Session 3
PROJECTION
METHOD
Objectives
Be able to explain the difference between an
axonometric projection and an oblique
projection.
Be able to create an isometric and oblique
sketches from an actual object
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Parallel
Oblique
Axonometric
Isometric
Orthographic
Multiview
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
Line of sight
is an imaginary ray of light between an
observers eye and an object.
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge
Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Line of sight
Line of sight
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Plane of projection
Plane of projection
Pictorial Sketching
PICTORIAL SKETCHING
A pictorial sketch represents a 3D object on a 2D sheet of
paper
by orienting the object so you can see its width, height, and depth
in a single view.
Axonometric
& Oblique
Projection
Axonometric Projection
Parallel & normal
to picture plane
B
Line
of
sight
A
C
B
D
Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
Axonometric axis
1. Isometric
A
A
C
B
B
D
D
All angles are equal.
Axonometric axis
2. Dimetric
Two angles are equal.
Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric
None of angles are
equal.
Oblique Projection
Parallel & oblique
to picture plane
Line
of
sight
A
B
B
C
C
D
Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle
60o
45
30o
A
B
C
A
Type of Oblique drawing
B
D
2) Cabinet
1) Cavalier
Full
scale
45o
Half
scale
45o
Isometric drawing
Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.
Isometric drawing
(Full scale)
Full scale
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to
any of the isometric axes.
Nonisometric lines
Isometric axes
Isometric Drawing Exercise
Draw a box on your paper, in the same proportions as the box
you drew on the object, 1 to 2 times larger than
the original box.
Proportional box
Original box
Activity 1
Sketch in good proportion this cube in an isometric and oblique (Cavalier)
drawing
oblique
(Cavalier)
isometric
Isometric
Sketching
Sketch from an actual object
1. Place the object in the position which its shape
and features are clearly seen.
2. Define an isometric axis.
3. Sketching the enclosing box.
4. Estimate the size an and relationship of each
details.
5. Darken all visible lines.
Sketch from an actual object
Activity 2
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Oblique
Sketching
Object Orientation Guidelines
Place complex features (arc, hole, irregular shape
surface parallel to frontal plane.
Object Orientation Guidelines
The longest dimension of an object should be
parallel to the frontal plane.
GOOD
WORSE
GOOD
WORSE
Object Orientation Guidelines
Which orientation is better ?
Sketch from actual object
Activity 3
ESTIMATE DEPTH
ESTIMATE LINES
45
Exercise 1
Step 1: Look at the front side of the
object. Which surface touches the
outside of the box?
Step 2: Draw the surface on your box
using drawing lines.
Exercise 1
Step 3: Look at the top of the object.
Which surface touches the outside of
the box?
Step 4: Draw the surface on your box
using drawing lines.
Exercise 1
Step 5: Look at the right hand side of
the object. Which surface touches the
outside of the box?
Step 6: Draw the surface on your box
using drawing lines.
Exercise 1
Step 7: Complete the box by drawing
in the third lines. You may wish to
draw construction lines then neatly c
over the construction lines with draw
ing lines.
Exercise 2
1- Sketch in good proportion this object.
2- Then re-sketch it in oblique.
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.
5. Darken visible lines.
Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted
unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Exercise 3
1- Sketch in good proportion this object.
2- Then re-sketch it in oblique.
There are terms used for describing a surfaces orientation to the
plane of projection. The three orientations that a plane surface
can have to the plane of projection are normal, inclined, and
oblique.
