Reviewer in 21st Century  Ballad- narrating short

Literature stories in a short

stanza.
Ex. A Ballad of a
Literature – Latin word “litera” Mother’s Heart
means letter.  Epic- heroic, long
stories. Ex. Biag ni
*Significant Human Experience
Lam-ang
– we can share our experience
through literature, to express C. Dramatic - theatrical drama
emotions, feelings, thoughts and
 Comedy-
etc.
 Shadow Play- use
HOTS – (Higher Order Thinking puppets.
Skills)  Tragedy- sad ending.
 Mystery Play-
2 Forms of Literature

1. Written – anything that is 2. Prose- any kind of stories.

written. Latin word “Prosa Oratio”
2. Oral – can pass from direct/ straightforward.
generation to generation.
Two types of Prose

1. Fiction- imagination of the

2 Types of Literature
author.
1. Poetry- Consist of rhymes,  Fable- characters are
meter, stanza, lines, and free the animals. Gain
verse. moral lessons.

Aesop- famous story

 Poetry Structure
teller of fables. “The hare
 Stanza Lines
and the tortoise”
 Rhyme
 Meter  Fairytales- magical,
fantasies
 Figure of Speech
 Legend- story of origin
 Novel- narrative prose
Types of Poetry
of booklet
A. Lyric - Latin “lyre” string
 Parables- stories form
instrument.
the Bible
- Accompanied by music
 Short Stories- we can
finish in just one sitting
B. Narrative - story written in a
 Frame-tale- stories
poem.
within a stories
  Saga- stories in Timeline- chronological order
generation by
1. Pre-colonial Period BC -
generation. Fictional
1564
history of several
- Longest period in Philippine
families.
history
- -oral is the form of literature
2. Non-Fiction- real/ happened
they used.
in our daily lives.
 Legends- origin of things or
 Autobiography- self life
places.
written
 Folksongs- oldest form of
 Biography- written by
Philippines Literature
others
 Kundiman- love songs
 Diary- “dies” means day.
 Kumintang or
Narrating your own story.
Tagumpay- war songs
 Journal- plans
 Dalit or Imno- songs
 Michel de Montaigne-
to the God
originator of the modern
 Oyayi or Hele- lullaby
essay.
 Diana- wedding song
 Essay- giving your own
 Soliraning- song of
personal opinion
the laborer
- Formative Essay- it consist
 Talindaw- Boatman’s
of source/ reference
song
Why do we need to study
Philippine Literature?  Epic- long narrative based
on oral literature
1. To better appreciate our
 Popular Epic
Literary heritage.
2. To understand that we have “Biag ni Lam-ang” (Ilocos
a great and noble tradition Region)
which can be served as the
“Hinilawod” (Panay Island)
means to assimilate other
culture.  Epigram (Salawikain)-

3. To show that as Filipino who parable that impart lesson for

truly love and take pride in young. – Allegories

our own culture. We have to  Riddles (Bugtong)-

manifest our deep concern statement or question or

for our own culture. phrase having a double or

veiled meaning.
 Chants (Bulong)- witchcraft
Timeline in Philippine  Sayings (Kasabihan)-
Literature contains advise or wisdom.
 Used in teasing or comment a blood and thunder.
on a person’s activation Conflict between
 Sawikain- saying with no Christians and Muslim.
meaning  Karagatan (Duplo) –
native dramas that
2. Spanish Period - Filipino connected to catholic
embraced the Catholic mourning rituals.
religion, changed their
names and were baptized.  FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE
 Doctrina Cristiana (2001) (F.SIONIL JOSE)
(The Christian
AWARDS
Doctrine)- first book
printed in the Recognitions of Jose’s

Philippines (1593). It literary works and his

contained the Our influence on the Philippines

Father, Hail Mary, Ten and Asia include the Ramon

Commandments, Magsaysay Award for

Seven Mortal Sin, etc. Journalism, Literature and

 The Pasion- book Creative Arts (1980),

about the life and Philippine National Artist

suffering of Jesus (2001), and the Pablo

Christ. Neruda Centennial Award

A. Recreational Plays (2004), and Officer in the

 Tibag- a dramatic French Order of Arts and

reenactment of St. Letters (2014).

Helena’s
 The Cenaculo – the
CONTRIBUTION
dramatization of the
passion of Christ.  Gives pride to the country
 Carillo (Shadow for his writings have also
Play) – a play that appeared in literary
uses shadow as its journals and anthologies
main spectacle. all over Asia, American
 Zarzuela – a musical and German publication.
comedies or  Founder of the Philippine
melodrama that deals chapter of the
with elemental international organization
passions of human PEN.
being.  Set up the Solidaridad
 Moro-moro (Comedia bookshop publishing firm
de Capa y Espada) –
 and an art gallery in Center of the Phils, South
Ermita, Manila. East Asia Write Awards
Now in his nineties, he - Instructor in ADMU (Makata
continues to be a prolific Instructor and dean)
writer and relentless voice - Founded Galian sa Arte at
against social injustice Tula (GAT) at Linangan sa
and national amnesia. Imahen, Retorika at Anyo
Almost daily, he still (LIRA)
climbs the three flights of - He headed the National
steps to his writing alcove Commission for Culture and
at the Solidaridad Arts as Executive Director
Bookshop in Manila. (1998-2001)

 VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO
 ALEJANDRO ROCES
aka (RIO ALMA)
- July 13, 1924 - May 23, 2011
- Artist, poetic, critic,
- died in pneumonia
translator, editor, teacher
- Short story writer and
and cultural manager
essayist
- Camias, San Miguel, Bulacan
- He won the Philippine
on March 9,1944
National Awards in 2003
- Parents: Ricardo Almario
together with Virgilio S.
and Feliciana Senadren
Almario
- Wife: Emilina B. Soriano
- Considered as the country’s
- Children: Asa Victoria, Ani
best writer of comic short
rosa, Agno Virgilio
story-
- Camias Elem School (1959),
Comics- more on heroes in
Up (1963) Bachelor’s Degree
Local and in USA
in Political Science
Ex. Darna & Wonderwoman
- Chairman of Komisyon sa
- He focused on the
Wikang Filipino (KWF).
neglected aspects of the
- Translated the works of Rizal
Filipino Cultural Heritage
(Noli Me Tangere and El
– culture that is forgotten
Filibusterismo)
- his works have been
- Ang Makata sa Panahon
published in various
ng Makina (1972) – his first
international magazine
published book
- He received national and
- Won for translating NMT and
international award
EF (Manila Critic Circle)
- Brought to the public
- Palanca Awards, 2 grand
attention of country’s fiestas
prized from the Cultural
 such as Ati-atihan & the characters, setting
Moriones and events in the story.
- Independence day from 3. Climax – is the event
July 4 – June 12 when the greatest
- Cause to change the tension in the story.
language form from English 4. Falling Action – is the
to Filipino in the country result of the climax and
stamps, currency, passports it is the part when
(pasaporte) things start to falling
- A guerilla during the world into place for the
war II and defy Martial LAW characters.
- During times of Diosdado 5. Denouement – is the
Macapagal, he became the French term which
secretary of DepEd means “ending”.
- Famous work: My Brother’s
Peculiar Chicken
 BIENVENIDO LUMBERA
(2006)
THE PLOT STRUCTURE OF - A poet, librettist and scholar
FICTION: - Librettist- who makes the

*Gustav Freytag’s dialogue for a play

Diagram* - born on April 11, 1932 in

Lipa, Batangas
1. Exposition – is the
- MA in Journalism in UST
beginning of the story
- Emeritus Status (highest
where the writer
status for a teacher) in UP
introduces the
- Published award winning
characters (round, flat)
book of criticism
describing the setting
and sometimes will
CONTRIBUTION
give a brief background
of the story.  Introduce Tagalog Literature
a. Protagonist – known as Bagay Poetry
leading  Bagay Poetry- a landmark
character aesthetic tendency that has
b. Antagonist – helped to change the
the person who vernacular poetic tradition
opposes  For the Tales of Manuvu and
2. Rising Action – is Rama Hari, he pioneered the
when the complication creative fusion of fine arts
begins to show itself on and popular imagination
WORKS - aka “creative nonfiction”

 Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita - Michel de Montaigne

Pakikiramay (2004)
ex. Why Filipinos are Poor
 Likhang Dila, Likhang Dukha
- can be found in NEWSPAPER:
 The Tales of Manuvu and
factual writing and comprised of
Rama Hari
essays/ essays articles

Structure of Essay
AWARDS
- Introduction, Body &
 Ramon Magsaysay Award Conclusion
 Philippine National Artist
Award (2006)
Writer’s Voice
 LAZARO FRANCISCO
o When you are reading an
- Master of the Tagalog Novel
essay, you are actually
- born on Feb. 22, 1898, died
communicating with the
on June 17, 1980
author
- in Bataan ( Province of
o a distinctive style or
Lazaro)
personality of a written work
that will separate it from the
CONTRIBUTION other written work

 Francisco gained prominence

as a writer not only for his
 Cirilo Bautista
social conscience but also for
- A poet, fictionist and essayist
his masterful handling of the
- took AB literature in UST
Tagalog Language
- born on July 9, 1941
 He put up an arm for his
advocacy of Tagalog as a
National Language by CONTRIBUTION

establishing the “Kapatiran  As a way of bringing poetry

ng mga Alagad ng Wikang and fiction, he has been
Pilipino” (KAWIKA) holding funded and unfunded
workshop throughout the
WORKS country

 Ama  As a teacher, he has realized

 Daluyong that the classroom is an

important training ground for
Filipino writers
Essay
WORKS
  Summer Sun  The arrangement of words,
 Words and Battle Fields line either together or apart

 Trilogy of Saint Lazarus 6. Word Order

 natural or unnatural
AWARDS
arrangement of word
 Philippines National Artist
* Poetic License – grammatical
Award
error or invented word
 Gawad Balagtas

Philippine Poetry: From, Language

and Speech

1. Senses and Images

(Imagery)

 Used by the writer to

describe their impressions of
their topic or object of writing
(smell, sight, hearing, etc.)

2. Diction

 The connotative (ex.

serpent) and denotative
(snake) meaning of the word
in the sentence, phrase,
poem or paragraph

3. Rhyme Scheme

 The way the author arranges

words, lines, stanzas to
create a coherent sound
when the poem is read out
loud.

4. Speaker

 In the poem is the voice that

talks to the reader

5. Structure
FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE (2001)
HINILAWOD transformed into strong, handsome young
men.
When the goddess of the eastern sky
Alunsina (also known as Laun Sina, “The Labaw Donggon, the eldest of the three,
Unmarried One”) reached maidenhood, the asked his mother to prepare his magic cape,
king of the gods, Kaptan, decreed that she hat, belt and kampilan (sword) for he heard
should marry. All the unmarried gods of the of a place called Handug where a beautiful
different domains of the universe tried to maiden named Angoy Ginbitinan lived.
win her hand to no avail. She chose to marry
a mortal, Datu Paubari, the mighty ruler of The journey took several days. He walked
Halawod. across plains and valleys, climbed up
mountains until he reached the mouth of the
Her decision angered her other suitors. They Halawod river. When he finally met the
plotted to bring harm to the newlyweds. A maiden’s father and asked for her hand in
meeting of the council of gods was called by marriage, the father asked him to fight the
Maklium-sa-t’wan, god of the plains, where monster Manalintad as part of his dowry. He
a decision by those present was made to went off to confront the monster and with
destroy Halawod by flood. the help of his magic belt Labaw Donggon
killed the monster and to prove his feat he
Alunsina and Paubari escaped harm through brought to Angoy Ginbitinan’s father the
the assistance of Suklang Malayon, the monster’s tail.
goddess and guardian of happy homes and
sister of Alunsina, who learned of the evil After the wedding, Labaw Donggon
plot and warned the two so they were able to proceeded home with his new bride. Along
seek refuge on higher ground. the way they met a group of young men who
told him that they were on their way to
After the flood waters subsided, Paubari and Tarambang Burok to win the hand of
Alunsina returned to the plains secretly. Abyang Durunuun, sister of Sumpoy, the
They settled near the mouth of the Halawod lord of the underworld and whose beauty
river. was legendary.

Several months later Alunsina became Labaw Donggon and his bride continued on
pregnant and told Paubari to prepare the their journey home. The moment they
siklot, things necessary for childbirth. She arrived home Labaw Donggon told his
delivered a set of triplets and summoned the mother to take care of his wife because he is
high priest Bungot-Banwa to perform the taking another quest, this time he was going
rites of the gods of Mount Madya-as (the to Tarambang Burok.
mountain abode of the gods) to ensure the
good health of the children. The high priest Before he can get to the place he has to pass
promptly made an altar and burned some a ridge guarded by a giant named Sikay
alanghiran fronds and a pinch of Padalogdog who has a hundred arms. The
kamangyan. When the ceremony was over giant would not allow Labaw Donggon to go
he opened the windows of the north side of through without a fight. However, Sikay
the room and a cold northernly wind came in Padalogdog was no match to Labaw
and suddenly the three infants were
Donggon’s prowess and skill in fighting so and Abyang Durunuun’s son was called
he gave up and allowed him to continue. Abyang Baranugon.

Labaw Donggon won the hand of Abyang Only a few days after they were born, Aso
Durunuun and also took her home. Before Mangga and Abyang Baranugon embarked
long he went on another journey, this time it to look for their father. They rode their
is to Gadlum to ask for the hand of Malitong sailboats through the region of eternal
Yawa Sinagmaling Diwata who is the young darkness, passed the region of the clouds
bride of Saragnayan, the lord of darkness. and the land of stones, finally reaching
Saragnayan’s home. Saragnayan noticed that
This trip required him to use his biday nga Abyang Baranugon’s umbilical cord have
inagta (black boat) on which he sailed across not yet been removed, he laughed and told
the seas for many months, went across the the child to go home to his mother.
region of the clouds, and passed the land of
stones until finally he reached the shores of Abyang Baranugon was slighted by the
Tulogmatian which was the seaside fortress remarks and immediately challenged
of Saragnayan. The moment he set foot on Saragnayan to a duel. They fought and
the ground Saragnayan asked him, “Who are Abyang Baranugon defeated Saragnayan
you and why are you here?” and won his father’s freedom.

To which he answered, “I am Labaw Labaw Donggon’s defeat and subsequent

Donggon, son of Datu Paubari and goddess imprisonment by the Lord of Darkness also
Alunsina of Halawod. I came for the angered his brothers. Humadapnon was so
beautiful Malitong Yawa Sinagmaling enraged that he swore to the gods of Madya-
Diwata.” as that he would wreak revenge on all of
Saragnayan’s kinsmen and followers.
Saragnayan laughed. He told Labaw
Donggon that what he wished for was Humadapnon prepared to go to
impossible to grant because she was his Saragnayan’s domain. He employed the aid
wife. Labaw Donggon then challenged of Buyong Matanayon of Mount Matiula
Saragnayan to a duel saying that whoever who was well-known for his skill in
wins will have her. swordsmanship. For their journey they rode
on a sailboat called biday nga rumba-rumba.
The challenge was accepted and they started They travelled through the region of the
fighting. Labaw Donggon submerged clouds, passed by the region of eternal
Saragnayan under water for seven years, but darkness and ended up at a place called
when he let go of him, Saragnayan was still Tarambang Buriraw. In this place was a
alive. The latter uprooted a coconut tree and ridge called Talagas Kuting-tang where a
started beating Labaw Donggon with it. He seductive sorceress named Piganun lived.
survived the beating but was not able to
surpass the powers of Saragnayan’s pamlang Piganun changed herself to a beautiful
(amulet) and eventually he gave up and was maiden and captured the heart of
imprisoned by Saragnayan beneath his Humadapnon. Buyong Matanayon begged
house. with Humadapnon to leave the place with
him but the latter refused. After seven
Back home Angoy Ginbitinan and Abyang months passed, Buyong Matanayon
Durunuun both delivered sons. Angoy remembered that they have brought with
Ginbitinan’s child was named Aso Mangga them some ginger. One evening at dinner
time Buyong Matanayon threw seven slices Meanwhile, right after Humadapnon left to
of ginger into the fire. When Pinganun seek Saragnayan’s followers and relatives
smelled the odor of burning ginger she left his brother Dumalapdap left for Burutlakan-
the dinner table because sorcerers hated the ka-adlaw where the maiden Lubay-Lubyok
odor of ginger. Immediately Buyong Hanginun si Mahuyokhuyokon lived. For
Matanayon struck Humadapnon, who the trip he brought along Dumasig, the most
became unconscious. He dragged his friend powerful wrestler in Madya-as.
with him and they were able to escape.
Several months later they came to a place
They continued with their trek and called Tarambuan-ka-banwa where they
everywhere they went they exacted revenge encountered the two-headed monster
on all of Saragnayan’s people and relatives. Balanakon who guarded a narrow ridge
One day they reached a place called Piniling leading to the place where the maiden lived.
Tubig who was ruled by Datu Umbaw
Pinaumbaw. There was a big gathering in With the aid of Dumasig, Dumalapdap
the village and when they asked what was killed Balanakon. However, upon
going on they were told that the datu was approaching the gate of the palace where the
giving his daughter for marriage to whoever maiden lived he was confronted by Uyutang,
could remove the huge boulder that rolled a bat-like monster with sharp poisonous
from a mountain into the center of the claws. There ensued a bloody battle between
village. Many men tried their luck but no the Dumalapdap and the monster. They
one so far was able to even move the stone. fought for seven months and their skill and
prowess seemed to be equal. But on the
Humadapnon took off his magic cape and seventh month, Dumalapdap was able to
used it to lift the stone and threw it back into grab on to Uyutang’s ankle and broke it.
the mountain. The datu kept his word and Then he took his iwang daniwan (magic
Humadapnon married his daughter. During dagger) and stabbed Uyutang under the
the wedding feast Humadapnon heared armpit. Uyutang cried out so loud that the
about the beauty of the goddess of greed ridge where they were fighting broke into
Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan from a two and there was an earthquake. Half of the
guest minstrel who sang at the celebration. ridge became the island of Buglas (Negros)
and the other became the island of Panay.
After the wedding Humadapnon went to
seek the hand of the goddess in marriage. Dumalapdap married Lubay-Lubyok
Along the way he encountered Buyong Hanginun si Mahuyokhuyokan and then
Makabagting, son of the mighty Datu took her home. Datu Paubari was very
Balahidyong of Paling Bukid who was also happy when he was reunited with his three
travelling with the same purpose in mind. sons and he prepared a feast in their honor.
Upon learning of Humadapnon’s intent, After the celebration, the three brothers left
Buyong Makabagting challenged him to a for different parts of the world. Labaw
duel. They fought and Buyong Makabagting Donggon went to the north, Humadapnon
was no match to Humadapnon’s strength went south, Dumalapdap to the west and
and skill. The fight ended when Buyong Datu Paubari remained in the east.
Makabagting surrendered and even
promised to aid Humadapnon in his quest.
Humadapnon married the goddess and Mariang Makiling
brought her home. ( as retold by Gat. Jose P. Rizal from
Northern Luzon )
There are many stories woven about this his stranger activities, which included
guardian spirit. Most of them deal with her frequent visits into the wood of Mariang
helping the poor and the sick, in the guise of Makiling.
a peasant girl. The precious things she lend
the country folk are said to be returned to
her, along with the offering of a young But there came a terrible time for him and
pullet with feathers white as milk. his family. War had come to his fair land,
and army officers came, recruiting
A hunter has recounted a face-to-face
unmarried young men who were in perfect
encounter with the enigma herself. He was
health. So that the young man would stay
hunting a wild boar, he said, deep into the
safely in the village, his mother arranged for
forest where Mariang Makiling lived. The
him a marriage with a most beauteous
boar suddenly crashed into some bushes and
daughter of a wealthy family. Upon finding
the hunter, fearing that he would not find it
this out, the young man became more sullen
again, dived in after it. When he came to his
than ever.
feet he saw a small hut, and witnessed his
prey entering it. He followed the boar into
the hut, thinking it deserted, and then he
came face to face with a beautiful maiden He visited Mariang Makiling’s wood one
standing by the boar, who was meek in her last time, a few days before his marriage.
presence. The maiden said "This boar is Mariang Makiling lent him a dress and some
mine and you must not harm it. But I see jewelry, for his wife to wear on their
that you are tired and hurt. Come in, eat, and wedding day. "I would that you were
then go your way." consecrated to me," she said sadly, "but you
need an earthly love, and you do not have
enough faith in me besides. I could have
protected you and your family." This having
The hunter felt compelled to obey her. He
been said, she disappeared. The young man
sat down at her table, and she served him a
went back to his village with Mariang
porridge that he found was unlike anything
Makiling’s gifts, and presented them at once
he had ever tasted. It invigorated him, and
to the girl he would marry.
after eating, he felt healed. As a parting gift,
Mariang Makiling filled his peasant hat,
called a salakot, with yellow ginger.
But the girl did not care for Mariang
Makiling’s gifts. Instead she wore the pearls
and dresses her mother had handed down.
The hunter, on his way home from the
forest, found that his salakot was growing
heavier and heavier, and so he broke a few
pieces of ginger in half and threw some bits Mariang Makiling was never seen by the
away. Upon coming home, he handed Maria peasants again, nor was her humble hut ever
Makiling’s gifts to his wife, who found that rediscovered.
the salakot, instead of containing ginger, as
her husband claimed, contained gold. The
hunter regretted having thrown away a few
bits of ginger/gold along the way.

Mariang Makiling is said to be more than

compassionate. Once, there lived a young
farmer who always seemed to be blessed.
His fields were never touched by any
calamity, and his livestock were always in
good health. The people of his village say he
is endowed with a charm, or mutya, as it is
called, that protected him and his from
harm. The young man himself was good at
heart and simple in spirit. But he was quiet
and secretive, and would not say much of
.