UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

Second Semester Examination

2016/2017 Academic Session

June 2017

EKC 216 – Process Heat Transfer

[Pemindahan Haba Proses]

Duration : 3 hours
[Masa : 3 jam]

Please ensure that this examination paper contains FIVE printed pages and SIX
printed pages of Appendix before you begin the examination.

[Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi LIMA muka surat yang
bercetak dan ENAM muka surat Lampiran sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan
ini.]

Instruction: Answer ALL (4) questions.

[Arahan: Jawab SEMUA (4) soalan.]

In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used.

[Sekiranya terdapat sebarang percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa

Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai].

…2/-
 -2- [EKC 216]

Answer ALL questions.

1. [a] Differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer.

[3 marks]

[b] Steam at a temperature of 680 oC flows through a pipe (k = 0.90 W/m.K) of

8.2 cm OD, 6.4 cm ID and 30 m length. The convection heat transfer
coefficients at the inside and outside are 350 W/m2.K and 18 W/m2.K,
respectively. The pipe is located in a room at 25 oC. Calculate heat loss from
the pipe.
[3 marks]

[c] Draw and compare the temperature distributions through a 16 cm long, 2 cm

wide and 1 cm thick straight fin and exposed to an environment
(h = 11.4 W/m2K) at room temperature of 30 oC, for two fin materials :
(i) stainless steel [k = 20 W/m.K] and (ii) aluminium [k = 320 W/m.K]. The
base temperature is maintained at 200 oC. Assume adiabatic tip condition.
[12 marks]

[d] Two parallel 60 cm-diameter disks are separated by distance of 2 m in an

infinite medium having k = 2.5 W/m.K. One disk is maintained at 90 oC and
the other at 25 oC. Calculate the heat transfer between the disks.
[3 marks]

[e] An aluminium ball [C = 0.9 kJ/kg.K, ρ = 3000 kg/m3, k = 200 W/m.K] 1.0 m
in diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 700 oC is suddenly
immersed in a fluid at 30 oC. The convection coefficient is 80 W/m2.K.
Calculate the time required for the ball to attain a temperature of 300 oC.
[4 marks]

2. [a] [i] Explain the theory of boundary layer for flat plate with schematic
diagram.
[2 marks]

[ii] Air at 77 ºC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a speed of 10 m/s.
Calculate the boundary layer thickness at distance of 40 cm from the
leading edge of the plate.
[3 marks]

[b] Air at 176 ºC and 2 atm is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of
30 mm at a velocity of 12 m/s. The wall temperature is 25 °C above the air
temperature, all along the length of the tube. Calculate the bulk temperature
increase over a 5 m length of the tube. Given R = 287 J/kg.K.
[5 marks]

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 -3- [EKC 216]

Jawab SEMUA soalan.

1. [a] Bezakan di antara pemindahan haba konduksi, perolakan dan radiasi.

[3 markah]

[b] Stim bersuhu 680 oC mengalir melalui paip (k= 0.90 W/m.K) 30 m panjang
serta berdiameter luar dan dalam masing-masing 8.2 sm dan 6.4 sm. Pekali
pemindahan haba perolakan disebelah dalam dan luar masing-masing
350 W/m2.K dan 18 W/m2.K. Paip terletak di dalam bilik bersuhu 25 oC.
Kirakan kehilangan haba daripada paip tersebut.
[3 markah]

[c] Lukiskan dan bandingkan taburan suhu bagi sirip lurus yang panjang, lebar
dan tebal masing-masing 16 sm, 2 sm dan 1 sm serta terdedah kepada
persekitaran (h = 11.4 W/m2K) pada suhu bilik 30 oC bagi dua jenis sirip :
(i) keluli tahan karat [k=20 W/m.K] dan (ii) aluminium [k = 320 W/m.K].
Suhu tapak kekal pada 200 oC. Anggap keadaan hujung adiabatik.
[12 markah]

[d] Dua cakera selari berdiameter 60 sm dipisahkan sejauh 2 m dalam medium

tak terhingga dengan k = 2.5 W/m.K. Cakera pertama dan kedua masing-
masing pada suhu tetap 90 oC dan 25 oC. Kirakan pemindahan haba antara
kedua-dua cakera tersebut.
[3 markah]

[e] Bebola aluminium [C = 0.9 kJ/kg.K, ρ = 3000 kg/m3, k = 200 W/m.K]

berdiameter 1.0 m dan bersuhu awal 700 oC direndam secara mengejut dalam
bendalir bersuhu 30 oC. Pekali perolakan ialah 80 W/m2.K. Kirakan masa
yang diperlukan untuk bebola tersebut mencapai suhu 300 oC.
[4 markah]

2. [a] [i] Terangkan dengan rajah skematik teori lapisan sempadan untuk plat
rata.
[2 markah]

[ii] Udara bersuhu 77 ºC dan 1 atm mengalir melalui plat rata pada
kelajuan 10 m/s. Kirakan ketebalan lapisan sempadan pada kedudukan
40 sm dari permulaan plat.
[3 markah]

[b] Udara bersuhu 176 ºC dan 2 atm dipanaskan semasa mengalir melalui tiub
berdiameter 30 mm pada kelajuan 12 m/s. Suhu dinding sepanjang tiub ialah
25 °C melebihi suhu udara. Kirakan penambahan suhu pukal untuk paip ini
yang panjangnya 5 m. Diberi R = 287 J/kg.K.
[5 markah]

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 -4- [EKC 216]

[c] Air at 1 atm and 8 °C flows across a bank of tubes 18 rows high and 8 rows
deep at a velocity of 6.2 m/s measured at a point in the flow before the air
enters the tube bank. The surfaces of the tubes are maintained at 60 °C. The
diameter of the tube is 2.54 cm. They are arranged in an in-line manner so that
the spacing in both the normal and parallel direction to the flow is 7.62 cm.
Calculate the total heat transfer per unit length for the tube bank.
[10 marks]

[d] A vertical cylinder 1.5 m high and 4.2 cm in diameter is maintained at a

temperature of 60 oC in an atmospheric environment of 10 oC. Calculate the
heat lost by free convection from this cylinder.
[5 marks]

3. [a] Saturated steam at 100 lb/in2 abs condenses on the outside of a horizontal 1-in
diameter tube. The tube wall temperature is maintained at 280 F. Calculate the
heat transfer coefficient and the condensate flow per unit length of tube. Take
Tsat = 328 F and hfg = 889 Btu/lb.
[14 marks]

[b] Heat-transfer coefficients for boiling are usually large compared with those for
ordinary convection. Estimate the flow velocity that would be necessary to
produce a value of h for forced convection through a smooth 6.5 mm diameter
brass tube comparable with that which could be obtained by pool boiling with
∆Tx = 16.7 C, p = 690 kPa, and water as the fluid using the properties of water
obtained in part Q.3.[a].
[11 marks]

4. A light fuel oil is used in the tube side of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with two
shell passes and four tube passes. Water is heated in the shell side from 10 °C to 50 °C
while the oil is cooled from 90 °C to 60 °C. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is
53 W/m2.°C. The specific heat of the oil is 2.0 kJ/kg.°C.

[a] Using both the NTU and LMTD methods, calculate the area of the heat
exchanger for a total energy transfer of 500 kW.
[15 marks]

[b] What is the water flow rate for this heat transfer?
[2 marks]

[c] What percentage reduction in water flow is necessary to reduce the total heat
transfer rate in half while maintaining the oil flow constant?
[8 marks]

…5/-
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[c] Udara pada 1 atm dan 8 °C mengalir merentasi bank tiub 18 baris menegak
dan 8 baris kedalam pada kelajuan 6.2 m/s diukur pada kedudukan aliran
udara sebelum memasuki bank tiub tersebut. Suhu permukaan tiub dikekalkan
pada 60 °C. Diameter tiub ialah 2.54 sm. Tiub-tiub ini disusun dengan aturan
segiempat. Jarak antara tiub dalam arah menegak dan selari kepada aliran
ialah 7.62 sm. Kirakan jumlah pemindahan haba per unit panjang bagi bank
tiub tersebut.
[10 markah]

[d] Suatu silinder menegak bersuhu tetap 60 oC dengan ketinggian 1.5 m dan
berdiameter 4.2 sm diletak pada persekitaran atmosfera 10 oC. Kirakan
kehilangan haba perolakan bebas daripada silider tersebut.
[5 markah]

3. [a] Wap tepu pada 100 lb/in2 abs terpeluwap di luar tiub mendatar berdiameter
1 inci. Suhu dinding tiub ditetapkan pada 280 F. Kirakan pekali pemindahan
haba dan aliran peluwap per unit panjang tiub. Ambil Tsat sebagai 328 F dan
hfg = 889 Btu/lb.
[14 markah]

[b] Pekali pemindahan haba bagi pendidihan kebiasaannya adalah besar jika
dibandingkan dengan olakan biasa. Anggarkan halaju aliran yang
bersesuaian untuk menghasilkan nilai h bagi olakan paksa melalui tiub
tembaga licin berdiameter 6.5 mm yang boleh diperolehi melalui pendidihan
kolam dengan ∆Tx = 16.7 C, p = 690 kPa, dan air sebagai bendalir dengan
menggunakan ciri air yang diperolehi di bahagian S.3.[a].
[11 markah]

4. Suatu minyak bahan api ringan digunakan dalam sisi tiub bagi satu pemindah haba
kelompang-dan-tiub yang mempunyai dua laluan kelompang dan empat laluan tiub.
Air dipanaskan dalam sisi kelompang dari 10 °C kepada 50 °C manakala minyak
disejukkan dari 90 °C kepada 60 °C. Pekali pemindahan haba keseluruhan ialah
53 W/m2.°C. Haba tentu bagi minyak ialah 2.0 kJ/kg.°C.

[a] Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua kaedah NTU dan LMTD, kirakan luas
kawasan pemindah haba bagi jumlah pemindahan tenaga sebanyak 500 kW.
[15 markah]

[b] Apakah kadar aliran air bagi pemindahan haba ini?

[2 markah]

[c] Apakah peratusan penurunan dalam aliran air yang bersesuaian bagi
menurunkan separuh jumlah kadar pemindahan haba pada masa sama
mengekalkan aliran minyak pada kadar yang malar.
[8 markah]

- oooOooo -
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Appendix

1
Uo  ; q  U o (2ro L)(T1  T 2 )
r2 r2 ln r2 r1  1
 
r1.h1 k h2

hP Tx  T cosh m( L  x)
m2  ; 
kAC Tb  T cosh mL

4r
Sburiedparalleldisc  ; Note : tan-1 (r/D) in radians
 1  r 
 2  tan  D 
  

hLc CLc T  T 
Bi  ; c  ;  e c
k h To  T

1 1
Nu plate,laminar  0.66 Pr 3
Re x 2

1
Nu plate,turbulent  Pr 3 (0.037 Re 0x.8  871)

Nu tube,laminar  3.66 
 LRe Pr
0.0668 d d

1  0.04[d Re Pr]

2
;
3
L d

Nutube,turbulent  0.023 Re 0d.8 Pr 0.4

 0.0266Re 
hd 1
Nu cylinder,across 
0.805
Pr 3 q  hA (Tw  T )
k ;

k
h  Nud   ; q  hA (Tw  Tb )  mcP Tb
d 

Nu tube bank  C Re  Pr

1
n 3
; u max,inline  u [S n /( S n  d )]

T1  T 2
qtube bank  hA (Tw  )  m1c p (T 2  T1 )
2

 g (Tw  T ) x 3  1
Gr Pr free convection   2
 Pr ;  
 ; Nu  C (Gr Pr)m
 v  Tf

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Table A1. Heat-exchanger effectiveness relations

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Table A2. NTU relations for heat exchangers

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 -5- [EKC 216]

Figure A1. Effectiveness for 1-2 Figure A2. Effectiveness for 2-4
parallel counter-flow exchanger multipass counter-flow exchanger
performance. performance.

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-6- [EKC 216]