Module 5
Lecture 4: Hydraulic routing
Hydraulic/Distributed flow routing
Flow is calculated as a function of space and time throughout the system
Hydraulic methods use continuity and momentum equation along with the
equation of motion of unsteady flow (St. Venant equations).
St. Venant Equations (Refer to Module 6 for more details)
Kinematic wave routing
Diffusion wave routing
Muskingum-Cunge method
Dynamic wave routing
Module 5
Diffusion wave routing
Muskingum-Cunge method
It is the relationship between the Muskingum method and the Saint-Venant equations.
Inflow-Outflow Equation:
O t + t = C0 It + t + C1 It + C2 O
The constants C0, C1 and C2 are functions of wave celerity, c.
c =
dQ
=
dA
dQ
dy
,
dA
dy
Q discharge and y depth of flow
Module 5
Diffusion wave routing
Muskingum-Cunge method
Contd
Q0
1
X = 1
2 c * T * S 0 * x
where,
Q0 = QB + 0.50(Q p QB )
Q0 = Reference discharge,
S0 = Reach Slope,
QB = Baseflow
Qp = Peak flow taken from the inflow hydrograph
Module 5
Dynamic Wave Routing
Flow in natural channels is unsteady, non-uniform with junctions, tributaries,
variable cross-sections, variable resistances, variable depths, etc. The complete
[Link] equation represents the dynamic wave routing. (Refer to Module 6 for more
details)
y
V
y
0=
+ y
+V
t
x
x
Valley
storage
Prism
storage
Non-conservative
form of continuity
equation
Wedge
storage
Module 5
Dynamic Wave Routing
Contd
Momentum equation considering all relevant forces acting on the system:
y
1 Q 1 Q
g (So S f ) = 0
+
+ g
A t
A x A
x
2
Local
acceleration
term
Convective
acceleration
term
Pressure
force term
Gravity
force term
Friction
force term
Module 5
Example Problem
Given:
Inflow hydrograph
K = 2.3 hr, X = 0.15, t = 1 hour, Initial Q = 90 cfs
Find:
Outflow hydrograph using Muskingum routing method
1 2 * 2.3 * 0.15
t 2 KX
=
= 0.0631
2 K (1 X ) + t 2 * 2.3(1 0.15) + 1
1 + 2 * 2.3 * 0.15
t + 2 KX
= 0.3442
=
=
2 K (1 X ) + t 2 * 2.3(1 0.15) + 1
2 K (1 X ) t 2 * 2.3 * (1 0.15) 1
= 0.5927
=
=
2 K (1 X ) + t
2 * 2.3(1 0.15) + 1
C1 =
C2
C3
Period
(hr)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Inflow
(cfs)
93
137
208
320
442
546
630
678
691
675
634
571
477
390
329
247
184
134
108
90
Module 5
Example Problem
Period
Inflow
(hr)
(cfs)
93
90
137
32
53.343
94.343
208
13
47
55.9171
115.9171
320
20
72
68.70406 160.7041
442
28
110
95.2493
800
546
34
152
138.2469 324.2469
700
630
40
188
192.1811 420.1811
678
43
217
249.0413 509.0413
Q j +1 = C1I j +1 + C 2 I j + C3Q j
C1 = 0.0631, C2 = 0.3442, C3 = 0.5927
Inflow
Discharge (cfs)
Contd
Outflow
600
C1Ij+1
C2Ij
C3Qj
Outflow
(cfs)
233.2493
691
44
233
301.7088 578.7088
500
10
675
43
238
343.0007 624.0007
400
11
634
40
232
369.8452 641.8452
12
571
36
218
380.4217 634.4217
13
477
30
197
376.0217 603.0217
14
390
25
164
357.411
100
15
329
21
134
323.8578 478.8578
16
247
16
113
283.819
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
17
184
12
85
244.6778 341.6778
Time (hr)
18
134
63
202.5124 273.5124
19
108
46
162.1108 215.1108
20
90
37
127.4962 170.4962
300
200
546.411
412.819
Exercise Problem
An inflow hydrograph is measured for a cross section of a stream. Compute the
outflow hydrograph at a point five miles downstream using the Muskinghum
method . Assuming K = 12hr, x=0.15, and outflow equals inflow initially. Plot the
inflow and outflow hydrograph.
Time
9:00A.M.
3:00P.M
9:00 P.M.
3:00A.M.
9:00A.M.
3:00P.M.
9:00P.M.
3:00A.M.
9:00A.M.
3:00P.M.
9:00P.M.
Inflow (cfs)
50
75
150
450
1000
840
750
600
300
100
50
Module 5
Highlights in the Module
Flood routing is a technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section
of a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream sections
As a flood wave travels downstream, it undergoes:
Peak attenuation
Translation
Types of flood routing
Lumped/hydrologic
Distributed/hydraulic
Lumped / Hydrologic flow routing
Flow is calculated as a function of time alone at a particular location.
Equation of continuity and flow/storage relationship
Module 5
Highlights in the Module
Contd
Hydrologic flow routing methods
Level pool method (Modified Puls)
Channel routing\Muskingum method
Series of reservoir models
Distributed / Hydraulic routing
Flow is calculated as a function of space and time throughout the system
Hydraulic methods use continuity and momentum equation along with the
equation of motion of unsteady flow (St. Venant equations).
Module 5
Highlights in the Module
Contd
Distributed / Hydraulic routing methods
Diffusion wave routing
Muskingum Cunge method
Dynamic wave routing
Complete solution to [Link] equations
Module 5
