More Derivatives

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Room #513

October 25, 2012

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 1 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2  0 
 
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2  = 
dx x=a dx x=a

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 2 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2  0 
 
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2  = 
dx x=a dx x=a

Second derivative is the rate of change of a

function that is itself a rate of change

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 2 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2  0 
 
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2  = 
dx x=a dx x=a

Second derivative is the rate of change of a

function that is itself a rate of change
Acceleration of a car is the rate of change of its
velocity, which in turn is the rate of change of its
position.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 2 / 24
Acceleration due to Gravity

A ball is thrown up, its height(in meters) at time

t(in seconds) is (by Galileo’s formula)
h(t) = h0 + v0t − 4.9t 2
The initial height and vertical speed are
h(0) = h0, and h0(0) = v0. The acceleration is
h00(t) = −9.8m/s 2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 3 / 24
In Economics

We frequently hear statements about

the rate of change of a rate of change

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 4 / 24
In Economics

We frequently hear statements about

the rate of change of a rate of change
Example. A government economist assure the
nation that although inflation is increasing, it is
doing so at a decreasing rate. That is, prices are
still going up, but not as quickly as they were
before.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 4 / 24
 − 3
Example: x = t 4

d 4x 
    
3 7 11 15 − 19
= − − − − 16 4
dt 4 t=16 4 4 4 4
3465
= 27
2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 5 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)
= −(n + 1)(−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+2)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)
= −(n + 1)(−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+2)
= (−1)n+1(n + 1)!(x + 1)−(n+1+1)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
Solve a differential equation

Find a polynomial P(x) in the form

P(x) = x 2 + bx + c
such that
xP 00(x) + P(x) = x 2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Solve a differential equation

Find a polynomial P(x) in the form

P(x) = x 2 + bx + c
such that
xP 00(x) + P(x) = x 2
We have
xP 00(x) + P(x) − x 2 = x(2) + bx + c = 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Solve a differential equation

Find a polynomial P(x) in the form

P(x) = x 2 + bx + c
such that
xP 00(x) + P(x) = x 2
We have
xP 00(x) + P(x) − x 2 = x(2) + bx + c = 0.
Therefore P(x) = x 2 − 2x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Example
The following figure shows f , f 0, f 00. Determine
which is which

Graph (A) is negative in the interval [0,2] which is

exactly where graph (B) is decreasing. Hence the
function in (A) is derivative of the function in (B).
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 8 / 24
Example

Graph (B) is negative in the interval [1,3] which is

exactly where graph (C) is decreasing. Hence the
function in (B) is derivative of the function in (C).
Thus (C )f , (B)f 0, (A)f 00

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 9 / 24
Exercises

1. Find f 00(1) where

ex
f (x) =
x +1
2. Find n such that y = x n e x satisfies the
equation
xy 0 = (x − 3)y

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 10 / 24
3.
Determine which graph is for f and f 0

4. Find a general formula for f (n)(x) where

f (x) = x −1/2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 11 / 24
Derivative of Inverse Functions
Suppose f is defined and continuously
differentiable in an interval containing a and
f 0(a) 6= 0, then
1
(f −1)0(f (a)) =
f 0(a)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 12 / 24
Derivative of Inverse Functions
Suppose f is defined and continuously
differentiable in an interval containing a and
f 0(a) 6= 0, then
1
(f −1)0(f (a)) =
f 0(a)

Example f (x) = e x , f −1(y ) = ln y , y = e x ,

1 1 1
(ln y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x)) = = =
f 0(x) e x y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 12 / 24
 n −1 √
y = f (x) = x , x = f (y ) = n y

√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
 n −1 √
y = f (x) = x , x = f (y ) = n y

√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))
1
=
nx n−1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
 n −1 √
y = f (x) = x , x = f (y ) = n y

√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))
1
=
nx n−1
1 1
= y n −1
n

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y

(tan−1)0(y ) = (tan−1)0(f (x))

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y

(tan−1)0(y ) = (tan−1)0(f (x))

1
=
(tan x)0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y

(tan−1)0(y ) = (tan−1)0(f (x))

1
=
(tan x)0
1
= 1
cos2 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y

(tan−1)0(y ) = (tan−1)0(f (x))

1
=
(tan x)0
1
= 1
cos2 x
1
=
y2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution
F is defined, continuously differentiable near (a, b)
and dF
dy (a, b) 6= 0.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution
F is defined, continuously differentiable near (a, b)
and dF
dy (a, b) 6= 0.
Then values of y near b is determined uniquely
(implicitly) by values of x near a, and
dF
0 dx (a, b)
y (a) = − dF
dy (a, b)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.
dF 3 4
 

3 , 3
y0 = − dFdx 5 5
3 4

= −
5 dy 5 , 5
4

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.
dF 3 4
 

3 , 3
y0 = − dFdx 5 5
3 4

= −
5 dy 5 , 5
4
The equation of the tangent line is
3x 5
y =− +
4 4

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x

dF
0 dx (2, 1) 2(2)(13) − 3 1
y (2) = − dF = − 2 2 =−
dy (2, 1) 3(2 )(1 ) + 2 14
2 3
where F (x, y ) = x y + 2y − 3x.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x

dF
0 dx (2, 1) 2(2)(13) − 3 1
y (2) = − dF = − 2 2 =−
dy (2, 1) 3(2 )(1 ) + 2 14
2 3
where F (x, y ) = x y + 2y − 3x.
The equation of the tangent line is
x 8
y =− +
14 7
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).

dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).

dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
dF
(1, 1) = (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) = −1.
dx

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).

dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
dF
(1, 1) = (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) = −1.
dx
Hence y 0(1) = −(−1)/5 = 1/5 and equation of
the tangent line is
x 4
y= +
5 5
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
2 4


Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4


3, 3 is on the graph

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Example
2 4


Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4


3, 3is on the graph and

3( 32 )2 − 3( 43 ) 4
 
dy 2
=− 4 2 =
dx 3 3( 3 ) − 3( 23 ) 5

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Example
2 4


Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4


3, 3is on the graph and

3( 32 )2 − 3( 43 ) 4
 
dy 2
=− 4 2 =
dx 3 3( 3 ) − 3( 23 ) 5
4x 4
y= +
5 5
(F (x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3xy )

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation

d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation

d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation

d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0
= x x (x ln x)0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation

d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0
= x x (x ln x)0
= x x (1 + ln x)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2
2 4x x
(ln f (x))0 = + 2 − 2
x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2
2 4x x
(ln f (x))0 = + 2 − 2
x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1
(x + 1)2 (2x 2 − 3)
 
2 4x x
f 0 (x) = √ + 2 − 2
x2 + 1 x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Homework

1. Use Logarithmic differentiation to find the

derivative of
x(x + 1)3
f (x) =
(3x − 1)2
2
2. Find derivative of x x
3. Find the derivative of sin−1 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 22 / 24
Homework
4. Find g 0 − 12 where g = f −1 and

x3
f (x) = 2
x +1
5. Show that the only polynomial that satisfies
the equation
xP 00(x) + P(x) = x 2
is of the form P(x) = x 2 + bx + c
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 23 / 24
Homework
6. Find the equation of the tangent line at
(0, −1) of the curve
x 2y 3 − 2xy = 6x + y + 1
7. The position of a particle is given by
s = t 3 − 4.5t 2 − 7t, t ≥ 0
When is the velocity s 0(t) = 5? What is the
minimum velocity?
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 24 / 24