Spark

Classroom

Graphics
Theory Of

• Photography
• Photo Editing & Manipulation (Raster Graphics)
• Designing And Digital Painting (Vector Graphics)
• Vidography (Pro-Video Recording & Editing)
• Animation And 3d Video Effects

SadaQat Hussain
+92 315 3983104
[email protected]
M.SadaQatH1
Design
A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of
an activity or process, or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype. or the design is
construction, composing or arrangment of any thing.
Types Of Design
There are two major types of design
functional design is the type of design we use to convey message only
Types Of Design
Aesthetic designs are designs which are used to attract any one with their beauty of construction
Graphics Design
The Design made by Line, Form, Space, Shape, Typography, lines and colors are called graphics design
It is an art of combining the various visual elements for the purpose of visual comunication or it is the
process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, and
illustration.
basically it is devided into 2 parts Raster & Vector Graphics
Raster (or bitmap) images are described by an array or map of bits within a rectangular grid of pixels or
dots. Vector images are described by lines, shapes, and other graphic image components stored in a
format that incorporates geometric formulas for rendering the image elements.
Here are few diffrences in between Raster & vector graphics.
Raster mage: At 100% the image looks almost the same as the vector version (below). Notice that as
soon as the image is scaled, the pixels on the edge begin to show and the edges no longer look smooth.
Vector image: The vector image is created by defining points and curves. When vector graphics are
scaled, the edges remain crisp and sharp no matter the size.
Raster Graphics vs Vector Graphics
Non Editable Editable
Zooming Limits No Zooming Limits
Pixles Bassed Non Pixles Bassed
Pre Defiend Drawing
Unable to adjust itself at any resolution Adjust it self automatically at any Resolution

Pixle
A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic that can be displayed and represented on a
digital display device.
A pixel is the basic logical unit in digital graphics. Pixels are combined to form a complete image, video,
text or any visible thing on a computer display.

Resolution
The amount of detail in an image. Digital images are measured by the number of pixels per inch (ppi).
printing, resolution is measured by the number of dots printed in a linear inch (dpi). The higher the
resolution, the larger the file size.
Resolution is the number of pixels (individual points of color) contained on a display monitor, expressed in
terms of the number of pixels on the horizontal axis and the number on the vertical axis. The sharpness
of the image on a display depends on the resolution and the size of the monitor. The same pixel resolution
will be sharper on a smaller monitor and gradually lose sharpness on larger monitors because the same
number of pixels are being spread out over a larger number of inches.
Channels
Channels are grayscale images that store different types of information:
Color information channels are created automatically when you open a new image. The image’s color
mode determines the number of color channels created. For example, an RGB image has a channel for
each color (red, green, and blue) plus a composite channel used for editing the image.
Color Modes
The color mode, or image mode, determines how the components of a color are combined, based on
the number of color channels in the color model. Color modes include grayscale, RGB, and CMYK,
among others.
01. Bitmap
Bitmap mode uses one of two color values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image. Images in
Bitmap mode are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.
02 Grayscale
Grayscale mode uses different shades of gray in an image. In 8-bit images, there can be up to 256 shades
of gray. Every pixel of a grayscale image has a brightness value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
In 16-and 32-bit images, the number of shades in an image is much greater than in 8-bit images.
Values can also be measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0% is equal to white, 100% to black).
03 RGB
Photoshop RGB Color mode uses the RGB model, assigning an intensity value to each pixel.
In 8-bits/channel images, the intensity values range from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for each of the RGB
(red, green, blue) components in a color image.RGB images use three colors, or channels, to reproduce
colors on screen. Although RGB is a standard color model, the exact range of colors represented can vary,
depending on the application or display device.
04 CMYK
Use the CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) mode when preparing an image to be printed using
process colors. Converting an RGB image into CMYK creates a color separation. If you start with an RGB
image, it’s best to edit first in RGB and then convert to CMYK at the end of your editing process. In RGB
mode, you can use the Proof Setup commands to simulate the effects of a CMYK conversion without
changing the actual image data. Although CMYK is a standard color model, the exact range of colors
represented can vary, depending on the press and printing conditions.
File Format
A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how
bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or
free and may be either unpublished or open.

Introduction To Adobe Photoshop

Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. for Windows and
macOS. It was originally created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, this software has become
the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing, but in digital art as a whole.
 Adobe Photoshop Tools Short keys
Move Tool V Gradient Tool G
Rectangular Marquee Tool M Paint Bucket Tool G
Elliptical Marquee Tool M 3D Material Drop Tool G
Lasso Tool L Dodge Tool O
Polygonal Lasso Tool L Burn Tool O
Magnetic Lasso Tool L Sponge Tool O
Quick Selection Tool W Pen Tool P
Magic Wand Tool W Freeform Pen Tool P
Eyedropper Tool I Horizontal Type Tool T
3D Material Eyedropper Tool I Vertical Type Tool T
Color Sampler Tool I Horizontal Type Mask Tool T
Ruler Tool I Vertical Type Mask Tool T
Note Tool I Path Selection Tool A
Count Tool I Direct Selection Tool A
Crop Tool C Rectangle Tool U
Perspective Crop Too C Rounded Rectangle Tool U
Slice Tool. C Ellipse Tool U
Slice Select Tool C Polygon Tool U
Spot Healing Brush Tool J Line Tool U
Healing Brush Tool J Custom Shape Tool U
Patch Tool J Hand Tool H
Content-Aware Move Tool J Rotate View Tool R
Red Eye Tool J Zoom Tool Z
Brush Tool B Default Foreground/Background Colors D
Pencil Tool B Switch Foreground/Background Colors X
Color Replacement Tool B Toggle Standard/Quick Mask Modes Q
Mixer Brush Tool B Toggle Screen Modes F
Clone Stamp Tool S Toggle Preserve Transparency /
Pattern Stamp Tool S Decrease Brush Size [
History Brush Tool Y Increase Brush Size ]
Art History Brush Tool Y Decrease Brush Hardness {
Eraser Tool E Increase Brush Hardness }
Background Eraser Tool E Previous Brush ,
Magic Eraser Tool E Next Brush .
First Brush <
Last Brush >
Introduction To Adobe Photoshop Tools
Move And Selection Tools
Move Tool * ( V )
The Move Tool is used to move layers, selections and guides within a Photoshop document. Enable
"Auto-Select" to automatically select the layer or group you click on.
Artboard Tool ( V )
The Artboard Tool (new in Photoshop CC) allows you to easily design multiple web or UX (user experience)
layouts for different devices or screen sizes..
Rectangular Marquee Tool * ( M )
The Rectangular Marquee Tool draws rectangular selection outlines. Press and hold Shift as you drag to
draw a square selection..
Elliptical Marquee Tool ( M )
The Elliptical Marquee Tool draws elliptical selection outlines. Press and hold Shift to draw a selection in a
perfect circle.
Single Row Marquee Tool
The Single Row Marquee Tool in Photoshop selects a single row of pixels in the image from left to right.
Single Column Marquee Tool
Use the Single Column Marquee Tool to select a single column of pixels from top to bottom.
Lasso Tool * ( L )
With the Lasso Tool, you can draw a freeform selection outline around an object.
Polygonal Lasso Tool ( L )
Click around an object with the Polygonal Lasso Tool to surround it with a polygonal, straight-edged
selection outline.
Magnetic Lasso Tool ( L )
The Magnetic Lasso Tool snaps the selection outline to the edges of the object as you move your mouse
cursor around it.
Quick Selection Tool * ( W )
The Quick Selection Tool lets you easily select an object simply by painting over it with a brush. Enable
"Auto-Enhance" in the Options Bar for better quality selections.
Magic Wand Tool ( W )
Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool selects areas of similar color with a single click. The "Tolerance" value in the
Options Bar sets the range of colors that will be selected.

Crop And Slice Tools

Crop Tool * ( C )
Use the Crop Tool in Photoshop to crop an image and remove unwanted areas. Uncheck "Delete Cropped
Pixels" in the Options Bar to crop an image non-destructively.
Perspective Crop Tool ( C )
Use the Perspective Crop Tool to both crop an image and fix common distortion or perspective problems.
Slice Tool ( C )
The Slice Tool divides an image or layout into smaller sections (slices) which can be exported and optimized
separately.
Slice Select Tool ( C )
Use the Slice Select Tool to select individual slices created with the Slice Tool.
 Crop And Slice Tools
Eyedropper Tool * ( I )
Photoshop's Eyedropper Tool samples colors in an image. Increase "Sample Size" in the Options Bar for a
better representation of the sampled area's color.
3D Material Eyedropper Tool ( I )
Use the 3D Material Eyedropper Tool to sample material from a 3D model in Photoshop.
Color Sampler Tool ( I )
The Color Sampler Tool displays color values for the selected (sampled) area in an image. Up to four areas
can be sampled at a time. View the color information in Photoshop's Info panel.
Ruler Tool ( I )
The Ruler Tool measures distances, locations and angles. Great for positioning images and elements exactly
where you want them.
Note Tool ( I )
The Note Tool allows you to attach text-based notes to your Photoshop document, either for yourself or for
others working on the same project. Notes are saved as part of the .PSD file.
Count Tool ( I )
Use the Count Tool to manually count the number of objects in an image, or to have Photoshop
automatically count multiple selected areas in the image.
Navigation Tools
Hand Tool * ( H )
The Hand Tool lets us click and drag an image around on the screen to view different areas when
zoomed in.
Rotate View Tool ( R )
Use the Rotate View Tool in Photoshop to rotate the canvas so you can view and edit the image from
different angles.
Zoom Tool * ( Z )
Click on the image with the Zoom Tool to zoom in on a specific area. Press and hold Alt (Win) / Option
(Mac) and click with the Zoom Tool to zoom out.
Drawing And Type Tools
Pen Tool * ( P )
Photoshop's Pen Tool allows you to draw extremely precise paths, vector shapes or selections.
Freeform Pen Tool ( P )
The Freeform Pen Tool allows you to draw freehand paths or shapes. Anchor points are automatically
added to the path as you draw.
Add Anchor Point Tool
Use the Add Anchor Point Tool to add additional anchor points along a path.
Delete Anchor Point Tool
Click on an existing anchor point along a path with the Delete Anchor Point Tool to remove the point.
Convert Point Tool
On a path, click on a smooth anchor point with the Convert Point Tool to convert it to a corner point.
Click a corner point to convert it to a smooth point.
Horizontal Type Tool * ( T )
Known simply as the Type Tool in Photoshop, use the Horizontal Type Tool to add standard type to your
document.
Vertical Type Tool ( T )
The Vertical Type Tool adds type vertically from top to bottom.
Vertical Type Mask Tool ( T )
Rather than adding editable text to your document, the Vertical Type Mask Tool creates a selection outline in
the shape of vertical type.
Horizontal Type Mask Tool ( T )
Like the Vertical Mask Type Tool, the Horizontal Type Mask Tool creates a selection outline in the shape of type.
However, the type is added horizontally rather than vertically.
Path Selection Tool * ( A )
Use the Path Selection Tool (the black arrow) in Photoshop to select and move an entire path at once.
Direct Selection Tool ( A )
Use the Direct Selection Tool (the white arrow) to select and move an individual path segment, anchor point
or direction handle.
Rectangle Tool * ( U )
The Rectangle Tool draws rectangular vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Press and hold Shift as you drag to
force the shape into a perfect square.
Rounded Rectangle Tool ( U )
The Rounded Rectangle Tool is similar to the standard Rectangle Tool but draws the shapes with rounded
corners. Press and hold Shift to draw a square with rounded corners.
Ellipse Tool ( U )
The Ellipse Tool draws elliptical vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Press and hold Shift as you drag to draw
a perfect circle.
Polygon Tool ( U )
The Polygon Tool draws polygonal, straight-edged vector shapes, paths or pixel shapes. Use the "Sides" option
in the Options Bar to set the number of sides.
Line Tool ( U )
The Line Tool draws straight lines, either as shapes or paths. The "Weight" option in the Options Bar controls
the width of the line.
Custom Shape Tool ( U )
Photoshop's Custom Shape Tool lets you select and draw custom shapes. Choose from Photoshop's built-in
custom shapes or create your own.
Retouching And Painting Tools
Spot Healing Brush Tool * ( J )
The Spot Healing Brush in Photoshop quickly removes blemishes and other minor problem areas in an image.
Use a brush size slightly larger than the blemish for best results.
Healing Brush Tool ( J )
The Healing Brush lets you repair larger problem areas in an image by painting over them. Hold Alt
(Win) / Option (Mac) and click to sample good texture, then paint over the problem area to repair it.
Patch Tool ( J )
With the Patch Tool, draw a freeform selection outline around a problem area. Then repair it by dragging the
selection outline over an area of good texture.
Content-Aware Move Tool ( J )
Use the Content-Aware Move Tool to select and move part of an image to a different area. Photoshop
automatically fills in the hole in the original spot using elements from the surrounding areas.
Red Eye Tool ( J )
The Red Eye Tool removes common red eye problems in a photo resulting from camera flash.
Brush Tool * ( B )
The Brush Tool is Photoshop's primary painting tool. Use it to paint brush strokes on a layer or on a layer mask.
Pencil Tool ( B )
The Pencil Tool is another of Photoshop's painting tools. But while the Brush Tool can paint soft-edge brush
strokes, the Pencil Tool always paints with hard edges.
Color Replacement Tool ( B )
Use the Color Replacement Tool in Photoshop to easily replace the color of an object with a different color.
Mixer Brush Tool ( B )
Unlike the standard Brush Tool, the Mixer Brush in Photoshop can simulate elements of real painting such as
mixing and combining colors, and paint wetness.
Clone Stamp Tool * ( S )
The Clone Stamp Tool is the most basic of Photoshop's retouching tools. It samples pixels from one area of the
image and paints them over pixels in another area.
Pattern Stamp Tool ( S )
Use the Pattern Stamp Tool to paint a pattern over the image.
History Brush Tool * ( Y )
The History Brush Tool paints a snapshot from an earlier step (history state) into the current version of the
image. Choose the previous state from the History panel.
Art History Brush Tool ( Y )
The Art History Brush also paints a snapshot from an earlier history state into the image, but does so using
stylized brush strokes.
Eraser Tool * ( E )
The Eraser Tool in Photoshop permanently erases pixels on a layer. It can also be used to paint in a previous
history state.
Background Eraser Tool ( E )
The Background Eraser Tool erases areas of similar color in an image by painting over them.
Magic Eraser Tool ( E )
The Magic Eraser Tool is similar to the Magic Wand Tool in that it selects areas of similar color with a single
click. But the Magic Eraser Tool then permanently deletes those areas.
Gradient Tool * ( G )
Photoshop's Gradient Tool draws gradual blends between multiple colors. The Gradient Editor lets you create
and customize your own gradients.
Paint Bucket Tool ( G )
The Paint Bucket Tool fills an area of similar color with your Foreground color or a pattern. The "Tolerance"
value determines the range of colors that will be affected around the area where you clicked.
3D Material Drop Tool ( G )
Used in 3D modeling, the 3D Material Drop Tool lets you sample a material from one area and then drop it
into another area of your model, mesh or 3D layer.
Blur Tool *
The Blur Tool blurs and softens areas you paint over with the tool.
Sharpen Tool
The Sharpen Tool sharpens areas you paint over.
Smudge Tool
The Smudge Tool in Photoshop smudges and smears the areas you paint over. It can also be used to create
a finger painting effect.
Dodge Tool * ( O )
Paint over areas in the image with the Dodge Tool to lighten them.
Burn Tool ( O )
The Burn Tool will darken the areas you paint over.
Sponge Tool ( O )
Paint over areas with the Sponge Tool to increase or decrease color saturation.

Menus
File
File, as usual, handles opening, saving, and closing operations. Towards the end of these lessons we'll be
taking a look at your different saving options (namely Save for Web).
Edit
Edit, as usual, brings you copy, cut, and paste. In Photoshop, it's also where you transform layers and set
your color spaces.
Image
Image brings you canvas and image adjustments, including destructive effects that you'll also find in your
adjustments palette. Options in this menu are designed to affect the image as a whole, although many
adjustments are applied to only a single layer.
Layer
Layer lets you do all of the things you can do in the layer palette with a few more options. This menu also
lets you create adjustment layers and smart objects (a group of layers treated as a single object).
Select
While the marquee and lasso tools will be your main means of selecting things, the select menu can help
you refine that selection or create entirely new selections based on certain criteria (such as color range and
luminosity).
Filter
Filter brings you a wealth of built-in (and, if installed, third-party) Photoshop filters that can blur, sharpen,
distort, and alter your image (or layers of the image) in many different and unique ways. The best way to
get acquainted with these filters is to try them all. That can take a little time, but it's fun to play around
with them and see what they do. We'll be getting into the specifics in subsequent lessons, but only looking
at a few commonly useful filters.
Analysis
Analysis provides you with measurement tools. There will be times when you need them to make accurate
alterations to your images. We will not be covering anything in this menu in these basic lessons.
3D
As previously noted, we're not covering 3D. If you decide to learn more about 3D later, you may want to
explore this menu on your own at some point.
 View
View provides you with various view options, lets you hide and show line guides you've created (see video
for an example), and make Photoshop snap (or not snap) to corners, edges, and to the grid on the canvas.
Viewing of this invisible grid can also be turned on and off in the View menu.
Window
Window lets you hide and show certain windows and palettes. You can also arrange your Photoshop
windows and palettes however you want and save them as a window preset.

Blending Modes
There are total 27 blending modes in photoshop, they are divided into groups according to their nature.
Determines how the layer style blends with the underlying layers, which may or may not include the active layer.
For example, an inner shadow blends with the active layer because the effect is drawn on top of that layer, but
a drop shadow blends only with the layers beneath the active layer. In most cases, the default mode for each
effect produces the best results.
Normal
Normal
In the normal blending mode layer does not interact with each other it is just like piece of paper lay.
Dissolve
This mode also never interact with other layers as well. When opacity and fill both are 100 and layer is solid
this blend mode acts same as normal but the only effect dissolve shows is during opacity if I decrease the
opacity it will be transport in the form of dots.
Darken
Darken
In this mode everything which is darker then projection area is shown and all lighter pixels will hide
Multiply
This shows everything clear that is 100% black and hides everything which is 100% white while other colors
will be multiplied with bg according to their brightness value. Multiply dose not hides lighter pixels as darken
does. Anything even slighter darkens then 100 white is going to show.
Color burn
This will leave 100% bright on projected area as same and also leave 100% same as it is, it darkens and
adds color. Anything which is 100 bright or dark this mode will leave them as original
Linear Burn
There is just 1 different in color burn and linear burn.. liner burn dose not leave 100% white as white
Darker color
It is the same as darken but it is extreme version of darken blend mode
 Lighten
Lighten
Keep in mind that lighten blending mode is 100 opposite to darken color mode. Every pixel darker then
projection area will be hidden
Screen
This shows everything clear that is 100% white and hides everything which is 100% black while other colors
will be multiplied with bg according to their brightness value
Color dodge
This is also a 100% opposite of color burn it will leave 100% black same as it is white it increase brightness
and ads color
Linear dodge
There is only one change in color and linear dodge linear dodge does not leave 100% black same as black..
Lighter color
This is extreme version of lighten
Contrast
Overly
In this mode anything which is 50% gray remain same while lighter then 50% became lighter and darker
than 50% became darker on projection area. In other words it hides everything which are at 50%, Bright
everything brighter than 50% and dark everything which is darker than 50%. It increase to contrast.
Soft light
It is just a milled version of overly, or soft contrast.
Hard light
This is the faded version of overlay.
Vivid light
In this blend mode if we use color which is not extreme color the 100 Black and white areas remain same
but if we change the selected color to extreme color it does change on projection area.
Linear light
It is the exact opposite of vivid light it ads contrast and add colors.
Pin light
It is just a combination of lighten and darken color mode.
Hard mix
It just convert s everything to just in 8 colors. It confirms everything in just 8 colors (white black RGB CMY) this
never allows anything out of these colors.
Inversion
Difference
It is the deference between RGB values intersecting each other.
Exclusion
It makes black disappear and does not changes mid tones. This blend mode ads some faded effect on image
 Cancelation
Subtract
It inverse the colors value. In other words it will subtracts the RGB value of and objects from the RGB value of
projection area
Divide
It simple divides in color, in other words it invert colors the color 100% black is will be convert in 100%t while
100% white will be disappear or remaining colors will be divided with color values of projection area
Component
Hue
It changes the root color of projection area to the selected color hue will only change the root color if there is
no color it will not change anything. It makes every thing to the same hue value
Saturation
It increase the saturation no matter what hue u are choosing it only controls the amount of color, it does not
work on grayscale as well
Color
It applies the color whatever you choose no matter if it is gray scale or not it just applies the color on
projection area
Luminosity
It is the command to do not touch the color only touch the brightness of color. If we increase the contrast it
changes the saturation also but if we select to luminosity mode it only effects the brightness it does not touches
the color.
Blending Options (Layer Styles)
Photoshop provides a variety of effects—such as shadows, glows, and bevels—that change the appearance
of a layer’s contents in a non-distructive way. Layer effects are linked to the layer contents.You can apply preset
styles from the Styles panel or you can create custom styles using one or more of the following effects:
Drop Shadow
Adds a shadow that falls behind the contents on the layer.
Inner Shadow
Adds a shadow that falls just inside the edges of the layer’s content, giving the layer a recessed appearance.
Outer Glow
Add glows that emanate from the outside edges of the layer’s content.
Inner Glow
Add glows that emanate from the inside edges of the layer’s content.
Bevel and Emboss
Add various combinations of highlights and shadows to a layer.
Satin
Applies interior shading that creates a satiny finish.
Color Overlay
Fills the layer’s content with a any solid color.
Gradient Overlay
Fill the layer’s content with multiple colors (more then one colors)
Pattern Overlay
Fill the layer’s content with texture or pettren.
Stroke
Outlines around the object on the current layer.
 Terminology
Altitude
For the Bevel and Emboss effect, sets the height of the light source. A setting of 0 is equivalent to ground level,
90 is directly above the layer.
Angle
Determines the lighting angle at which the effect is applied to the layer.
Depth
Specifies the depth of a bevel. It also specifies the depth of a pattern.
Anti-alias
Blends the edge pixels of a contour or gloss contour. This option is most useful on small shadows with
complicated contours.
Choke
Shrinks the boundaries of the matte of an Inner Shadow or Inner Glow prior to blurring.
Color
Specifies the color of a shadow, glow, or highlight.
Contour
Contour allows you to create variations in the repetition of the gradient color and opacity. In beveling and
embossing, Contour allows you to sculpt the ridges, valleys, and bumps that are shaded in the embossing
process. With shadows, Contour allows you to specify the fade.
Distance
Specifies the offset distance for a shadow or satin effect.
Use Global Light
This setting allows you to set one “master” lighting angle that is then available in all the layer effects that use
shading: Drop Shadow, Inner Shadow, and Bevel and Emboss. In any of these effects.
Gloss Contour
Creates a glossy, metallic appearance. Gloss Contour is applied after shading a bevel or emboss.
Highlight or Shadow Mode
Specifies the blending mode of a bevel or emboss highlight or shadow.
Jitter
Varies the application of a gradient’s color and opacity.
Noise
Specifies the number of random elements in the opacity of a glow or shadow. Enter a value or drag the slider.
Opacity
Sets the opacity of the layer effect. Enter a value or drag the slider.
Position
Specifies the position of a stroke effect as Outside, Inside, or Center.
Range
Controls which portion or range of the glow is targeted for the contour.
Size
Specifies the radius and size of blur or the size of the shadow.
Soften
Blurs the results of shading to reduce unwanted artifacts.
Spread
Expands the boundaries of the matte prior to blurring.
Smooth
Blurs the edges of a matte slightly and is useful for all types of mattes, whether their edges are soft or hard.
 Application Menus
File
New Ctrl+N
Open Ctrl+O
Browse in Bridge Alt+Ctrl+O or Shift+Ctrl+O
Open As Alt+Shift+Ctrl+O
Close Ctrl+W
Close All Alt+Ctrl+W
Close and Go to Bridge Shift+Ctrl+W
Save Ctrl+S
Save As Shift+Ctrl+S or Alt+Ctrl+S
Save for Web Alt+Shift+Ctrl+S
Revert F12
File Info Alt+Shift+Ctrl+I
Print Ctrl+P
Print One Copy Alt+Shift+Ctrl+P
Exit Ctrl+Q
Edit
Undo/Redo Ctrl+Z
Step Forward Shift+Ctrl+Z
Step Backward Alt+Ctrl+Z
Fade Shift+Ctrl+F
Cut Ctrl+X or F2
Copy Ctrl+C or F3
Copy Merged Shift+Ctrl+C
Paste Ctrl+V F4
Paste Special >
Brightness
Paste in Place and contrast Shift+Ctrl+V
Paste Into Alt+Shift+Ctrl+V
Fill Shift+F5
Content-Aware Scale Alt+Shift+Ctrl+C
Free Transform Ctrl+T
Transform >
Again Shift+Ctrl+T
Color Settings Shift+Ctrl+K
Keyboard Shortcuts Alt+Shift+Ctrl+K
Levels
Menus Alt+Shift+Ctrl+M
Preferences >
General Ctrl+K
 Image
Adjustments >
Levels Ctrl+L
Curves Ctrl+M
Hue/Saturation Ctrl+U
Color Balance Ctrl+B
Black & White Alt+Shift+Ctrl+B
Invert Ctrl+I
Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+U
Auto Tone Shift+Ctrl+L
Auto Contrast Alt+Shift+Ctrl+L
Auto Color Shift+Ctrl+B
Image Size Alt+Ctrl+I
Canvas Size Alt+Ctrl+C
Layer
New >
Layer Shift+Ctrl+N
Layer via Copy Ctrl+J
Layer via Cut Shift+Ctrl+J
Create/Release Clipping Mask Alt+Ctrl+G
Group Layers Ctrl+G
Ungroup Layers Shift+Ctrl+G
Arrange >
Bring to Front Shift+Ctrl+]
Bring Forward Ctrl+]
Send Backward Ctrl+[
Send to Back Shift+Ctrl+[
Merge Layers Ctrl+E
Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+E
Select
All Ctrl+A
Deselect Ctrl+D
Reselect Shift+Ctrl+D
Inverse Shift+Ctrl+I or Shift+F7
All Layers Alt+Ctrl+A
Find Layers Alt+Shift+Ctrl+F
Refine Edge Alt+Ctrl+R
Modify >
Feather Shift+F6
 Filter
Last Filter. Ctrl+F
Adaptive Wide Angle Alt+Shift+Ctrl+A
Camera Raw Filter Shift+Ctrl+A
Lens Correction Shift+Ctrl+R
Liquify Shift+Ctrl+X
Vanishing Point Alt+Ctrl+V
3D
Show/Hide Polygons >
Within Selection Alt+Ctrl+X
Reveal All Alt+Shift+Ctrl+X
Render Alt+Shift+Ctrl+R
View
Proof Colors Ctrl+Y
Gamut Warning Shift+Ctrl+Y
Zoom In Ctrl++ Ctrl+=
Zoom Out Ctrl+-
Fit on Screen Ctrl+0
100% Ctrl+1 or Alt+Ctrl+0
Extras Ctrl+H
Show >
Target Path Shift+Ctrl+H
Grid Ctrl+’
Guides Ctrl+;
Rulers Ctrl+R
Snap Shift+Ctrl+;
Lock Guides Alt+Ctrl+;
Window
Actions Alt+F9 or F9
Brush F5
Color F6
Info F8
Layers F7
Help
Photoshop Help F1
Before making color and tonal adjustments
The powerful tools in Photoshop can enhance, repair, and correct the color and tonality (lightness, darkness,
and contrast) in an image. Here are some items to consider before making color and tonal adjustments.
• Work with a monitor that’s calibrated and profiled. For critical image editing, calibration and profiling are
essential. Otherwise, the image you see on your monitor looks different on other monitors or when printed.
• Plan to use adjustment layers to adjust the tonal range and color balance of your image. Adjustment
layers let you go back and make successive tonal adjustments without discarding or permanently modifying
data from the image layer. Keep in mind that using adjustment layers adds to the file size of the image and
demands more RAM from your computer. Accessing the color and tonal commands in the Adjustments
panel automatically creates adjustment layers.
• If you don’t want to use adjustment layers, you can apply adjustments directly to an image layer.
Remember that some image information is discarded, when making a color or tonal adjustment directly to
an image layer.
• For critical work and maximum preservation of image data, it’s best if the image you work with is 16 bits
per channel (16 bit image) rather than 8 bits per channel (8 bit image). Data is discarded when you make
tonal and color adjustments. The loss of image information is more critical in an 8 bit image than a 16 bit
image. Generally, 16 bit images have a larger file size than 8 bit images.
• Duplicate or make a copy of the image file. Working on a copy of your image preserves the original in
the event you want to use the image in its original state.
• Remove any flaws such as dust spots, blemishes, and scratches from the image before making color and
tonal adjustments.
• Open the Info or Histogram panel in Expanded view. As you evaluate and correct the image, both panels
display invaluable feedback on your adjustments.
• You can make a selection or use a mask to confine your color and tonal adjustments to part of an image.
Another way to apply color and tonal adjustments selectively is to set up your document with image
components on different layers. Color and tonal adjustments are applied to only one layer at a time.
Only the image components on the targeted layer are affected.
Brightness and Contrast
Brightness refers to the overall lightness or darkness of the image. Increasing the brightness every pixel in the
frame gets lighter. Contrast is the difference in brightness between objects in the image. Increasing the
contrast makes light areas lighter and dark area in the frame becomes much darker.
The Brightness/Contrast adjustment lets you make simple adjustments to the tonal range of an image.
Moving the brightness slider to the right increases tonal values and expands image highlights, to the left
decreases values and expands shadows. The contrast slider expands or shrinks the overall range of tonal
values in the image.
Levels
You use the Levels adjustment to correct the tonal range and color balance of an image by adjusting intensity
levels of image shadows, midtones, and highlights.
Curve
In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image’s tonal range. Initially, the image’s tonality
is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph. When adjusting an RGB image, the upper-right area
of the graph represents the highlights and the lower-left area represents the shadows. The horizontal axis of
the graph represents the input levels (original image values) and the vertical axis represents the output levels
(new adjusted values). As you add control points to the line and move them, the shape of the curve changes,
reflecting your image adjustments. The steeper sections of the curve represent areas of higher contrast while
flatter sections represent areas of lower contrast.
You can save Curves adjustment settings as presets. See Save adjustment settings and Reapply adjustment
settings.
Exposure
In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a photographic film or electronic
image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture and scene luminance. Exposure is measured in
lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value and scene luminance in a specified region.
The Exposure and HDR Toning adjustments are primarily designed for 32-bit HDR images, but you can also
apply them to 16- and 8 bit images to create HDR-like effects. Exposure works by performing calculations
in a linear color space (gamma 1.0) rather than the current color space.
Vibrance
Vibrance is a little more specific. It saturates the parts of a photo that aren't that colorful. This allows every
color to stand out without making the composition look too busy. The intensity of colors also raises.
Saturation will enhance every color in your photo. Vibrance will find and enhance the dullest parts of your
photo. If you use both of these tools in moderation, your photos will stand out.
Hue & saturation
Hue is therefore the actual color. Brightness refers to how much white (or black) is mixed in the color while
Saturation indicates the amount of grey in a color.in other words saturation is a strength of color
Hue/Saturation lets you adjust the hue, saturation, and lightness of a specific range of colors in an image or
simultaneously adjust all the colors in an image. This adjustment is especially good for fine-tuning colors in
a CMYK image so that they are in the gamut of an output device.
Black and white
The Black & White adjustment lets you convert a color image to grayscale while maintaining full control
over how individual colors are converted. You can also tint the grayscale by applying a color tone to the
image, for example to create a sepia effect.