REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
INTRODUCTION
Harun Alrasyid
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION (HISTORY, MATERIAL AND DESIGN CONCEPT)
2. FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
3. SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
4. TORSION
5. SERVICEABILITY OF BEAM AND ONE WAY SLABS (DEFLECTION
AND CRACK WIDTH)
6. COLUMN
7. DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
8. TWO WAY SLABS
3 BOOK AND CODE REFERENCES
BOOK CODES
DESIGN OF RC (JACK Mc. Cormac) ACI 318M-11 (Codes + Notes On) or SNI 2847-2013
4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/concrete.html
5 CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
Sand Gravel Cement Water Admixture • Reinforced concrete is a combination
of concrete and steel.
• Steel reinforcement provides the
tensile strength lacking in the
concrete.
• Steel reinforcing is also capable of
resisting compression forces and is
used in columns as well as in other
situ
6 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost
2. RC has great resistance to the actions of fire and durability problems
3. RC structures are very rigid.
4. Low-maintenance material and has long service live
5. Strength of concrete increases over a very long period.
6. Economical material available for mass structures
7. Concrete has ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials
7 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength,
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy
members.
4. The low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be
relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-
span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its
proportioning, mixing and execution.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
9 CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION LOAD
• Concrete is very strong against compression load,
• The behavior under compression load is brittle and occur in such a short period of
time.
• As the concrete compressive strength increase the strain in concrete also reduce.
10 STRESS STRAIN CURVE OF CONCRETE
Compressive Strength:
The specified compressive strength of
concrete, f’c , is determined by testing
to failure 28-day-old 15-cm diameter
by 30-cm (10 by 20cm also permitted
by SNI).
Stress-strain relationship:
Lower-strength concrete has greater
deformability (ductility) than higher-
strength concrete. Ultimate strain at
crushing of concrete varies from 0.003
to as high as 0.008.
11 STRAIN OF CONCRETE USED IN DESIGN
• Strain of unconfined concrete used
in design varies from 0.0025 ~
0.006 based on hundreds of
experimental test.
• Indonesia which is based on SNI
2847-2013 and also the codes
were adopted from ACI 318-11 the
value of strain in unconfined
concrete used in design calculation
is equal to 0.003.
• Some code prefer 0.0035.
12 CONCRETE UNDER TENSILE LOAD
Concrete tensile strength is about 10 to 15% of
its compressive strength.
• Split-cylinder test (ASTM C496), The splitting
tensile strength fct is computed as
• Tensile strength in flexure (modulus of rupture
fr) (ASTM C78 or C293), may be taken as:
λ = 1 for normal weight concrete
13 STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
• Concrete weight 90 lb/ft3 to 155 lb/ft3
• Simplified version for concrete weight approximately
145 lb/ft3
• For normal‐weight concretes with f’c values greater
than 6000 psi and up to 12,000 psi and for lightweight
concretes with f’c greater than 6000 psi and up to
9000 psi
f’c is compressive strength in Psi
14 STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (SI UNIT)
• In SI Unit for concrete weight 1500
to 2500 kg/m3
• Concrete with normal weight and
crushed stone
• For 42 MPa < f’c < 84 MPa
f’c is compressive strength in MPa
15 DYNAMIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
• The dynamic modulus of elasticity, which corresponds to
very small instantaneous strains, is usually obtained by
sonic tests.
• It is generally 20% to 40% higher than the static modulus
and
• is approximately equal to the initial modulus.
• When structures are being analyzed for seismic or impact
loads, the use of the dynamic modulus seems
appropriate.
16 POISSON’S RATIO
• The ratio of this lateral expansion
to the longitudinal shortening is
referred to as Poisson’s ratio.
• Its value varies from about 0.11 for
the higher-strength concretes to
as high as 0.21 for the weaker-
grade concretes, with average
values of about 0.16.
17 CREEP
Creep (or plastic flow) is the property of concrete (and other materials) by which it continues
to deform with time under sustained loads at unit stresses within the accepted elastic range
(say, below 0.5f’c ).
Factors affecting the magnitude of creep are
1. the constituents of mix;
2. proportions such as water content and
water-cement ratio
3. curing temperature and humidity;
4. relative humidity during period of use
5. age at loading
6. duration of loading
7. magnitude of stress
8. surface-volume ratio of the member
9. slump.
18 SHRINKAGE
Shrinkage, broadly defined, is the volume change during hardening and curing
of the concrete. It is unrelated to load application.
• The main cause of shrinkage is the loss of water as the concrete dries and hardens.
• It is possible for concrete cured continuously under water to increase in volume;
however, the usual concern is with a decrease in volume.
• In general, the same factors have been found to influence shrinkage strain as those
that influence creep-primarily those factors related to moisture loss.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
PROPERTIES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
20 STEEL REINFORCEMENET
• Concrete is a composite material so it will required additional material to
encounter the tensile forces within its body.
• Steel reinforcement usually used as a material that can hold the tensile
forces in reinforced concrete elements.
• Other material also exist such as fiber, bamboo and nylon etc.
• The length of steel reinforcement is about 12 m and the diameter varies
based on location and country or the codes used in design.
• In Indonesia the diameter varies between 6 mm to 32 mm, the shape also
varies between two types plain steel reinforcement and deformed steel
reinforcement.
• The difference between these two types remain in the yield tensile
strength and the grip provided by steel reinforcement and concrete which is
usually called “bond”.
21 STEEL REINFORCEMENET
Plain steel reinforcement notation often used with “” symbol while
Deformed steel reinforcement notation often used with “D” symbol. The
difference between two types of steel reinforcements is shown in Table
below.
Characteristic Plain Steel Deformed Steel
320 MPa
Yield Strength (fy) 240 MPa 400 MPa
500 MPa
D13, D16, D19, D22, D25,
Diameter Range 6, 8, 10, 12
D30, D32
U‐24 U‐32, U‐40, U‐50
Strength Notation
BJTP‐24 BJTD‐32, BJTD‐40, BJTD‐50
22 STEEL REINFORCEMENT SIZE
23 IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS
24 IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS
25 STRESS STRAIN OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement is very strong against tensile forces, this is the main reason why it
is used in concrete to provide great strength against tension in reinforced concrete
structure.
The behavior of stress-strain relationship is shown in figure below. It is also shown that the
greater the yield strength of steel reinforcement the more brittle the material which is mark
as a short strain on rupture. The peak of the curve usually called Strain Hardening.
26 PROS AND CONS OF CONCRETE AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Characteristic Concrete Steel
Strength in Tension Poor Good
Strength in Good, But Slender Bars Will
Good
Compression Buckle
Strength in Shear Fair Good
Durability Good Corrodes if Unprotected
Poor-Suffers Rapid Loss of
Fire Resistance Good
Strength at high Temperatures
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
INTRODUCTION TO LOADS AND CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
28 LOADS
DEAD LOAD
• Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.
• They include the weight of the structure under consideration as well as any fixtures
that are permanently attached to it.
Weights of Some Common Building Materials
29 LOADS
LIVE LOAD
• Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position.
• They include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service
cranes, equipment operating loads, and many others. In general, they are induced by gravity.
Some Typical Uniformly Distributed Live Loads
30 LOADS
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
1. Snow and Ice
2. Rain
3. Wind
4. Seismic Load
31 LOADS
LOAD COMBINATION
Increasing the load for design (Qd) from the average load (Q) known as
factored load for design. It is specified in codes (SNI 2847-2013) where :
U=1.4D Remarks :
U=1.2D+1.6L D=Dead Load
U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(A or R) L=Life Load
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.6W+0.5(A or R) A=Roof Load
U=0.9D+1.6W R=Rain Load
U=1.2D+1.0L+1.0E W=Wind Load
U=0.9D+1.0E E=EarthQuake Load
U=1.4(D+F) T=Combination of Creep, Shrinkage
U=1.2(D+T)+1.6L+0.5(A or R) and Differential Settlement.
32 CODE
33 REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
34 REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH AND
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
36 Serviceability, Strength and Structural Safety
To serve it’s purpose, structure must be safe against collapse and
serviceable in use. Three importance in structural design to ensure the
structure serve it’s purpose are :
1. Serviceability,
2. Strength,
3. Structural Safety
To ensure the serviceability of structure a few requirements needed :
1. Deflection be adequately small.
2. Cracks, if any, be kept in tolerable limits.
3. Vibration be minimized.
37 Serviceability, Strength and Structural Safety
To ensure the strength and structural safety of structure a few
requirements needed :
1. Strength of the structure is adequate for all loads that may
foreseeable act on it.
2. Strength of the structure must be predicted accurately.
3. The loads acting on the structure such as (Moment, Shear,
Axial Forces) must be known accurately.
4. Providing a carrying capacity just barely in excess of the
known loads.
38 Uncertainty in Analysis and Design
These source of uncertainty, in which require a definite margin of safety
as follows :
1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.
2. Actual loads may distributed in a manner different from those
assumed.
3. Actual member dimension may differ from those specified.
4. The assumption and simplification inherent in any analysis and
design may different from those, in fact, act on the structure.
5. The actual structure behavior may differ from that assumed, owing to
imperfect knowledge.
6. Reinforcement may be not in its proper position.
7. Actual material strength may be different from that specified.
39 Variability of Loads (Q)
Since the maximum load that will occur during a life of structure is
uncertain. It can be considered a random variable. A probability model
for the maximum load can be devised by means a probability density
function for loads, as represented by the frequency curve.
40 Variability of Loads (Q)
Structural Safety Margin (M) = S – Q > 0, this condition satisfied if
strength is larger that load acting on it. Since S and Q are random
variables, the Safety Margin (M) is also random variable. Failure of
structure occur when M less than O. So strength (S) must be larger
than Load (Q). (S>Q)
41 Partial Safety Factor
Because the load acting on the structure is not only one type but also can be
more than two and since each type of load has different characteristic we need
to modified the equation where S > Q according to the load type.
S n nQn
Example :
(Dead +Life) --> Sn > Qd +Ql
(Dead) --> Sn > Qd
(Dead+Life+Wind) --> Sn > Qd + Ql + Qw
(Dead+Life+Quake) --> Sn > Qd + Ql + Qq
42 Overall Safety Factor
Overall safety factor determine the safety of structure against load applied on
the structure, conservative consideration using old codes (ASD) usually have
safety factor 1.5 for upper structure’s.
1D 2 L 1
SF
DL
43 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR
Strength reduction factor () was defined to reduce the
strength of the structure because of the variability of material
compound that made the structure. The value of reduction
factor determined in the codes (SNI 2847-2013).
1. Beam, = 0.8 [SNI].
2. Column, = 0.65~0.8 [SNI].
3. Shear, = 0.75 [SNI].
4. Torsion, = 0.75 [SNI].
44 DESIGN METHOD AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENT
Since there is strength and load, which the strength is reduced
from its initial value and the load is multiplied by the load factor
the where initial design equation :
• Design Strength (Sd) > Load Design (Qd) , Become :
• Reduced Design Strength ( Sd) > Factored Load (U)
• Generally above equation was written as below :
• Sn > 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
• (Design equation for dead and life load where Sn = Nominal
Strength or Design Strength)
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE I
REFERENCES : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (JACK C. McCormac)
THANK YOU
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
