THE EFFECTIVITY OF MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera) IN PURIFYING

WATER

AN ENTRY TO THE 2014 CMULHS

LOCAL SCIENCE RESEARCH FAIR

ARTETA, ANDREA C.
COQUILLA, KRISTINE BABE B.
GACO, MARY MONIQUE A.
PROPONENTS

SEPTEMBER 2014
 Acknowledgements

The researchers are using this opportunity to express their sincere gratitude and

appreciation to the kind and ever supportive people who helped and encourage them a lot in this

study in order for it to be successful and fulfilling.

First and foremost, a billion thanks to our savior and great creator, the man who guided

us always in everything that we do especially while conducting this study, the reason for us to

have strength in facing every challenges that we encounter related to our study, our most

gracious loving almighty heavenly Father. Without Him, we would not exist and make all these

things possible and fruitful.

To our parents, Mr. Arnel S. Arteta and Ms. Melba C. Arteta, Mr. Lucio L. Coquilla and

Ms. Genoveva B. Coquilla, and Prof. Gino B. Gaco and Ms. Ma. Concele A. Gaco our

wholehearted admiration to them for not leaving us behind, for supporting and encouraging us all

the way, and the ones who motivated us to never stop in fulfilling our dreams.

We would also like to extend our appreciation to Ms. Roselynn G. Montecillo for giving

us some key points in choosing our study. With her teachings, we are able to achieve our goals in

doing this study.

To our advisers, Mrs. Rhesa T. Hinampas for helping us in doing the processes needed in

our study, Prof. Elicia L. Gamolo for letting us borrow the equipments that we used in

conducting our experiment, Ms. Donnah Faye A. Agbayani for correcting the errors in our paper,

and Ms. Catherine G. Murillo for informing us where can we find filter papers.

ii
 Our due respect to our mentors, Ms. Angelique D.Corre and Ms. Dhalie C. Balansag for

assisting us a lot in our study. They served as our helping hand most especially in our research

paper.

To the members of Maramag Water District, Engr. Victor R. Panganiban, and Engr.

Mamerto V. Mecisamiente for helping us find laboratories in testing our water samples. Also,

Mr. Reynaldo Ugpang for giving us contact numbers and informations about the water district

managers.

To complete our constituents, a special thanks to Veterinary Medicine especially Ms.

Ging Morales and Ms. Maria Lourdes L. Callejo for providing us the bacteria needed in our

study and some information on how to handle such kind of bacteria.

On the aspect of test sampling, our munificent recognition to the College of Veterinary

Medicine in Central Mindanao University for testing our water samples and helping us

understand some terms in testing the bacteria that is needed for results and discussion.

To persons who never gave up in encouraging us, our loving siblings, for cheering us up

in times when we are usually down and our friends, in the person of Abbie S. Ederosas,

Concepcion Kristy C. Revilla, Faybelle M. Ayuban, Ate Jeacoleen Claire A. Gaco and also to

our classmates who brightened up our faces on facing hard challenges that are related to our

study.

To the two residences who welcomed us warmly, Arteta Family and residences at Camp

One, Maramag, Bukidnon and Gaco Family and residences at Dologon, Maramag, Bukidnon for

iii
letting us use their things that contributed much to our study. They are the ones who really cared

in supporting and accommodating us on many different ways.

To our subject teachers, we thank you for giving us some your time especially on those

time while we are doing our requirements specifically, with our research paper and on

conducting our study.

To the personalities or persons not mentioned above who also contributed an impact to our study,

we would like you to know that we are thankful for the things that you did for us. Without all of

your help, we would never reach the goals that we want up to this point. You will never be

forgotten here in our hearts and we will always be thankful for all of those things. Thank you and

God will bless us always!

-The Researchers

iv
 Table of Contents

Page

Acknowledgement ii-iv
Abstract vi-vii
Introduction 1-4
Background of the Study 1-2
Objectives of the Study 2-3
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Limitations of the Study 3-4
Review of Related Literature 5-11
Methodology 12-13
Results and Discussion 14-15
Conclusion and Recommendation 16
References 17-18
Appendix Figures 19-24

v
 ABSTRACT

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is one of the world’s most useful plants. It is known for its

good benefits. All of its parts could be used as food, effective water treatment, antibiotic, source

of oil, and coagulant for turbid waters, for medicinal purposes, both in terms of prevention and

healing and also is nutritious, natural and energizing.

This study was conducted in order to determine if the Malunggay leaves are useful,

effective and has the capacity to lessen the amount of bacteria present in tap water. It specifically

aimed to 1.) To determine if the water being purified using Malunggay leaves is safe as

other drinking water. 2.) To determine if there is a significant difference on the microbiological

analysis on the water samples before and after the application of Malunggay leaves.

The Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera) were collected from specific places. It was

drenched with water and air-dried for 15 days. It was then pulverized by using an Electric

Blender.

The experiment was laid out in two (2) following ways with three (3) treatments each.

The treatments were T1 (2g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E.

coli), T2 (5g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E. coli) and, T3

(8g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E. coli). The second way

has also three treatments. The treatments were T1 (2g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of

tap water and 0.3 mL of S. aureus), T2 (5g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water

and 0.3 mL of S. aureus) and, T3 (2g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water and

vi
0.3 mL of (S. aureus). And two more treatments, T1 and T2 for the treated Malunggay sample

without Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus To determine the normal or common count

of bacteria present in tap water, one sample was tested having the treatment of Malunggay leaves

powder and 300 mL of water.

Based on the evaluation on the count of bacteria, Treatment 1( 2g of Malunggay leaves

powder, 300 mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E. coli) has the little amount of bacteria lessened,

Treatment 2 ( 5g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300 mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E. coli) has

the moderate amount of bacteria lessened and Treatment 3 (8g of Malunggay leaves powder, 300

mL of tap water and 0.3 mL of E. coli) has the greater amount of bacteria that are lessened.

While on the Staphylococcus aureus samples, the results are just the same with the Escherichia

coli.

Therefore, it was confirmed that Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera) is not that good in

purifying or in preventing the count of bacteria present in water. Because it depends on a lot of

factors like the amount of Malunggay leaves, apparatus being used, and in what processes should

the Malunggay leaves undergo to prove its effectivity.

vii
 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Water is one of the necessary components of life. Without water, all of us will die.

We use water for the daily maintenance of our body. Drinking the right quality of water is

important for our health and wellness. Nowadays, one of the major problems we are

experiencing is the contamination of water. Researchers and scientists tried to find an eminent

solution for this problem.

Water purification is the process of cleansing water from heavy metals, harmful bacteria,

parasites, radioactive isotopes and other chemicals. It is needed to make sure that the water

intended for drinking is naturally harmless. It is also the best and recommendable action of water

treatment which gives you clean, safe and pure water to consume. Through this process, we can

avoid drinking contaminated water that can cause harm to our environment and unpredictable

epidemic diseases.

Some of the common bacteria that infect human body are Escherichia coli and

Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli (Escherichia coli) is the name of a germ, or bacterium that lives

in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. It can cause severe anemia, urinary tract

infections or kidney failure, which can lead to death. You get an E. coli infection by coming into

contact with the feces, or stool, of humans or animals. Also, this can happen when you drink

water or eat food that has been contaminated by feces. Same as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus is

a group of bacteria that can cause a multitude of diseases as a result of infection of various

tissues of the body. It is also the most dangerous of all of the many common staphylococcal
 2

bacteria. Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and

potentially fatal. Examples of the diseases that are caused by Staphylococcus aureus are

Boils, impetigo, food poisoning, cellulitis, and toxic shock syndrome. These bacteria can be

acquired by having direct contact with an infected person, by using a contaminated object, or by

inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. Both bacteria mentioned above can

be prevented by keeping ourselves clean.

One of the most nutritious and useful plant found in our country is Malunggay (Moringa

oleifera). Malunggay is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine.

It is a plant that grows in the tropical climates suc as the Philippines, India and Africa.

Malunggay is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for a number of

illness and other practical uses. It is known for its medicinal uses, nutritional compounds and

water purifying treatments. Though, the most common part of Malunggay that can help in

purifying the water is the seed, it is still possible for the leaves to purify water.

Objectives of the Study

This study primarily aimed to test the efficiency of malunggay leaves extract to purify

water from Staphylococus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Specifically, it aims to:

• Determine if the water being purified using Malunggay leaves is safe as other drinking

water.
 3

• Determine if there is a significant difference on the microbiological analysis on the water

samples before and after the application of Malunggay leaves.

Significance of the Study

Nowadays, there are many concerning issues caused by drinking unsafe water.

Malunggay is known as the miracle tree for the benefits that it can give but only a few know that

it has the ability to purify water. Therefore, this study is a significant endeavor in providing on

how to have a clean drinking water with the use of Malunggay leaves. It will provide an

affordable way of having a clean drinking water which is free from two bacteria, namely

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was conducted in Camp One, Maramag, Bukidnon. It only focuses with the

two major components and these are; the water with two harmful bacteria (Staphylococcus

aureus and Escherichia coli) and the Malunggay leaves which is used in purifying the water.

With the specific measurement, the study that was conducted to determine the equivalent scale of

Malunggay leaves that is mixed into every water sample.

After the test, the two water samples were observed regarding on its changes in the

component if the bacteria which are present on that water sample were lessened, disappeared or

still existing. This study only focuses with the two major components and these are; the water
 4

high in two harmful bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and the Malunggay

leaves which is used in purifying the water.

 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera)

The leaves, fruit, flowers and immature pods of this tree are used as a highly nutritive

vegetable in many countries, particularly in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Hawaii and many parts

of Africa. People in India have been using it as an item of their daily food for nearly 5000 years.

It originated initially in the Northern part of India some 5000 years back and soon moved into

the Southern parts as well, where it was known as ‘Murungai keerai’ (Moringa leaves) and

‘Murungai kaai’ (Moringa vegetable). The Moringa tree had spread to most part of Asia, nearly

the whole of Africa, South America, southern part of North America and some pockets in

Europe. It has been found useful in nutrition, agriculture, soil control, water purification,

industrial applications, cattle feed and also for treating various types of illnesses in humans and

livestock. It is also used as a vegetable and oil source. Moringa pods are an important

commercial vegetable crop throughout some countries (Wadhwa, 2013).

Moringa oleifera is one of the world’s most useful plants. It is used as food, effective

water treatment, antibiotic, source of oil, and coagulant for turbid waters. Moringa oleifera has

several health benefits that are one of the reasons why it is named the “Miracle Tree” and the

“Tree of Life” in many cultures. People benefit from Moringa oleifera both in terms of

prevention and healing. Moringa oleifera is nutritious, natural and energizing. The immature

pods are the most valued and widely used of all the tree parts. The pods are extremely nutritious,

containing all the essential amino acids along with many vitamins and other nutrients. The

immature pod can be eaten raw or prepared like green peas or green beans, while the mature
 6

pods are usually fried and possess a peanut-like flavor. The pods also yield 38 - 40% of non-

drying, edible oil known as Ben Oil. This oil is clear, sweet and odorless, and never becomes

rancid. Overall, its nutritional value most closely resembles olive oil. The root is used as pickle.

The leaves are eaten as greens, in salads, in vegetable curries, as pickles and for seasoning. The

Bark can be used for tanning and also yields a coarse fiber. The flowers, which must be cooked,

are eaten either mixed with other foods or fried in batter and have been shown to be rich in

potassium and calcium (Marero, 2011).

The Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is the most “underutilized” multipurpose

tropical crop. The leaves, tender pods and seeds could serve as a valuable source of nutrients for

all age groups. The leaves, tender pods and seeds are sources of vitamins, minerals and proteins.

The leaves and branches can be used as feed for livestock and fish. Due to the high nutrient

content of the leaves, Moringa can be incorporated into the mulching system. The dry seed

suspension is a known natural coagulant and coagulant aid with antibacterial activity. Dry

Moringa seeds can be used in place of alum to treat turbid water and reduce bacteria in drinking

water. Moringa leaf powder can be used as a supplement to boost or stimulate the immune

system of HIV/AIDS positive people. Global industrialization and the increasing demand for

environmental friendly products make moringa have great potential as a source of

pharmaceuticals, dyes, biofuel, human food, animal and fish feed, and water purification

products ( Emongor, 2009).

Moringa tree can be utilized in treating the malnutrition in a local and cost-effective

manner. Malnutrition causes a great deal of human suffering and is associated with more than
 7

half of all deaths of children worldwide. Malnutrition severely affects the socio-economic

development of a nation because a work force that is stunted both mentally and physically may

have a reduced work capacity. Thus nutrition plays an important role in the reproduction of

poverty from one generation to the next. Not only is the Moringa oleifera tree extraordinary in

that all parts of the tree are edible, but the most amazing aspect of the tree is its exceptionally

high nutritional value. The leaves of the Moringa tree are an excellent source of vitamin A,

vitamin B vitamin C and other minerals. The leaves are also an outstanding source of calcium,

protein, potassium and iron. The content of amino acids such as methionine and cystine is also

high. Carbohydrates, fats and phosphorous content are low making this one of the finest plant

foods to be found. Present review focuses on the potential benefits of Moringa oleifera in

treatment of malnutrition (Dhakar, Maurya, Pooniya, Bairwa, Gupta, Sanwarmal, 2011).

During financially difficult times like this, it may be worth taking a second look at

commonly available plants which can provide important medicinal benefits apart from their

nutritional values. The important usage of all parts of Moringa oleifera has been utilized by the

different parts of the world as medicinal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, and even

clarifying drinking water. This rapidly-growing tree was utilized by ancient Romans, Greeks,

and Egyptians. It is now widely cultivated and has become naturalized in many locations in the

tropics and has an antibiotic ability (Fahey, 2005).

It has been introduced and become naturalized in other parts of India, Pakistan,

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East and
 8

West Africa, Southern Florida, throughout the West Indies, and from Mexico to Peru, Paraguay,

and Brazil (Mahmood, 2010).

Moringa is generally accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble

proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing

the resulting ‘flocs’ to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects

of moringa continue to be researched (Flores, 2008).

Moringa Oleifera is the best natural coagulant discovered yet, that it can replace

aluminum sulfate which is use widely all around the world. The study was conducted to find the

active constituents which are responsible about the coagulation mechanism and improving the

coagulation property (Suleyman, 2009).

It has the chemical components of One hundred grams, or one cup, of dried Malunggay

leaves contain 3.1 gm of protein, 0.6 gm of fiber, 96 mg calcium, 29 mg phosphorus, 1.7 mg

iron, 2,820 mg beta-carotene, 0.07 mg thiamin, 0.14 mg riboflavin, 1.1 mg niacin, and 53 mg

ascorbic acid, or Vitamin C. The antioxidant activity of Malunggay is about 71 percent, with æ-

tocopherol (Vitamin E) equivalent of 45. The leaves are an excellent source of Vitamins A and

B, and minerals such as calcium and iron. It is even an excellent source of protein, and contains

very low fat and carbohydrates.

 9

Water Purification

One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate

access to clean water and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the

coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered

water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be

conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy,

while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Here we

highlight some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and

decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of

wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water (Shannon, Bohn, Elimelech,

Georgiadis, Mariñas, Mayes, 2007).

Water is a major source for survival on this planet. Its conservation is therefore a priority.

With the increase in demand, the supply needs to meet specific standards. Several purification

techniques have been adopted to meet the standards. Magnetic separation is one purification

technique that has been adapted from ore mining industries to anti-scale treatment of pipe lines

to seeding magnetic flocculent. No reviews have come up in recent years on the water

purification technique using magnetic assistance. The present article brings out a series of

information on this water purification technique and explains different aspects of magnetism and

magnetic materials for water purification (Ambashta, Sillanpää, 2010).

Public health protection requires an indicator of fecal pollution. It is not necessary to

analyse drinking water for all pathogens. Escherichia coli is found in all mammal faeces at
 10

concentrations of 10 log 9−1, but it does not multiply appreciably in the environment. In the

1890s, it was chosen as the biological indicator of water treatment safety. Because of method

deficiencies, E. coli surrogates such as the ‘fecal coliform’ and total coliforms tests were

developed and became part of drinking water regulations. With the advent of the Defined

Substrate Technology in the late 1980s, it became possible to analyse drinking water directly

for E. coli (and, simultaneously, total coliforms) inexpensively and simply. Accordingly, E.

coli was re-inserted in the drinking water regulations. E. coli survives in drinking water for

between 4 and 12 weeks, depending on environmental conditions (temperature, microflora, etc.).

Bacteria and viruses are approximately equally oxidant-sensitive, but parasites are less so. Under

the conditions in distribution systems, E. coli will be much more long-lived. Therefore, under

most circumstances it is possible to design a monitoring program that permits public health

protection at a modest cost. Drinking water regulations currently require infrequent monitoring

which may not adequately detect intermittent contamination events; however, it is cost-effective

to markedly increase testing with E. coli to better protect the public's health. Comparison with

other practical candidate fecal indicators shows that E. coli is far superior overall (Edberg, Rice,

Karlin, 2000).

The evaluation of resistance patterns of E. coli in wastewater treatment plants without an

evaluation of basic antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Investigations have been done in sewage,

sludge and receiving waters from three different sewage treatment plants in southern Austria. A

total of 767 E. coli isolates were tested regarding their resistance to 24 different antibiotics. The

highest resistance rates were found in E. coli strains of a sewage treatment plant which treats not
 11

only municipal sewage but also sewage from a hospital (Reinthaler, Posch, Feierl, Wüst, Haas,

2003).
 12

METHODOLOGY

A. Collection of Malunggay Leaves

Malunggay leaves were collected in Camp 1, Maramag, Bukidnon and in Dologon,

Maramag, Bukidnon. A total of ½ kg of dried Malunggay leaves was collected.

B. Preparation of Malunggay Leaves Powder

Malunggay leaves were drenched. It was air-dried for 15 days to lessen the moisture of

the leaves. After 15 days of drying the leaves, the Malunggay leaves were powdered using

electrical blender.

C. Collection of Water Samples

Water samples were collected from a tap water in Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon using an

empty bottle of mineral water (300 mL). The sterilization of the containers was done by

blanching the containers with warm water. Three sterilized containers were used, one for the 2 g

of Malunggay leaves powder, one for the 5 g of Malunggay leaves powder, and also with 8 g of

Malunggay leaves powder.

D. Sterilization of Laboratory Apparatuses

The 12 Petri dishes, 2 test tubes, 1 medicine dropper, 1funnel, and 1 strainer were

sterilized by means of placing it on boiling water for 10 minutes.

 13

E. Mixing of Powdered Malunggay Leaves to Water Samples

There are three water samples obtained. Individually, the 8 grams, 5 grams and 2 grams

of powdered Malunggay leaves weighed in a triple beam balance were mixed to 300 mL of water

with separate plastic bottle containers.

F. Filtration Process

The mixtures were filtered individually using a strainer to remove the tiny particles that

were not properly pulverized. To make sure that the strained mixture of the powdered

Malunggay leaves and water were strained appropriately, it was filtered again using filter paper.

G. Microbiological Preparation

There were three water bottles containing of different amount of malunggay leaves

powder mixed with a tap water. In every bottle, 2 samples were acquired with an amount of 5

mL each. The six samples were then placed in petri dish for testing. After testing the samples,

0.3 mL of Staphylococcus aureus were added in the first sample, and another 0.3 mL of E. coli

were added on the second sample. It was then again sent to the College of Veterinary Medicine

for testing.

H. Microbiological Analysis

The water samples were brought to College of Veterinary Medicine in Central Mindanao

University. It was then analyzed to know the count of each water sample before and after the test.

After the test, the results were compared.

 14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effects of powdered Malunggay leaves mixed with tap water were evaluated as follows:

Table 1: Microbiological Analysis

Parameters Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

E. Coli 5,665 5,159 3,655 3,640

Staphylococcus
5,330 4,998 3,580 3,095
aureus

Note:

Control = 300 mL tap water

Treatment 1 = 2 g Malunggay leaves powder + 300 mL tap water

Treatment 2 = 5 g Malunggay leaves powder + 300 mL tap water

Treatment 3 = 8 g Malunggay leaves powder + 300 mL tap water

E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus are those bacteria commonly found in our

environment, including the feces of a man. The presence of both bacteria in drinking water may

indicate a possible presence of harmful, disease-causing organisms.

 15

The control has been treated with Malunggay leaves powder without the bacteria.

Treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3 have also been treated with Malunggay leaves powder

but it has 0.3 mL of bacteria. This is to test if the bacteria can survive with the presence of

Malunggay components. Furthermore, as the concentration of Malunggay leaves powder

increases, the number of bacteria decreases.

 16

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the study showed that the Malunggay leaves powder has the capability to

lessen the amount of bacteria but it was not that effective like the powdered Malunggay seeds.

Therefore, the use of Malunggay leaves is not that suitable in purifying the water because the

results showed that it doesn’t pass the Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water. It is not

safe to drink the water being purified by the Malunggay leaves.

Further study and improvement of the experiment could be made with the following

recommendation:

1) Try to use greater amount of Malunggay leaves powder to make it more effective in

decreasing the coliform count of bacteria.

2) Further research studies on how to diminish the color of the water sample mixed with the

Malunggay leaves.

3) Decantation process must be done to microbiological specimens instead of filtration in

order to achieve good results.

4) Find more effective ways in processing the Malunggay leaves powder.

5) Further research studies about water purification using Malunggay leaves powder must

be employed in order to provide a secure and easy means of potable water.

 17

REFERENCES

Shannon, Mark A., et al. "Science and technology for water purification in the coming

decades." Nature 452.7185 (2008): 301-310

Ambashta, Ritu D., and Mika Sillanpää. "Water purification using magnetic assistance: a

review." Journal of hazardous materials 180.1 (2010): 38-49

Dhakar RC, Maurya SD, Pooniya BK, Bairwa N, Gupta M, Sanwarmal. Moringa : The herbal

gold to combat malnutrition. Chron Young Sci [serial online] 2011 [cited 2014 Sep 4];2:119-25.

Available from: http://www.cysonline.org/text.asp?2011/2/3/119/90887

Emongor, V.E. 2011. MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM.): A REVIEW. Acta Hort.

(ISHS) 911:497-508

http://www.actahort.org/books/911/911_58.htm

Essays, UK. (November 2013). Moringa Oleifera Has Several Health Benefits Biology Essay.

Retrieved from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/moringa-oleifera-has-several-health-

benefits-biology-essay.php?cref=1
 18

Escherichia coli: the best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection
SC Edberg, EW Rice, RJ Karlin… - Journal of Applied …, 2000 - Wiley Online Library.
Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05338.x/abstract

A Review On Commercial, Traditional Uses, Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activity Of

Moringa Oleifera, S Wadhwa - Global Journal Of Traditional Medicinal Systems, 2013 -
Gjtms.Info Retrieved from http://www.gjtms.info/index.php/gjtms/article/view/22

Staph Infection (Staphylococcus aureus) Medical Author:Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Medical

Editor:William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
http://www.medicinenet.com/staph_infection/article.htm

Staphylococcus aureus Infections

September 2008 by Matthew E. Levison, MD, Retrieved from
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial_infections/staphylococcus_aureus_inf
ections.html

Antibiotic resistance of< i> E. coli</i> in sewage and sludge, G Wüst, D Haas, G Ruckenbauer,
F Mascher, E Marth - Water Research, 2003 – Elsevier. Retrieved from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402005699
 19

APPENDIX FIGURES

Appendix Figure No. 1 Collection of Malunggay

 20

Appendix Figure No. 2 Weighing of Malunggay Leaves Powder

 21

Appendix Figure No. 3 Sterilization of Laboratory Apparatuses

 22

Appendix Figure No. 4 Filtration Process

 23

Appendix Figure No. 5 Microbiological Preparation

 24

Appendix Figure No. 6 Results