TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AAAAAA (1614001)
BBBBBB (1614002)
CCCCCC (1614003)
DDDDD (1614004)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOVILPATTI -628503

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University – Chennai)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2019
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”

is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S).…………”

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT MENTOR

Dr.Jackson Daniel, Mr.
Dept. of Electronics and Instrumentation Engg., Dept. of Electronics and Instrumentation Engg.,
National Engineering College, K.R. Nagar, National Engineering College, K.R. Nagar,
Kovilpatti. 628503. Kovilpatti. 628503.

Submitted for the end semester examination held at EIE department, National
Engineering College, Kovilpatti on ……………………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Date:
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We find immense pleasure to convey our sincere and grateful thanks to our
Management and Director Dr.S.Shanmugavel, B.Sc., D.M.I.T., Ph.D., and our
Principal Dr.K.Kalidasa Murugavel, Ph.D., for providing the necessary facilities in
carrying out our project work in our campus.
We are greatly indebted to our Head Prof. Dr. Jackson Daniel., Ph.D.,
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, for his constant Support
in bringing up this project.
We express our regards and sincere thanks to the Mini project coordinators
Dr.M. Carmel Sobia, AP(SG) and Mr. R.Raghul, M.Tech., Asst. Prof.,
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, for permitting us to
undertake this project.
We feel proud to pay our sincere gratitude and thanks to our project Guide Mr.
R.Raghul, M.Tech., Asst.Prof., of Department of Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering, for his valuable guidance. His Inspiration and systematic guidance have
sharpened our abilities for a critical forward looking while carrying out work. We are
also thankful to all technical faculty for their useful suggestions, constant
encouragement and systematic guidance in bringing out this project a successful one.
We are grateful to thank all our friends for their valuable feedback and
suggestions. We extend our thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching members for
their timely help and support. Finally, we thank our parents for their support in
making our project a success.

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 Abstract
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A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.

The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of

other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-

readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or

further processing. For Example, In a mercury-based glass thermometer, the input is temperature.

The liquid contained expands and contracts in response, causing the level to be higher or lower on

the marked gauge, which is human-readable. An oxygen sensor in a car's emission control system

detects the gasoline/oxygen ratio, usually through a chemical reaction that generates a voltage. A

computer in the engine reads the voltage and, if the mixture is not optimal, readjusts the balance.

Motion sensors in various systems including home security lights, automatic doors and bathroom

fixtures typically send out some type of energy, such as microwaves, ultrasonic waves or light beams

and detect when the flow of energy is interrupted by something entering its path.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLE iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF SYMBOLS vi

1 1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Sensors 5
1.2.1. Types of Sensors 6
1.2.2. Types of Connection 7
1.2.3. 9
1.2.4. 10
1.2.5.
1.3. ……..
1.4. ……..

LIST OF TABLE

Table No. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1. Sensors 1
1.2 Tactile Sensor Specification 4
1.3 Piezo Electric Sensor Specification 7

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1. Sensors 1
1.2 Tactile Sensor 4
1.3 Piezo Electric Sensor 7

v
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbol Abbreviation
Ω Ohm
β Beta Gain
µ Thermal Conductivity

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 CHAPTER I
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1. Introduction
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Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor)
and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which
most people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use microcontroller
platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure
or flow measurement, for example into MARG sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as
potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Applications include manufacturing
and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-
to-day life

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1.1. Tactile Sensor

A tactile sensor is a device. It measures the coming information in response to the physical
interaction with the environment. The sense of touch in humans is generally modeled, i.e. cutaneous
sense and the kinesthetic sense. Cutaneous touch has a capability of detecting the stimuli resulting
from the mechanical simulation, pain, and temperature. The kinesthetic touch receives sensor inputs
from the receptors present inside the muscles, tendons and joints.

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1.1.1. Types of Tactile Sensor

There are different types of tactile sensors which are given below
 Force/ torque sensor

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  Dynamic sensor
 Thermal sensor
1.1.2. Force/ Torque Sensor
Force/ torque sensors are used in combination with a tactile array to give the information for
force control. This type of sensors can sense load anywhere like the distal link of a manipulator and
in constrains as a skin sensor. The skin sensor generally provides more accurate force measurement
at higher bandwidths. If the manipulator link is defined generally, and the signal point contact is
assumed, then the force/ torque sensor can give the information about the contact location of force
and moments- it is called as an intrinsic tactile sensing. The image of the torque sensor is shown
below

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