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Analytic Geometry Basics and Concepts

This document provides an overview of key concepts in analytic geometry and conic sections, including: - The Cartesian coordinate system which associates each ordered pair of real numbers with a point in a plane, with the x-value giving the distance from the y-axis and y-value giving the distance from the x-axis. - Formulas for distance, midpoint, and slope of a line between two points. - Definitions of relations and functions, with a relation being any subset of ordered pairs and a function requiring a unique output for each input. - Identification of parallel and perpendicular lines based on their slopes, and determination of whether a set defines a function.

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Diane
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224 views5 pages

Analytic Geometry Basics and Concepts

This document provides an overview of key concepts in analytic geometry and conic sections, including: - The Cartesian coordinate system which associates each ordered pair of real numbers with a point in a plane, with the x-value giving the distance from the y-axis and y-value giving the distance from the x-axis. - Formulas for distance, midpoint, and slope of a line between two points. - Definitions of relations and functions, with a relation being any subset of ordered pairs and a function requiring a unique output for each input. - Identification of parallel and perpendicular lines based on their slopes, and determination of whether a set defines a function.

Uploaded by

Diane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

11/18/2013

Chapter 1
Analytic Geometry
and
Conic Sections

Cartesian Coordinate System

Cross Product

Cartesian Coordinate System

Let A and B be nonempty sets.


The cross product of A and B is
AB

x , y x A and y B

Consider

x , y x

and y

Each ordered pair of real numbers is


associated with a point in a plane.

Ordered Pairs
Consider an ordered pair x , y which is
x

associated with point P.

x,y
y

x gives the directed distance of P from


the y axis.
y gives the directed distance of P from

x axis

y axis

the x axis.

11/18/2013

Example
Plot the following points.

If a point P x , y then x and y are


the coordinates of P.

1. P 2,7
P 2,7

2. Q 0, 1

S 3,5
Q 0, 1

3. R 4, 6

x : abscissa
y : ordinate

R 4, 6

4. S : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5

Distance Formula

Quadrants

The distance between two points


2nd Quadrant

1st quadrant

P x1 , y1 and Q x2 , y2 is given by

3rd Quadrant

4th Quadrant

PQ

Midpoint

The midpoint of a line segment


between two points P x1 , y1 and
Q x2 , y2 is
x1 x2 y1 y2
,

2
2

x2 x1 y2 y1
2

Slope

The slope of the line containing


P x1 , y1 and Q x2 , y2 is
m

y2 y1
x2 x1

11/18/2013

Example
Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between P and Q.
PQ

2 2 7 3
2

16 100
116

4 29

Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,


2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining P and Q.
2 2 7 3
,

0,2
2
2

2 29

Time To Think!!
Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,

4, 3. If one endpoint of the segment is at 2,5 , then

3. determine the slope of the lines

what is the coordinate of the other endpoint?

A line segment in the cartesian plane has a midpoint at

joining P and Q.
m

3 7 10 5

2 2 4 2

Time To Think!!

Parallel Lines

Given the line x y 5 and a point P 2,1 . Find the


points on the line such that their distance from P is 10.

Two lines are parallel if and only if they have


the same slope.

Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the


product of their slopes is equal to 1.

11/18/2013

Example
Determine whether the following pair of lines
are parallel, perpendicular or neither.
1. 3x 2y 5;
6x 4 y 6
2y 3x 5; 6x 6 4 y
3 5
3 3
y x ;
x y
2 2
2 2

parallel

2. x 5y 1; y 5x 7
5y x 1
1 1
y x
5 5

perpendicular

3. 3x y 8;

neither // nor

6x 3y 1

Relations and Functions

Relation
Let A and B be nonempty sets.
A relation S from A to B is any

Relation in
A relation in
subset of

is any non-empty

nonempty subset of A B.
S AB

A relation can also be described by


equations and inequalities.

Graph of a Relation

The graph of a relation r is the set


of all points x , y in a coordinate plane
such that x is related to y through the
relation r .

Functions

A function f from A to B is a relation


from A to B where to each a A, there
corresponds exactly one b B such that

a, b f .

11/18/2013

Example 2.2.1
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.

A function is a set of ordered pairs in


which no two ordered pairs have the

1.

same first component.

2.
3.
4.

1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10


1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2

x , y y 2x 5
x , y y x
2

function
not a function
function
not a function

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