MATRICES FORMULA SHEET
1) Characteristic Equation:
i) For a 3 3 matrix λ3 1λ 2 2λ 3 0 is the characteristic equation where
1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements,
2 = sum of the minors of the leading diagonal elements, 3 = A
ii) For a 2 2 matrix 1 2 0 is the characteristic equation where
2
1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements, 2 = A
Eigen values : roots of the Characteristic equation.Can be obtained from calculator.
x1
x
Eigen vectors: a nonzero vector X= 2 satisfies the equation (A–I)X = 0.
x
3
2) Cross Rule ( Use only for two distinct equations)
a1 x b1 y c1 z 0
a2 x b2 y c2 z 0
x y z
x y z
b1 c1 a1 b1 then
b2 c2 a2 b2 b1c2 b2 c1 a2 c1 a1c2 a1b2 a2 b1
3) If 1, 2 , 3 are the eigen values of A then
1 1 1 -1
(i) K1, K2 , K3 are the eigen values of KA. (ii) , , are the eigen values of A .
1 2 3
A A A
(iii) 1p , 2p , 3p are the eigen values of Ap (iv) , , are the eigen values of adjA.
1 2 3
(v) 1 K , 2 K , 3 K are the eigen values of A-KI .
4) (i) Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the leading diagonal elements.
(ii) Product of the eigen values = A .
5. (i) If A is a triangular matrix then the eigen values are its diagonal elements.
(ii)If A is a singular matrix ( i.e. A 0 ) then one of the eigen values is 0.
6. (i)If A is an orthogonal matrix then AAT = ATA = I.(ii) If A is symmetric matrix then A = AT
7) Conditions for orthogonal transformation:
A real symmetric matrix A with
(i) eigen vectors X1,X2,X3 are linearly independent. i.e.) X1 X 2 X 3 0 and
(ii) eigen vectors X1,X2,X3 are pair wise orthogonal. i.e.) X1.X2T = 0, X2.X3T = 0 and X3. X1T = 0
Note: If the eigen values of real symmetric matrix are distinct then the eigen vectors are linearly
independent and pair wise orthogonal
8) Diagonalisation: The process of transforming a square matrix A in to a diagonal matrix D.
A real symmetric matrix is said to be orthogonal diagonalizable if there exist an orthogonal matrix N
such that NTAN = D.
9) Quadratic form: A homogeneous polynomial of second degree in any number of variables.
Matrix form of the Q.F: Every quadratic form can be expressed as XTAX , where A is a symmetric
matrix with aii = coefficient of xi2 and aij = coefficient of xi x j = aji
1
2
10) Canonical form = sum of squares of any number of variable.
Matrix form of the C.F: Every canonical form can be expressed as YTDY, where D is a diagonal
matrix.
11) Orthogonal reduction: The orthogonal transformation: X=NY reduces the quadratic form to
canonical form provided NTAN = D where N is normalized modal (orthogonal) matrix.
Proof: Q.F= XTAX = (NY)TA(NY) = (YTNT )A(NY) = YT(NTAN)Y = YT(D)Y = C.F.
12) Rank (r) of the Quadratic form: The number of nonzero terms in the resulting canonical form is
called rank of the quadratic form.
13) Index (p) of the Quadratic form: The number of positive terms in the resulting canonical
form is called index of the quadratic form.
14) Signature of the Quadratic form: s = 2p-r
15) Nature of the Quadratic form
S.No. If the eigen values are not
Nature If the eigen values are known
known
1 Positive definite All the eigen values are positive D1,D2,D3 are positive
D1, D3 are negative D2 is
2 Negative definite All the eigen values are negative
positive
All the eigen values are positive D1 0 , D2 0 D3 0 and
3 Positive semi definite
and atleast one is zero atleast one is zero
All the eigen values are negative D1 0 , D3 0 , D2 0
4 Negative semi definite
and atleast one is zero and atleast one is zero
eigen values are positive and
5 Indefinite All the other cases
negative
a11 a12 a13
a11 a12
where D1 = a11 a11 D2 = D3 = a21 a22 a23
a21 a22
a31 a32 a33
