power #tations achieved the highest ever generation
of 1=<1;.1> )?.
GENERATION
+uring the period 67739677< , NHPC had a sales turnover of 6;717 )illion with a Net Profit of *s.
177=7.2 )illion.
PR-1IT 36S SA0ES
On-going Work
Presently NHPC is engaged in the construction of 11 projects aggregating to a total installed
capacity of 4622 MW . NHPC has planned to add 19! MW during the 1!th Plan period and "#$
MW during 11th Plan period. # projects of "#61 MW are a%aiting clearances&'o(t. appro(al for
their i)ple)entation. *etailed Projects report are +eing prepared for 11 projects of "4!! MW and
1 project of 11!!! MW are at ,ur(ey - .n(estigation ,tage.
,ince its inception in 19"/ NHPC has gro%n to +eco)e one of the largest organi0ation in the field
of hydro po%er de(elop)ent in the country. With its present capa+ilities/ NHPC can underta1e all
acti(ities fro) concept to co))issioning of hydroelectric projects.
1.1 Corporate Mission:-
1. 2o achie(e international standards of e3cellence in all aspects of hydro po%er and
di(ersified +usiness.
2. 2o e3ecute and operate projects in a cost effecti(e/ en(iron)ent friendly and
socio4econo)ically responsi(e )anner.
$. 2o foster co)petent trained and )ulti4disciplinary hu)an capital.
4. 2o continually de(elop state4of4the4art technologies thru inno(ati(e 5-* and
adopt +est practices.
". 2o adopt the +est practices of corporate go(ernance and institutionali0e (alue
+ased )anage)ent for a strong corporate identity.
6. 2o )a3i)i0e creation of %ealth through generation of internal funds and effecti(e
)anage)ent of resources.
1.2 Profile:-
6uthorised Capital 5s. 1/"!/!!! Million
7alue of 6ssets 5s. 2/#"/$"! Million
6ppro3. Paid 8p Capital 5s. 111/9#2 Million
$1.!$.2!!
Projects Co)pleted 1$ Nos. 9"1" MW:
Projects 8nder Construction 11 Nos. 94622 MW:
Projects 6%aiting Clearances # Nos. 9""1 MW:
Projects 8nder ,ur(ey and .n(estigation ,tage 9 Nos. 92"" MW:
;oint 7enture Projects 4 Nos. 92"#6 MW:
Projects on 2urn1ey <asis " Nos. 9#9.$" MW:
In 2007-2008
=nergy 'enerated [Link] *ee)ed 'eneration: 14#1$.16 M8
Capacity .nde3 96.1$>
,ales 2urno(er 2$!1! Million
Net Profit 5s. 1!!4!.9 Million
Perfor)ance 5ating ?7ery 'ood?
In 2006-2007
=nergy 'enerated [Link] *ee)ed 'eneration: 1$!4#.6 M8
Capacity .nde3 94.11>
,ales 2urno(er 196$! Million
Net Profit 5s. 924# Million
Perfor)ance 5ating ?=3cellent?
In 2005-2006
=nergy 'enerated [Link] *ee)ed 'eneration: 12"6.1" M8
Capacity .nde3 9#.16>
,ales 2urno(er 114! Million
Net Profit 5s. 42 Million
Perfor)ance 5ating ?=3cellent?
In 2004-2005
=nergy 'enerated [Link] *ee)ed 'eneration: 112#6.4$ M8
Capacity .nde3 9".2# >
Net Profit 5s.6#4".# Million
Perfor)ance 5ating ?=3cellent?
lien!"
en!r#l Go$ern%en!
Central =lectricity 6uthority
Central Water Co))ission
Ministry of =3ternal 6ffairs
Northern 5ail%ays
&!#!e Go$ern%en! ' &E()&
6nda)an - Nico+ar 6d)inistration
<ihar ,tate =lectricity <oard
Chhatisgarh ,tate =lectricity <oard
=lectricity *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of 6runachal Pradesh
@arnata1a ,tate =lectricity <oard
Po%er - =lectricity *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of Mi0ora)
Po%er *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of Nagaland
Punja+ .nfrastructure *e(elop)ent <oard/ 'o(t. of Punja+
5ural *e(elop)ent *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of <ihar
8ttaranchal ;al 7idyut Niga) Atd
Water 5esources *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of 'oa
Water 5esources *epart)ent/ 'o(t. of <ihar
Brissa ,tate =lectricity <oard/ 'o(t. of Brissa
en!r#l Go$ern%en! P&*" ' +,"
Po%er 'rid Corporation of .ndia Atd. 9P'C.A:
5ural =lectrification Corporation 95=C:
,atluj ;al 7idyut Niga) Atd. 9,;7NA: 9 for)erly N;PC :
2ehri Hydro *e(elop)ent Corporation 92H*C:
Nar)ada Hydro *e(elop)ent Corporation 9NH*C:
@on1an 5ail%ays Corporation Ai)ited 9@5CA:
&!#!e Go$ern%en! P&*)"
<ihar ,tate Hydroelectric Po%er Corporation
;a))u @ash)ir Po%er *e(elop)ent Corporation
Aada1h 6utono)ous Hill *e(elop)ent Council
Nar)ada Hydro *e(elop)ent Corporation 9NH*C:
West <engal Po%er *e(elop)ent Corporation Atd.
&!#!-!or. (o/ie"

<ha1ra <eas Manage)ent <oard 9<<M<:

*a)odar 7alley Corporation 9*7C:
In!ern#!ion#l

@urichu Project 6uthority / <hutan

,argent - Aundy / 8,6
2ala Project .)ple)entation 6uthority
'o(t. of Nepal
2a)anthi H.=.Project/Myan)ar
*eptt. of energy/ 5oyal 'o(t. of <hutan
Pri$#!e &e0!or
Consulting =ngineering ,er(ices
.C.C.
.ndustrial Cinance Corporation of .ndia [Link].:
;aipra1ash Hydro Po%er Atd.
1.6 on!#0! 1e!#il":-
5egistered Bffice D4 N.H.P.C Bffice Co)ple3/
,ector4$$/ Carida+ad 4 121!!$ 9Haryana:
NHPC We+site D4 2!!3:''444.n230in/i#.0o%
=4Mail 6ddress D4 4e5%#"![Link]
C6E No. D4 !1294 22941
=P6<E No. D4 !129422#421
Satllit Co44uni"ation
Int'o7u"tion
@or 17,777 years -or 67,777 or 47,777 or since he was able to lift his eyes upward. man has
wondered about (uestions such as Awhy holds the sun up in the skyBC , A"hy doesnDt the moon
fall on usBC, and AHow do they -the sun and the moon. returns from the far west back to the far
east to rise again each dayBC )ost of the answers which men put forth in those 17,777 or 67,777
or 47,777 years we now classify as superstition, mythology, or pagan religion. It is only in the last
;77 years that we have developed a scientific description of how those bodies travel.
$he first of NewtonDs laws, which was a logical extension of earlier work by Eohannes Fepler,
proposed that every bit of matter in the universe attracts every other bit of matter with a force
which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s(uare of the
distance between the two bits. $hat is, larger the masses attract more strongly and the attraction
gets weaker as the bodies are moved farther apart.
NewtonDs law of gravity means that the sun pulls on the earth -and every other planet for that
matter. and the earth pulls on the sun. @urthermore, since both are (uite large the force must also
be (uite large. $he (uestion which every student asks, Aif the sun and the planets are pulling on
each other with such a large force, why donDt the planet fall into the sunBC $he answer is simply
-are you ready for thisB..
%ur salvation is that they are also moving AsidewaysC with a sufficiently large velocity that by the
time the earth has fallen the 2;,777,777 miles to the sun it has also moved AsidewaysC about
2;,777,777 miles9 far enough to miss the sun. :y the time the moon has fallen the 6=7,777 miles
to the earth, it has moved Aside waysC about 6=7,777 miles9 far enough to miss the earth. $his
process is repeated continuously as the earth make their apparently unending trip around the sun
and the moon makes its trips around the earth. ' planet or any other body, which find itself at any
distance from the sun with no AsidewaysC velocity will (uick fall without missing the sun, will be
drawn into the sunDs interior and will be cooked to well9done %nly our AsidewaysC motion saves us.
$he same of course is true for the moon, which would fall to earth but for its angular velocity.
8#% Satllit !o' "o44uni"ation9

:y the end of "orld "ar II, the world had a taste of Aglobal communicationC 0dward *.)urrowDs
radio broadcasts from ,ondon had electrified 'merican listeners. "e had, of course been able to
do transatlantic telephone calls and telegraphs via underwater cables for almost 47 years. 't
exactly this time, however a new phenomenon was born. $he first television programs were being
broadcast, but the greater amount of information re(uired transmitting television picture re(uired
that they operate at much higher fre(uencies than radio stations. @or example, the vary first
commercial radio station -F+F' in Pittsburgh. operated at 1767 on the dial. $his number stood for
1767 FHG the fre(uencies at which the station transmitted. @re(uency is simply the number of
times that the electrical signal wiggles 1 timeHsecond. ' fre(uency of 1767 FHG means that the
electrical signals from the station wiggles 1,767,777 times in 1 second were transmitting.
$elevision signal however re(uired much higher fre(uencies because they were transmitting much
more information9 namely the picture. ' typical television station -channel 3 for example. would
operate at the fre(uency of 134 )HG. 's a result, television signal would not propagate the way
radio signals did.
:oth radio and television fre(uency signals can propagate directly from transmitter to the receiver.
$hat is a very dependable signal, but it is more or less limited to line of sight communication was
a signal which traveled by bouncing off the charged layers of the atmosphere -I%N%#PH0*0.
and returning to the earth. $he higher fre(uency television signals did not bounce off the
ionosphere and as a result disappeared into the space relatively short distance.
TYPES -1 SATE00ITE
,%" 0'*$H9 %*:I$IN/ C%))?NIC'$I%N #'$0,,I$0
In 12>7, the simplest communications satellite ever conceived was launched. It was called 0cho,
because it consisted only of a large -177 feet in diameter. alumini5ed plastic balloon. *adio and
$& signals transmitted to the satellite would be reflected back to the earth and could be received
by any station within view of the satellite.
?nfortunately, in its low earth orbit, the 0cho #atellite circled the earth every ninety minutes. $his
meant that although virtually everybody on earth would eventually see it, no one person, ever saw
it for more than 17 minutes or so out of every 27 minute orbit. In 124<, the #core satellite had
been put into the orbit. It carried a tape recorder which would record messages and it passed over
an originating station and then rebroadcast them as it passed over the destination. %nce more,
however, it appeared only briefly every 27 minutes a serious impediment to real communications.
In 12>6, N'#' launched the $elstra satellite for '$$. $elstraDs orbit was such that it could AseeC
0urope and ?# simultaneously during one part of its orbit. +uring another part of its orbit it could
see both Eapan and the ?#. 's a result, it provided real time communication between the ?# and
those two area for a few minutes out of every
hour.
(LOW EARTH- ORBITING COMMUNICATION SATELLITE)
/0%#INCH*%N%?# C%))?NIC'$I%N #'$0,,I$0
$he solution to the problem of availability, of course, lay in the use of the geosynchronous orbit. In
12>;, the necessary rocket booster power was available for the first time and the first
geosynchronous satellite, #yncom6, was launched by N'#'. @or those who could see it, the
satellite was available 177J of the time, 6= hours a day. $he satellite could view approximately
=6J of the earth. @or those outside of that viewing area, of course, the satellite was N0&0*
available.
(SYNCOM II Communicaion! !a"##i")
C-MP-NENTS -1 SATE00ITE
0very communication satellite in its simplest form involves the transmission of information from an
originating ground station to the satellite -the uplink., followed by a retransmission of the
information from the satellite back to the ground -the downlink.. $he downlink may either be to a
select number of ground stations or it may be broadcast to everyone in large area. Hence the
satellite must have a receiver and a receiver antenna, a transmitter and a transmitter antenna,
some method for connecting the uplink to the downlink for retransmission, and prime electrical
power to run all of the electronics. $he exact nature of these components will differ, depending on
the orbit and the system architecture, but every communications satellite must have these basic
components. $his is illustrated in the figure below.

Block Diagram of Satellite communication system
Com$on"n! o% !a"##i"
TRANSMITTERS
$he amount of power which a satellite transmitter needs to send out depends a great deal on
whether it is in low earth orbit or in geosynchronous orbit. $his is a result of the fact that the
geosynchronous is at an altitude of 66,;77 miles. "hile the low earth satellite is only a few
hundred miles.
$he geosynchronous satellite is nearly 177 times as far away as the low earth satellite. "e can
show fairly easily that this means that higher satellite would need almost 17,777 times as much
power as the low9orbiting one, if everything else were the same, -@ortunately, of course we can
change some other thing so that we donDt need 17,777 times as much power..
@or either geosynchronous or low earth satellites, the power put out by the satellite transmitter is
really puny compared to that of a terrestrial radio station. Iour favorite rock station probably
boasts of having many kilowatts of power. :y contrast, a 677 watt transmitter would be very
strong for a satellite.
ANTENNAS
%ne of the biggest differences between a low earth satellite and a geosynchronous satellite is in
their antennas. 's mentioned earlier, the geosynchronous satellite would re(uire nearly 17,777
times more transmitter power, if all other components were the same. %ne of the most
straightforward ways to make up the difference, however, is through antenna design. &irtually all
antennas in use today radiate energy preferentially in some direction. 'n antenna used by a
commercial terrestrial radio station, e.g., is trying to reach people to the north, south, east and
west. However the commercial station will use an antenna that radiates very little power straight
up or straight down. #ince they have very few listeners in those directions would be totally
wasted.
$he communication satellite carries this principle even further. 'll of its listeners are located in an
even smaller areas, properly designed antenna will concentrate most of the transmitter power
within that area, wasting none in directions where there are no listeners. $he easiest way to do
this is on the space craft. $here is no line from the power company to the satellite. $he satellite
must generate own of its power. @or a communication satellite, that power usually is generated by
large solar planets covered with solar cells9 !ust like the ones in your solar powered calculator.
$hese convert sunlight into electricity. #ince there is the practical limit to the how big a solar
planet can be, there is also a practical limit to the amount of power which can generated. In
addition, unfortunately, transmitters are not vary good at covering input power to radiated power
so that 1777 watts of power into the transmitter will probably result in only 177 or 147 watts of
power being radiated. "e say that transmitters are only 17 or 14J efficient. In practice the solar
cells on the most powerful satellites generates only a few thousand watts of electrical power.
#atellites must also be prepared for those periods when the sun is not visible, usually because the
earth is passing between the satellite and the sun. $his re(uires that the satellite have batteries
on the board which can supply the re(uired power for the necessary time and then recharge by
the time of the next period of eclipse.
%ne of the main differences between the geosynchronous antenna and the low earth antenna is
the difficulty of meeting the re(uirement that the satellite antennas always be pointed at the earth.
@or the geosynchronous satellite of course, it is relatively easy. 's seen from the earth station, the
satellite never appears to move. "e only need to maintain the orientation of the satellite. $he low
earth orbiting satellite, on the other hand, as seen from the ground is continuously moving. It
5ooms across our field of the view in 4 or 17 minutes.
3SAT
INTR-DUCTI-N
3SAT stan7s !o' 3'% S4all A5'tu' T'4inal and refers to combined sendHreceive terminals
with a typical antenna diameter of 1 to ;.3 m linking the central hub to all remote offices and
facilities and keeping them all in constant immediate contact. &#'$ networks offer solutions for
large networks with low or medium traffic. $hey provide very efficient point9to9multipoint
communication, are easy to install and can be expanded at low extra cost. &#'$ networks offer
immediate accessibility and continuous high9(uality transmissions. $hey are adapted for any kind
of transmission, from data to voice, fax and video.
3SAT :ui54nts
3SAT :ui54nts "onsists o! t/o units
%?$+%%* ?NI$
IN+%%* ?NI$
-UTD--R UNIT
' very small aperture terminal -&#'$. is a device 9 also known as an earth station 9 that is used to
transmit any data to the satellite and receive satellite transmissions. $he Kvery smallK component
of the &#'$ acronym refers to the si5e of the &#'$ dish antenna 9typically ranging from about 7.>
)eters to ;.< )eters in diameter9which is mounted on roof9 top, or placed on the ground. $his
'ntenna, along with the attached low9noise blocker or ,N: -which receives satellite signals. and
the $ransmitter -which sends signals. make up the &#'$ %utdoor unit -%+?. which is one of
main components of a &#'$ earth station.
IND--R UNIT
$he second component of &#'$ earth station is the In7oo' unit -I+?.. $he indoor unit is a either
a small desktop box or PC or a satellite )odem that contains receiver and transmitter boards and
an interface to communicate with the user8s existing in9house e(uipment 9 ,'Ns, servers, PCs,
$&s, kiosks, etc. $he indoor unit is connected to the outdoor unit with the cable. $he key
advantage of a &#'$ earth station over a typical terrestrial network connection is that &#'$ are
not limited by the reach of buried cable. ' &#'$ earth station can be placed anywhere 9 as long
as it has an unobstructed view of the satellite. &#'$ are capable of sending and receiving all sorts
of video, data and audio content at the same high speed regardless of their distance from
terrestrial switching offices and earth stations.
C-MP-NENTS -1 3SAT
2u;
Content originates at the hub, which features a very large 914 to ;>9foot -=,4 911m.9 antenna. $he
hub controls the network through a network management system -N)#. server, which allows a
network operator to monitor and control all components of the network. $he N)# operator can
view, modify and download configuration information fromHto the individual &#'$.
%utbound information -from the hub to the &#'$. is sent up to the communications satellite8s
transponder, which receives it, amplifies it and beams it back to earth at different fre(uency for
reception by the remote &#'$. $he &#'$ at the remote locations send information inbound -from
the &#'$ to the hub. via the same satellite transponder to the hub station.

R-UTER
*outer is used to connect two or more synchronousHdissimilar networks together, which may be
,'N, "'N, or a mixture of both. &oiceHfax from &%IP and data from any pc to any remote network
will pass through this *outer only, so it is acting as default /ateway of /ateway to last resort for
every node.
' Rou"& is used to connect two or more synchronousHdissimilar networks together which may be
,'Ns, "'Ns or a mixture of both. &oiceHfax from &oIP and data from any PC to any *emote
Network will pass through this *outer only, so it is acting as default /ateway or /ateway to last
resort for every node.
3oIP: 'nalog and digital voice and fax signals enter the &oIP -voice over IP. where they are
processed by a +#P and converted into data packets. $he far9end &oIP reverses the process and
operates simultaneously at both ends for full9duplex speech.
$he existing +ata Card supporting upto 1>7 kbps bandwidth. @or future upgradation, high speed
data cards shall be used which support upto 6 )bps.
-#erver.
Su5'io' E"ono4i"s
#atellite networks are much less costly to deploy, maintain and operate than
terrestrial network technologies. $errestrial networks re(uire heavy infrastructure,
whether they are telephony networks -based on copper wiring, fiber optic cables,
radio or microwave towers., or broadband data networks -such as @rame *elay,
+#,, I#+N and cable.. High overhead costs for these infrastructures are passed
on to the customer. In remote areas where such infrastructure does not exist, the
expense of building such networks is often exorbitant, in developing and
developed countries alike$he economics of a satellite network are much simpler.
$he individual &#'$ units are relatively inexpensive -about the same cost as a
router in a @rame *elay network. and can be (uickly and easily installed by a field
technician.
Rlia;ilit%
#atellite networks provide unmatched reliability upto 22.223J, with far fewer
potential points of failure than terrestrial solutions and built9in redundancy at
almost every level to limit service interruptions when problems do occur.$errestrial
networks have multiple potential points of failure where outages can occurL
construction pro!ects digging up streetsM falling trees taking down telephone polesM e(uipment
failures at the local telephone central office, to name a few. 'nd many times, terrestrial network
providers may not be able to fix these outages without third9party carriers. #atellite networks have
!ust three potential points of failure, each with built9in redundancy and back9upsL the satellite, the
hub and the &#'$. #atellite outages are exceedingly rare but, should one occur, it is usually
possible to automatically reroute traffic to back9up transponders without impacting service.
In the even more remote case of total satellite failure 9 which has occurred !ust twice in the ;79
plus years that satellites have been in commercial use 9 back9up capacity is available on do5ens
of satellites. 't the hub, online redundant e(uipment is used to provide immediate switching for
uninterrupted service in the event of e(uipment failure. 'nd &#'$ e(uipment has the longest
mean9time9between9failure in the industryL about 17 years.
Ti4l% D5lo%4nt an7 Installation
#atellite networks can be rolled out to hundreds or thousands of locations in a fraction of time
re(uired for a comparable terrestrial network.
"ith a terrestrial network, deployment and installation of new systems or even single locations is
complicated, often involving multiple vendors who have no incentive to work with or assist each
other. :ut &#'$ technology is almost completely free of terrestrial infrastructure, so there is no
need for coordination with any third party. "ith a satellite network, installation and deployment are
(uick and [Link] team can usually complete &#'$ installation in a matter of hours, no
matter where the site is located, meaning that complete network deployment to hundreds of sites
can be accomplished in a matter of weeks, rather than months.

Multi"ast Contnt Dist'i;ution
#atellite8s inherent strengths as a broadcast medium makes &#'$ networks ideal for distribution
of bandwidth9intensive information 9 data, video or audio 9 to large numbers of remote location.$o
send a file to 1,777 recipients over a terrestrial network re(uires sending 1,777 separate and
identical messages, each of which consumes valuable bandwidth and server resources. $hey are
also likely to arrive at different locations at different times.#atellite IP multicasting, on the other
hand, can simultaneously deliver content to a virtually unlimited number of end9user locations 9 at
speeds up to =7 )bps. :y eliminating duplicate transmissions, )ulticast technology maximi5es
the efficiency of existing servers and networks, and frees up valuable bandwidth

Nt/o'( Ca5a"it% E<5ansion
#atellite technology provides a uni(uely convenient environment for accommodating network and
bandwidth expansion. Indeed, one of the biggest wide9area network challenges is the ever9
increasing need for additional bandwidth to support new applications. In a terrestrial environment.
$his is especially challenging since, if a new application is large enough, new terminal
components -routers, cards, etc.. have to be ordered 9 and increased bandwidth has to be
commissioned 9 separately at each site, in con!unction with local third9party vendors. In many
cases, the cost of expanding network capacity on a terrestrial network can actually exceed the
original cost of deploying the network. Plus, such an upgrade, if economically feasible, can take
months, since new circuits have to be ordered and a field technician must visit every site. "ith a
satellite network, network expansion is extremely easy and comparatively inexpensive. @irst, all
bandwidth allocation is controlled at the hub, so increasing network capacity is as simple as
increasing the amount of bandwidth allocated to the network. 'nd, while in some cases additional
e(uipment may be re(uired at the hub to support the increased capacity, this hardware can most
often be installed in a matter of days. )ore importantly, no hardware changes or field technician
visits are re(uired at the remote sites, since &#'$ e(uipment is designed out of the box to handle
maximum bandwidth re(uirements.
1l<i;ilit% an7 E<5an7a;ilit%
&#'$ technology has an unmatched ability to support a wide range of devices and applications.
#ingle platforms can provide voice, fax, data and Internet connectivityM data networks can support
advanced functions including IP multicasting.)odular product design also allows for maximum
scalability and fast upgrades 9 with an ease and simplicity not possible with terrestrial networks.
'nd satellite technology 9 with its uni(ue broadcast and multicast capabilities 9 is the only choice
for companies planning video and high9bandwidth content distribution as part of their wide9area
network future.
$he &#'$ comprises of two modules N an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. $he outdoor unit
consists of an 'ntenna and *adio @re(uency $ransceiver -*@$.. $he antenna si5e is typically 1.<
metre or ;.< metre in diameter, although smaller antennas are also in use. $he indoor unit
functions as a modem and also interfaces with the end user e(uipment like stand alone PCs,
,'Ns, $elephones or an 0P':O. $he outdoor unit is generally ground or even wall mounted and
the indoor unit which is the si5e of a desktop computer is normally located near existing computer
e(uipment in the office. $he outdoor unit is connected through a low loss coaxial -I@,. cable to the
indoor unit. $he typical limit of an I@, cable is about ;77 feet.

Satllit Conn"ti)it%
$he antenna system comprises of a reflector, feedhorn and a mount. $he si5e of a &#'$ antenna
varies from 1.< metres to ;.< metres. $he feedhorn is mounted on the antenna frame at its focal
point by support arms. $he feed horn directs the transmitted power towards the antenna dish or
collects the received power from it. $he *@$ is mounted on the antenna frame and is
interconnected to the feed horn. 'lso termed as outdoor unit, *@$, in turn, consists of different
subsystems. ?p9converters and High Powered 'mplifiers -HP'. are also part of the *@$ and are
used for up9converting and amplifying the signal before transmitting to the feedhorn. $he
?pH+own converters convert fre(uencies between intermediate fre(uency -?sually I@ level 37
)H5. and radio fre(uency. @or 0xtended C band, the down9converter receives the signal at =.477
to =.<77 /H5 and converts it to I@ signal. $he up9converter converts I@ signal from indoor unit to
>.364 to 3.764 /H5 for further transmission. $he HP' ratings for &#'$ range between 1 to =7
watts.
&#'$ is operated through Insat =-B satellite.

Insat 3B
3SAT SETUP IN N2PC
$he Central H?: at %) Control *oom consists of one &#'$ 0(uipment with177 "atts *@$, 2
No chassis9 each chassis supporting upto = +ata cards, where each +ata card corresponds to
one remote location on >=F:P# P')' link each for simultaneous &%IC0 H @'O H +'$'
connectivity between remote locations and Corporate %ffice in Closed ?ser /roup -C?/..
*outers ;>=7 and 6>11 have been cascaded to make independent P')' links for every remote
location. ' *adio $ower installed on the rooftop of Corporate %ffice provides internet from I#P.
'lso, radio link connectivity has been extended to the C)+Ds residence office.
$wo radio modems9 one of 64> F:P# and the other of 3>< F:P# have been terminated into the
proxy server through router. $wo proxy servers, which cater @$P data, internet Intranet
transactions to the remote locations, have been configured for redundancy so that in the event of
failure of any one server, the internet and data transfer to the remote sites is not affected thereby
providing robust environment. ' 6= port 0thernet switch has been installed with the &#'$ for
providing inter9connectivity between router and individual PCsH &%IP over the ,'N. @our no. <9
port &%IPs have been connected to the network for processing analog voice and fax signals and
converting them into data packets in a format suitable to be handled by router.
#ome of the voice lines have been terminated into the 0) card of local 0P:O system to
facilitate &#'$ voice connection to all the NHPC employees. 'lso, independent voice H fax lines
from &%IP have been terminated in the chambers of C)+ +irectors and in the %) Control
room. &ideo conferencing can be done between pro!ects and Corporate %ffice by connecting &;4
port to the &C e(uipment or through the telephone cables by installing modems, from where they
are connected to the outdoor unit through satellite modems which are capable of handling higher
data rates.
A7)anta$s o! 3SAT
A7)anta$s o! 3SAT nt/o'(s in"lu7:
"ide geographic coverage
Independence from terrestrial communication infrastructure
High availability
Communication costs independent of transmission distance
@lexible network configuration
*apid network deployment
Centrali5ed control and monitoring

(Mu#ica! Con"n Di!&i'uion)
To5olo$% Us7 In 3SAT
$he great advantage of &#'$ is its flexibility. It permits any kind and si5e of network based around
a central hub and remote locations. $his makes them particularly useful for corporate networks or,
for example, communication between educational, government or health9care institutions.
$hrough a &#'$ network, a corporation can communicate freely and constantly with branch
offices with services likeL
&oice and fax transmissions
,ocal 'rea Network interconnection
+ata broadcasting
&ideoconferencing
In9house training
3SAT Sta'-s#a57 Nt/o'(s
&#'$ networks are generally 8star8 networks. $his means there is a central location that acts as a
hub through which remote locations can transmit and receive data to and from each other.

3SAT Ms#-s#a57 Nt/o'(s
' mesh configuration enables remote terminals to contact each other without passing through the
hub and is particularly appropriate for large corporations where local facilities need to be in
contact

New &#'$ technologies and services are being offered to support these demands. 0mploying
one9 or two9way satellite communication, IP9compatible solutions enable private network
operators to provide their network members with enhanced speed and reliability for institution9
wide communication. Networks featuring PC9based user terminals e(uipped with data cards
linked to a receiveHtransmit satellite dish ensure fast Internet access and fast, simultaneous data
broadcast to all user terminals via satellite. Intranets, 0xtranets, Internet access and email
messaging are becoming !ust as important as the traditional video, voice and data re(uirements of
videoconferencing, business $& and data9file exchange. +ifferent levels of &#'$ services can
deliver various options depending on the re(uirements of each network.
Capacity can be booked on a full9time basis with prior reservation for minimum utili5ation of any
6=9hour contiguous period per occasion or on an ad9hoc basis according to a pre9arranged plan of
identical transmissions during specific periods, or for occasional use.
T"#nolo$% Us7 In 3SAT
PAMA: +P'4anntl% Assi$n7 Multi5l A""ss.
means having a permanently assigned fre(uency channel that provides dedicated bandwidth,
through which the network can send data, voice or video. $his may be re(uired when larger
amounts of data continuously need to be transmitted between each element of the network. $his
can be the case in mission9critical real9time processes such as process monitoring, distributed
processes and data collection, but also in media streaming -as in $& and radio broadcasting..
DAMA:+D4an7 Assi$n4nt Multi5l A""ss.
+')' provides intermittent communication or managed &#'$ services on a pay9per9usage
basis. "ith +')', satellite capacity is instantaneously assigned and adapted according to
immediate traffic needs. It is available when needed, and users only pay for what they use. +')'
can support changing or intermittent image9based or heavy data transfer needs and is best suited
where multiple services are integrated into a single network, since it supports telephony, low9 and
high9speed data, video and multimedia applications. In order to be cost effective, +')' re(uires
the network to be designed (uite precisely to meet the organi5ations needs for data distribution
and communications.
INMARSAT
Int'o7u"tion
IN)'*#'$ stands for International )aritime #atellite Consortium and was established to provide
a range of modern communication services to maritime, land9mobile, aeronautical and other
users. Inmarsat is the worldDs first global mobile satellite communications network to provide
virtual global coverage and ,and 0arth #tations to interface to the worldDs telecommunication
networks. $he satellites are controlled from InmarsatDs head(uarters in ,ondon. InmarsatDs
primary satellite constellation consists of five Inmarsat9; satellites in geo9stationary orbit. ' call
from an Inmarsat mobile terminal goes directly to the satellite overhead, which routes it back
down to a gateway on the ground, i.e the land earth station. @rom there, the call is passed into the
public phone network
NHPC pro!ects have been provided with Inmarsat )ini9) "orld Phone $erminal which is very
compact and light weight so that it can be easily utili5ed for mobile communications. Presently 6<
Inmarsat )ini9) "orld Phone terminals are operational at various pro!ects and 6 Inmarsats are in
the process of procurement. $he e(uipment is procured from )Hs Nera whose head9office is
located in Norway. In India, voiceHfax and data calls can be made with Inmarsat terminals with the
desired destination via IN)'*#'$9; satellite for Indian %cean *egion -I%*. and &#N, earth
station at '*&I, Pune.

-INMARASAT)
Co45onnt o! INMARSAT
$he main components of Inmarsat )ini9) $erminal areL

'ntenna with *@$ fabricated in the top cover of Inmarsat )ini9) $erminal
Phone unit provided with three *!911 terminals and one *#96;6 terminal.
'ntenna cable to connect antenna with phone unit
*echargeable Ni)H battery with battery charger.
Fey features of the Inmarsat )ini9) $erminal areL

F =.< Fbps bandwidth for voice and 6.= Fbps bandwidth for data and fax transmission.
F #I) card for personal mobility management and authentication
F :uilt9in user friendly phone book
F )ultilingual display support.

@or call set9up with the desired location, the antenna fabricated in the top cover of the Inmarsat is
aligned with the satellite. $he satellite strength is indicated on the screen of Inmarsat phone unit,
which increases as the antenna is aligned properly and should have a minimum value of ==7.
'fter few seconds, the display will show9
@or call set9up to landline phoneL
+ial 77 P country code P #$+ code -without 5ero. P desired telephone no. followed by Q
@or call set9up from Inmarsat Hlandline phone to another Inmarsat PhoneL
+ial satellite code -77<3; for Indian %cean *egion. P Inmarsat number followed by
Conn"ti)it% Dia$'a4
0on$ Distan" Satllit Tl5#on +0DST.
Int'o7u"tion
$his is a satellite based communication system that provides a single channel two way voiceHfax
communication from the remote location with all parts of the world. $hus the pro!ects do not have
to rely on P$ lines for making calls which are unreliable keeping in view the terrain of the pro!ect.
,+#$ scheme was launched by +%$ in late 122=. ?nder this scheme, remote areas can be
connected to the nearest *egional Hub through satellite link. $he salient feature of this scheme is
that, for example, the satellite telephone located in the Northern *egion will be e(uivalent to +elhi
telephone placed at the remote location. Hence all calls to and fro from this phone to +elhiH
NC* shall be treated as local calls as +elhi telephone number is provided for ,+#$9s located in
Northern *egion. @or any other location, #$+ code precedes the number in a similar fashion as
we make calls from a +elhi telephone. "ith special recommendation of the +o$, +elhi hub has
been temporarily allocated for ,+#$ at ,oktak, which pertains to North90astern region -#hillong
hub.. Presently 11 ,+#$9s are operational at various pro!ects, ; ,+#$9s are in the process of
installation and < ,+#$ s are in the process of procurement. In ,+#$9s, =.< Fbps bandwidth is
available for voice and 2.> Fbps bandwidth for fax transmission.
$he main components of ,+#$ system are

Co45onnt o! 0DST
1. In7oo' Unit:
#CPC modem
*ing @re(uency /enerator card
$0,,':# 6"H=" converter
0cho Canceller card
*inger Card
Indoor power supply unit
2. -ut7oo' Unit:
1.< m antenna
#olid #tate Power 'mplifier -##P'.
*adio @re(uency $ransceiver -*@$.
%utdoor Power #upply ?nit -P#?.
In India, calls from the ,+#$ are routed via IN#'$9;' satellite to the regional hub -#ikenderabad
Hub in present case., then through coaxial to )$N, and then to the desired destination.

@or call set9up from ,+#$L
+ial destination number directly if destination is +elhi
+ial 24162 followed by destination number is destination is @aridabad.
+ial #$+ code followed by destination number for #$+ calls.
@or call set9up from any telephone to ,+#$L
+ial ,+#$ number directly if calling from +elhi.
Conn"ti)it% Dia$'a4
Ma>o' A55li"ations in N2PC
1. &%IC0H @'O IN C,%#0+ ?#0* /*%?P -C?/.
6. IN$0*N0$
;. @I,0 $*'N#@0* -@$P.
=. IN$*'N0$
4. &I+0% C%N@0*0NCIN/ -N0".
>. %N,IN0 /0N0*'$I%N )%NI$%*IN/ -N0".
3. #C'+' -N0".
<. +%C?)0N$ )'N'/0)0N$ #I#$0) -N0".
2. )'IN$0N'NC0 )'N'/0)0N$ #I#$0) -N0".
NHPC