BASIC SCIENCE EXAMINATION c.

Innervation
Anatomy of the eye, orbit and related d. Vascular supply
e. Accessory glands
structures 2. Lacrimal excretory system – anatomy and histology
E Conjunctiva and Tenon’s Capsule
A. Orbit and cranial cavity 1. Histology
1. Sinuses 2. Zones
2. Bones comprising the orbital walls 3. Vascular supply
3. Orbital foramina, ducts, canals, and fissures 4. Plica semilunaris and caruncle
4. Orbital Contents F Tear Film
a. periorbita 1. Structure
b. fibroadipose tissue 2. Function
c. blood vessels, nerves and muscles of the orbit 3. Composition
5. Cranial cavity G Cornea and Sclera
a. cranial fossae and foraminae 1. Shape
b. meninges 2. Structure
c. blood supply and venous drainage 3. Nerve supply
B Structure of the globe H Anterior Chamber
1. Shape, size and position 1. Angle structures and limbus
2. Changes with age 2. Aqueous pathway
C Eyelids 3. Outflow structures
1. Anatomy, histology, innervation and vascular supply 4. Clinical anatomy - gonioscopy
a. Skin J Lens and Zonules
b. Orbicularis muscle 1. Size, position and shape and changes with age
c. Orbital septum 2. Structure
d. Levator muscle, Müller’s muscle K Extraocular Muscles
e. Tarsal plate and meibomian glands 1. Origin
2. Insertion
D Lacrimal Apparatus
3. Blood supply
1. Lacrimal Glands
4. Two types of muscle fibres
a. Anatomy and histology
5. Nerve supply
b. Function
 6. Actions N Vitreous
7. Motor end plates 1. Structure
L Uvea 2. Composition
1. Attachments to the sclera 3. Attachments
2. Iris
a. Structure
b. Vascular supply Embryology
c. Innervation
A Ocular Development
3. Ciliary body
1. Chronological sequence of events in the formation of
a. Structure
the eye
b. Function
2. Neuro-ectoderm - differentiation
c. Blood supply
3. Surface ectoderm - differentiation
4. Choroid
a. Lids
a. Structure
b. Lens
b. Blood supply
4. Neural crest cells - differentiation
c. Ultrastructure of the vascular system
a. Uvea
d. Ultrastructure of the Bruch’s membrane
b. Cornea
e. Function
c. Chamber angle
5. Vascular system
M Retina
1. Retinal pigment epithelium
a. Ultrastructure Neuro Anatomy
b. Function A Optic Nerve including the Nerve Head
2. Extracellular matrix 1. Anatomy
3. Neurosensory retina 2. Blood Supply
a. Ultrastructure and function of different cell 3. Arrangement of Nerve fibres and their connections
types 4. Pia, Dura and Arachnoid sheaths
b. Regional differences
B Optic chiasm
c. Vascular supply
1. Anatomy and relationships
d. Macula
2. Arrangement of fibers
e. Ora serrata
3. Blood supply
C Optic Tracts a. Anatomy and peripheral course
1. Anatomy b. Function
D Lateral Geniculate Body H Autonomic system
1. Anatomy and connections 1. Parasympathetic system including ganglia
E Optic Radiations a. Pathways
1. Anatomy and connections b. Synapses
F Optic Cerebral Cortex c. Function
1. Anatomy, vascular supply and connections / 2. Sympathetic
projections a. Pathways
G Cranial Nerves b. Function
1. Olfactory nerve I Pathways involved with eye movements
2. Optic nerve 1. Mid brain
a. Central and peripheral course 2. Cerebellum
b. Blood supply of different topographical areas 3. Frontal cortex
c. Meningeal sheaths J Blood supply of Brain and Venous Drainage
3. Oculomotor nerve
a. Nuclear anatomy
b. Anatomical central and peripheral anatomical
course
c. Function Physiology of Vision and the Visual
4. Trochlear nerve
a. Anatomical central and peripheral course System
b. Function A Vision
5. Trigeminal nerve 1. Summation
a. Nuclear complex 2. Light and Dark adaptation
b. Anatomical central and peripheral course 3. Form and Depth perception
c. Function 4. Motion detection
6. Abducens nerve 5. Flicker detection
a. Anatomical central and peripheral course 6. Contrast sensitivity
b. Function 7. Visual fields
7. Facial nerve a. single
 b. binocular 3. Pre Striate and Striate cortical pathways and
c. ‘Hill of vision’ processing
B Colour vision G Control of Ocular Movements
1. Colour discrimination 1. Mid brain control
2. Luminosity 2. Cerebellar function
3. Spectral sensitivity 3. Cortical control
4. Colour detection 4. Fixation reflex
5. Basis of colour blindness 5. Oculovestibular and oculocervical refleses
C Retinal cell function 6. Vergence
1. Photoinduction H
2. Single cell potential 1. Pupil responses and control
3. Retinal connections 2. Accommodation and control
4. Neurotransmitters
5. Receptors and Synapses
D Electrophysiology Ocular Physiology, Biochemistry and Cell
1. Electroretinogram
2. Electroculogram Biology
3. Visually evoked potential A General
4. Receptive fields 1. Oxidative metabolism and ATP production
5. Receptor/neural cell responses 2. Glucose metabolism and tissue Glycation
6. Ganglion cell responses 3. Oxidation and reduction
E Binocular vision 4. Free radical production
1. Stereopsis and Depth perception 5. Lipid metabolism
2. The horopter B Tear film
3. Image disparity 1. Constitution
4. Retinal rivalry 2. Production
3. Control
F Visual System C Eye Lids and Conjunctiva
1. Magnocellular pathways 1. Functions
2. Parvocellular pathways D Cornea and sclera
1. Corneal transparency
 2. Metabolism 8. Blood–retinal barrier
3. Wound healing 9. Metabolism, restoration and renewal
4. Fluid transport [Link]
E Uveal Tract [Link] proteins
1. Blood supply [Link] of damage
2. Function of the iris, ciliary body, choroid and its [Link] of different cell types
components I Retinal Pigment Epithelium
3. Blood aqueous barrier 1. Functions of the RPE
4. Metabolism including eicosanoids, detoxification and 2. Transport in the RPE
antioxidation
5. The outflow system and control of intraocular
pressure Pharmacology
6. Control of aqueous secretion
A Basic Principles
F Lens
1. Pharmacokinetics
1. Lens transparency
2. Pharmacodynamics
2. Transmission and structural properties
3. Drug receptor interactions
3. Transport of nutrients
B Ocular Pharmacology
4. Lens metabolism
1. Drug handling by the tissues of the eye
5. Age changes and free radical damage
2. Delivery methods of ocular medication
G Vitreous
3. Ocular toxicity from systemic drugs
1. Architectural properties
C Tear film
2. Physico chemical properties
1. Tear replacements
3. Diffusion
D Autonomic nervous system
H Retina
1. Cholinergic agents
1. Glucose metabolism
a. Muscarinic agents
2. Protein metabolism
b. Nicotinic agents
3. Lipid metabolism
2. Adrenegic agents
4. Photochemical reactions
5. Synaptic connections a. Alpha-adrenergic
6. Dopamine reactions b. Beta-adrenergic
7. Blood flow (1) Agonists
 (2) Antagonists 1. Prevalence, Incidence and Distribution of Visual
E Control of intraocular pressure Impairment and
1. Prostaglandins 1. Blindness
2. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists 2. Patterns of sight-threatening eye disease
3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 3. Epidemiological methodology
4. Osmotic agents 4. Cross-sectional, case control and cohort studies
5. Neuro-protective agents 5. Visual impairment and blindness in children
F Anti-inflammatory agents 6. Prevention strategies
1. Antihistamines 7. Recommendations of Vision 2020 and World Health
2. Glucocorticoids Organisation
3. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents B Basic Statistics
G Immuno suppressive agents 1. Arithmetic mean
1. Corticosteroids 2. Median
2. Cyclosporin 3. Mode
3. Tacrolimus 4. Bimodal distribution
4. Methotrexate 5. Standard deviation
5. Cellcept 6. Confidence intervals
6. Biologics 7. P- values and Significant P-values
H Anaesthetics 8. Analysis of variance, Student’s t test
1. Local anaesthetics 9. Chi-squared (χ2 test)
I Antimicrobials [Link]-Whitney test
1. Antibacterials [Link] risk
2. Antifungals [Link] reduction
3. Antivirals [Link] ratio
4. Therapy for endophthalmitis [Link] coefficient
[Link] Regression
[Link] analysis
[Link] ratio
Principles of Ophthalmic Epidemiology [Link], specificity, predictive value
[Link]
A Epidemiology
[Link]
 6. Polymerase Chain reaction
7. Gene probes
Genetics 8. Principles of Gene therapy
A Chromosomes and cell division
General Principles of Pathology and
B Molecular Genetics Microbiology
1. DNA and RNA
A Inflammation
a. base pairs
1. Types of inflammatory cells
2. Genes
a. Cytologic features
a. Codons
b. Function
b. Transcription and translation
2. Patterns of inflammation
c. Allele, homozygote and heterozygote
a. Acute
3. Chromosome defects
b. Chronic
4. Gene mutations
(1) Granulomatous
5. Human Genome
(2) Nongranulomatous
C Clinical Genetics
(3) Vasculitis
1. Autosomal inheritance
3. Causes of inflammation
a. Dominant
a. Infectious agents
i expressivity
(1) Staining properties, morphology
ii penetrance
(2) Reaction pattern - (acute, chronic, etc.)
b. Recessive
b. Noninfectious
i homoozygotes
(1) Trauma
c. x-linked
(2) Systemic conditions
i Lyonisation
(3) Immune mediated
2. Mitochondrial inheritance
4. Sequelae of inflammation - repair
3. Multifactorial inheritance
B Cell Growth
4. Population genetics
1. Hyperplasia
a. gene frequency
2. Metaplasia
b. genetic linkage
3. Dysplasia
5. Principles of Cloning
4. Neoplasia
 5. Apoptosis
C Immunology
1. Cells and tissues of the immune system
2. Innate immune response
3. Antigen recognition
4. Major histocompatibility system
5. T-cell activation
6. B-cell activation
7. Immunological tolerance and autoimmunity
8. Allergy and hypersensitivity
D Microbiology
1. General microbiology
a. Host defence mechanisms
b. Bacterial pathogenicity
2. Bacteria
3. Chlamidia
4. Viruses
5. Fungi
6. Intracellular –parasites
7. Helminths
8. Sterilization and disinfectants