EduMath 15 (12/2002)
Solving Triangles by the Cosine Rule and
Constructing Integer-Sided 60 or 120 Triangles
OR Chi Ming
Munsang College
Solving Triangles by the Cosine Rule
To solve a triangle with two sides and one non-included angle given (SSA),
the standard treatment in textbooks is using the sine rule. However, using the
cosine rule in this case has advantages over the sine rule.
If there are two
solutions for the triangle, many students using the sine rule may easily forget
the possibility of the second solution. If the cosine rule is used, both solutions
would be generated simultaneously by solving a quadratic equation, as shown in
the following example.
Example 1
In ABC ,
and C = 60 , solve
c=7, b=8
ABC .
60
C
B
a
Solution
Using the cosine rule,
a2 + 82 2 a 8 cos 60
72
a2 8a + 15
(a 3)(a 5)
57
or
(12/2002)
When a = 3 ,
by the cosine rule,
2
2
2
1 7 + 3 8
cos
C =
273
B
When a = 5 ,
180 60 98.21
by the cosine rule,
2
2
2
1 7 + 5 8
cos
C =
27 5
B
The solutions are
a=5,
180 60 81.79
a = 3 ,
98.21
(to 2 d.p.)
21.79
(to 2 d.p.)
81.79
(to 2 d.p.)
38.21
(to 2 d.p.)
C = 98.21 ,
B = 21.79
or
C = 81.79 , B = 38.21 .
Another advantage of using the cosine rule is that the cosine function tells
us whether the angle involved is acute or obtuse while sine function does not.
In the above example, in the case a = 3 , if the sine rule is used to find C
8 sin 60
we would have sinC =
and we are unable to tell whether
7
C = 81.79
or
180 81.79 = 98.21 , and most students would just
C = 81.79 without second thoughts. Instead, the
7 2 + 32 8 2
1
=
which suggests that C
cos C =
27 3
7
give the wrong answer
cosine rule gives
must be obtuse.
Therefore teachers could remind students the possibility of using the
cosine rule to solve SSA triangles or to find some unknown angles, which is
more straightforward and safe.
Constructing Integer-Sided 60
or 120
Triangles
To give students more practice about solving SSA triangles with two
solutions, I have tried to construct some
Consider ABC
60 triangles of integer sides.
with b , c given C = 60 .
By the cosine rule,
a2 2ab cos 60 + b2
c2
a2 ab + b2
c2 .................................. (*)
58
EduMath 15 (12/2002)
60
C
So I have to find positive integers a , b
and
c satisfying (*).
The
solutions are given by:
a = m2 n2 , b = m2 + 2mn , c = m2 + mn + n2
where m , n
are positive integers with
m > n . ([1])
The following are some solutions obtained by putting some values of
and n :
a=m n
c = m2 + mn + n2
b = m + 2mn
= a 2 ab + b 2
21
19
15
13
40
37
65
61
11
96
91
13
133
127
Note that (*) is a quadratic equation in
a.
Since the sum of roots = b ,
if a = a1 is a solution of (*), so is a = b a1 . Hence the above table
gives the following SSA triangles (b , c
solutions a = a1 or a2 .
59
are given and
C = 60)
with 2
(12/2002)
60
C
a1
a2
a1
a2 (= b a1)
16
21
19
15
13
33
40
37
56
65
61
11
85
96
91
13
120
133
127
Note also that once an integer-sided
corresponding integer-sided
60
triangle is constructed, a
120 triangle can be obtained immediately. In
the figure, if ABC is a triangle of integer sides
C = 60 , then
AB(C)
and C = 120 .
Since
we have
a , b , c (b > a)
would be a triangle of sides a , c , b' = b a
a = m2 n2 , b = m2 + 2mn ,
a = m2 n2 , b' = 2mn + n2 ,
triangle with C = 120 and satisfy
c = m2 + mn + n2 ,
c = m2 + mn + n2 ,
B (B ')
c
120
60
a
(C)
b
60
which form a
c2 = a2 + ab' + b'2 . The following
table gives the sides of some of these triangles.
and
b'
EduMath 15 (12/2002)
b'
21
16
19
15
13
40
33
37
65
56
61
11
96
85
91
13
133
120
127
It is interesting to know that the integer solutions of (*) are also useful in
constructing cubic polynomials whose zeros and the zeros of whose first
derivatives are integers. ([2])
and
are integers.
Consider f (x) = x(x 3a)(x 3b) ,
The roots of
a + b a 2 ab + b 2 . Therefore if
f (x)
f '(x) = 0
a2 ab + b2 = c2
where
are given by
x =
is a complete square,
would have integer zeros 0 , 3a , 3b and its first derivative has integer
zeros
a + b c . From the above, some possible values of (a , b)
(3 , 8) , (5 , 21) , (8 , 15)
f (x) = x(x 15)(x 63) ,
which give
are
f (x) = x(x 9)(x 24) ,
f (x) = x(x 24)(x 45) as examples of these
polynomials.
References
1.
K.R.S. Sastry, Natural Number Solutions to 3( p4 + q4 + r 4 + s 4) = ( p2 + q2 + r 2 + s 2)2 ,
Mathematics and Computer Education V34 (2000) pp.6 11.
2.
C.H. Fima, Constructing Integer Polynomials and Triangles. Teaching Mathematics and
Its Applications Vol.9 (1990) pp.171 174.
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