ae GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA COMPUTER SCIENCE PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK FOR FIRST PUC Department of Pre - University Education Malleshwaram, Bengaluru - 560 012. www.pue.kar.nic.inPreface Anew syllabus is introduced at the pre-University evel after a number of fruitful deliberations ‘We now go ahead to widen our knowledge and to see brighter things. Adapting to new requirements has always been a difficult task of our lives, however we will have to look at things witha positive attitude and take things with a challenging approach. The new syllabus will provide the same feeling. Itis however important to see that we prepare our students to face this worl with a positive attitude and equip them with the latest knowledge. ‘The book is organized in such a way that itis useful to the Knowledgeable teacher and the ever-willing learner. It allows the teacher to prepare the student for greater learning. The students are further ignited to explore into the field so that they are the torchbearers of tomorrow. The field of computer science is such that it always provides a challenge for those who want to do better. ‘The vast experience of the authors has allowed them to prepare this material so that it meets the exact requirement of the student. Greater importance is provided to the presentation, this has always helped the students in easily understanding the subject. Importance is given to programming methodology so that the student learns the correct technique of programming. Good programming techniques rather than smaller programs have always generated efficient solutions to problems. Thought provoking questions are included at the end of each chapter this allows the student to further improve his abilities. Aneffortof this natureis not possible without the blessings of number of people. The authors would thank them and pray to provide them the strength to always travel in the right direction. Suggestions for the improvement of the book are always azvaited with open hearts. AUTHORSACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Pre-University Board acknowledges the valuable contribution of the individuals and organization involved in the development of Computer Science Text book for the First PUC students. The Pre-University Board acknowledges the whole hearted service of the reviewers Sri. H K GunduRao, Sri. N $ Manjunth and Sri. MN Nachappa. The Board specially acknowledges the service of Sri. MN Nachappa for his co-cordination and guidance from shaping the syllabus till the submission of the text book The Pre-University Board acknowledges the co-operation of Sri, Marulaiah B, Principal, Empress Govt. Pre-University College for Girls, Ashoka Road, Tumkur. The Pre-University Board acknowledges Govt. Pre-University College for Boys, Malleshwaram,Bangalore for providing facilities to us The Pre-University Board acknowledges the contribution of Sri, Manoj kumar, Lecturer, Govt. Pre-University College, Sira, Tumkur District. This textbook is revised as per the order. My whole hearted thanks to family and friends for the support renderd to the committe. Sri.Rajappa Chairperson, Computer Science Syllabus review Committee,TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE ‘The Committee comprises of: Sri Rajappa Chairperson Empress Govt. Pre-University College for Girls, Tumkur Reviewers: Sri HK. Gundurao, HOD, Vijaya College, RV. Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru SriM.N. Manjunath, HOD, Sri, Bhagawan Mahaveer Jain College, J.C. Road, Bengaluru Sri MN. Nachappa, HOD, St. Joseph's College, Langford Road, Bengaluru Co-ordinator: ‘Smt. Sharon Mednora Co-ordinator Govt. Pre-University College for Boys, 18th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru Members ‘Smt. HemalathaN Member Vijaya College, R.V. Road Basavanagudi, Bengaluru Sri. Srinivas K.P Members Govt. Pre-University College for Women Balmatta, Mangalore Sri Naveen KumarB Member Govt. Pre-University College 14th Cross, Bengaluru Sri Santus XavioB.K Member Stracey Memorial Pre-University College No.52, St. Marks Road, BengaluruContents UNITA Fundamentals of Computers - 30Hrs i Overview of a Computer aa. Introduction 1 1.2 Functional Components of a computer (Working of each unit) 6 1.3. | Evolution Of Computers 8 1.4 | Generations Of Computers 12 1.5. | Classification Of Computers 16 |8 Hrs 1.6 | Applications Of Computers 23 iz Input, Output and Memory devices 2.1 Introduction to input deviceS 29 2.1.1 | The Keyboard 31 2.1.2 | The Mouse 32 2.1.3 | The Joystick 33 2.1.4 | The OMR, OCR, MICR 34 2.2 | Introduction to output devices 35 2.2.1 | The Monitors 35 2.2.2 | The Printers (Characteristics to be identified) 36 2.2.3 | The Speakers 39 2.3. | Introduction to Memory devices (concepts, units, etc.,)| 40 2.3.1 | The Primary Memory 40 2.3.2 | The Secondary Memory 44 |8Hrs 2.3.3 | The Cache Memory 48 3 Data Representation 3.1 | Introduction’ 51 3.2 | Non-Positional and Positional Number systems 53 3.3 | Positional Number Systems 53 3.3.1 | Decimal Number Systems 53 3.3.2 | Binary Number Systems 54 3.3.3 | Octal Number Systems 54 vi3.3.4] Hexadecimal Number systems 55 [2 Hrs 3.4 | Number System Conversions (All types) 55 [4 Ars 3.5 | Representation Of Integers 62 3.5.1 | Sign and Magnitude representation 62 3.5.2 | One’s Complement representation 63 3.5.3 | Two's Complement representation 63 |1Hr 3.6 | Binary Arithmetic 64 3.6.1 | Addition and Subtraction 64 3.6.2 | Subtraction using 1's and 2's Complement 65 [1 Hr 3.7 | Computer Codes 67 | Hr 3.7.1 | Introduction to BCD, EBCDIC, ASCII, Excess-3 68 4 Software Concepts 4.1 | Introduction 77 4.2 | Types Of Software (Application and System software) | 78 4.3 | Introduction to Operating Systems 79 4.4 | Functions Of Operating Systems 83 4.5 | Types Of Operating Systems 840 [5 Hrs 4.6 | Functional features of commonly used operating systems | 87 5 UNITB Problem Solving Methodology 15 Hrs 5.1 | Introduction to Problem Solving 93 5.2 | Problem Definition 95 5.3. | Problem Analysis 95 |. Hr 5.4 | Design Of a Solution 95 5.4.1 | Algorithms 95 5.4.2 | Flowcharts 102 |8 Hrs 5.5 | Development Of Programs (Coding, testing, debugging)} 107 5.6 | Documentation and Maintenance 109 1 Hr 5.7. | Programming Constructs 110 (Sequence, Selection and Iteration) 2 Hrs 5.8 | Characteristics Of a Good Program 122 5.8.1 | Types Of Errors 124 |. Hr 5.9 | Approaches to Problem Solving 124 (Top-down, Bottom-up, Modular, Structured) 2 Hrs UNITC Programming in C++ 50 Hrs Object Oriented Concepts 6.1 | Evolution Of Programming techniques 133(6.1.1 | Procedural programming 135 6.1.2 | Structured programming 135 16.1.3 | Object Oriented programming 136 6.2 | Basic concepts of OOP 137 6.2.1 | Classes and Objects 137 6.2.2 | Data Abstraction 138 6.2.3 | Data Encapsulation 138 6.2.4 | Inheritance 138 16.2.5 | Polymorphism 139 6.3 _| Advantages and dis-advantages of OOP 142 |2Hrs 7 Introduction to C++ 7.1 History 147 17.2 Characteristics of C++ 147 7.3 | C++ Character Set 148 7.4 Tokens 148 7.4.1 | Keywords 150 7.4.2 | Identifiers 149 17.4.3 | Literals 7.4.4 | Punctuators 154 7.5 | Operators 155 17.5.1 | Arithmetic operators 157 17.5.2 | Relational operators 158 7.5.3 | Logical operators 159 7.5.4 | Unary operators 156 7.5.5 | Ternary operators 162 7.5.6 | Shorthand operators 160 7.5.7 | Bitwise operators 159 7.5.8 | Special operators 162 7.5.9 | Assignment operators 161 17.6 Precedence of operators 163 17.7 ‘Type conversion (Implicit and Explicit) 165 7.8 Structure of a C++ program (with example) 167 7.8.1 | Importance of iostream.h 170 7.8.3 | Comments in C++ 168 |12 Hrs viii8 Data types 8.1 | Fundamental data types 179 8.2 _| Modifiers 183 8.3. | Derived data types 184 8.4 | User defined data types 184 | 2Hrs 9 Input and Output operators 9.1 | Input operator ">>" 189 9.2 | Output operator “<<" 190 9.3. | Simple programs 191] 4Hrs 10 | Control Statements 10.1 | Introduction 201 10.2 | Types Of Control statements 201 10.3 | Selection statements 201 10.3.1] “if” statement 202 10.3.2| “if - else” statement 206 10.3.3] “nested -if” statement 209 10.3.4] “switch” statement 213 10.4 | Iteration statement 216 10.4.1] “while” statement 216 10.4.2| “do-while” statement 221 10.4.3] Comparison between “while” and “do-while” 223 10.4.4] “for” statement 224 10.5 | Jump statements (goto, break,continue) 227 | 10 Hrs 11__| Arrays 11.1 | Introduction to Arrays 239 11.2 | Types of arrays 240 11.2.1] One Dimensional Arrays 240 11.2.2] Two Dimensional Arrays 240 11.2.3] Multi Dimensional Arrays 240 11.3. | One Dimensional Arrays 240 11.3.1] Declaration of 1-D Arrays 240 11.3.2] Initialization of 1-D arrays 240 11.4 | Two Dimensional Arrays 249 11.4.1] Declaration of 2-D Arrays 249 11.4.2] Initialization of 2-D arrays 249 |_8 Hrs1412 | Functions 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 | Different Header files 266 12.3 Mathematical Library functions 268 12.4 | Character and string functions 268 12.5 | Other functions 268 | 2 Hrs 13 [User Defined Functions 13.1 Definition 285 13.2 Advantages of user defined functions 285 13.3 | Structure of an user defined function 285 13.4 Calling a function 287 13.5 | Returning a value 290 13.6 | Function prototype 292 13.7 | Types of arguments 293 13.8 | Scope of variables 296 13.9 | Types of functions 298 13.10 Call by value 305 13.11] Call by reference (using reference variables) 306 13.12, Arrays as arguments 308 | 8Hrs 14 Structures 14.1 Introduction 319 14.2 Defining a structure 319 14.3 | Declaring a structure 320 14.4 | Initializing structure elements 323 14.5 | Referencing structure elements 321 14.6 Nested structures 325 14.7| Array of structures 328 | 2Hrs UNIT D Elementary Concepts of Word Processing, Spreadsheets and Web designing 25 Hrs 15 | Word Processing Word Processing applications: creation of documents, Parts of the Menu/window, copy & move, formatting | 335 features, spell check, print, creation of tables and other] - basic operations 336 | 5 Hrs16 | Spreadsheets 16.1 | Spreadsheet applications (elementary level), 339 Basics concepts of spreadsheet and other features : such as, entering text, menus, commands, column 393 width, copy, paste, to insert rows/columns, formatting,| formula, print, sort, filter and other basic operations 8Hrs 16.2 | Some advanced features such as graphs, library functions (Arithmetic, Date and Time, Financial, 394 Logical, text and statistical) With emphasis on 414 commerce related applications and data forms with application to simple problems 7 Hrs 17__ | Web Designing 17.1 Introduction to the Internet 416 17.2. | Services On the Internet 17.3. | Some Definitions related to the web 439 | 2 Hrs 17.4 Introduction to HTML 426 17.5 Basic tags 17.6 Formatting tags 17.7 Lists in HTML 17.8 | Some additional tags and simple programs 442 | 3 HrsBLUE PRINT FIRST PUC- COMPUTER SCIENCE FINAL EXAMINATION GUIDANCE FOR DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS INCLUDING CHOI QUESTIONS Knowledge 30% [31 Understanding 40% [43 ‘A pplication 20% [21 ‘Skill 10% [10 Total 100% | 105 Question Paper Structure 10 Questions of one mark without choice out of 10 (Very Short Answers) (VSA) PART A 05 Questions of two marks each out of 08 ( Short Answers) (SA) PART B 05 Questions of three marks each out of 08 (Long Answers) (la) paRT c 07 Questions of five marks each out of 11 (Essay Type) () part D Unit | Description VSAC SA@__ [LAG Marks] EGMarks) | Total Mark) Marks) Marks A | Fundamentals of 2 3 2 2 m4 Computers B_ | Problem solving I T 2 2 19 Methodology €_| Programming in 3 3 q 3 8 cH D | Elementary Concspt 2 T 2 4 of Word Processing, Spreadsheets and wed ‘designing (Commands should et be includ ‘Total Marks 0 16 Fr 55 105 Total No of 0 08 8 in 37 Questions in Question paper Total No of ixtt=10_ | 2X5=10_ | axs=15 | SN7=35 70 Questions to be answered xiiBLUE PRINT SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE(41) Tait | Description VSA SA TA E Total (Mark) | Marks) |G Marks) | (SMarks)_|__Marks A_| Fundamentals 2 3 7 2 7 of Computers Chl | Overview of T T = T 0 Computers ThI_| Input Output and T T T % Memory units Ch3_| Data 7 T ry representation Cha _| Software T T 5 Concepts B_ | Problem sobiing 7 7 7 ii i chs_| Methodology © | Programming in 3 3 7 7 a cH Cho_| Objet Oriented a Concepts ChT_| Introduction to T T T o ot Chs_| Data types E T = @ Cho] Input output T oF operators ChIO_| Control T 7 TT Statements, ChiT_[ Arrays T T T o Chi2_| Functions T — = 2 (Library functions) CHI] User defined T T % Functions CHIT | Structures T o D_| Elementary z 7 3 1 Concepts of Word Processing, Spreadsheets and wed designing (Commands should not be included) ChIS_| Word Processing T T E = oe Chi6_| Spreadsheets i z I Chi7_| Web designing T 05 Total Marks 16 mt 35 105 Total No of TX10-10 | 2x38-10 | ais8=13 | s\71I=35 | 7037 Questions to be answeredI PUC - Computer Science Practical’s Syllabus BLUE PRINT The practical examination marks of 20 is distributed as follows : 1. Writing one program from Section A and ‘one problem from either Section B or Section C 8 marks 2. Execution of any one ( Examiner choice ) 6 marks 3. Formatting the output 2 marks 4. Record writing 4 marks TOTAL =. 20 marks Practical List List of practical programs for C++ 1. Write a program to interchange the values of two variables a. Using a third variable. b. Without using a third variable. 2. Write a program to find the area and circumference of a circle. Write a program to find the area of a triangle given three sides. 4 Write a program to convert days into years, months and days (Hint: Assume all months have 30 days) 5. Write a program to find the largest, smallest and second largest of three numbers using simple if statement. 6. Write a program to input the total amount in a bill, if the amount is greater than 1000 the a discount of 8% is given otherwise no discount is given, output the total amount, the discount amount and the final amount, use simple if statement. 7. Write a program to check whether a given year is a leap year or not using if-else statement. xiy10. 11. 12. 134 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Pl, 22. 23. Write a program to input a character and find out whether it is a lower case or upper case character using if-else statement. Write a program to input the number of units of electricity consumed in a house and calculate the final amount using nested-if statement. Use the following data for calculation Units Consumed Cost < 30 Rs 3.50 / unit >=30 and <50 Rs 4.25 / unit >=50 and < 100 Rs 5.25 / unit >=100 Rs 5.85 /unit Write a program to input the marks of four subjects, calculate the total percentage and output the result as either “First class”, or “Second class”, or “Pass class” or “Fails” using switch statement. Class Range % First Class Between 60 and 100% Second Class Between 50 and 59% Pass Class Between 40 and 49% Fails Less than 40% Write a program to find the sum of all the digits of a number using while statement. Write a program to input principal amount, rate of interest and time period and calculate compound interest using while statement (Hint: CI = P * (1 +R/100)*). Write a program to check whether a given number is a power of 2. Write a program to check whether a given number is an Armstrong number using do-while statement (Hint: 153 = 1° + 5°+ 3°). Write a program to find the factorial of a number using for statement. Write a program to generate the Fibonacci sequence up to a limit using for statement. Write a program to find the sum and average of "N” numbers. Write a program to find the second largest of "N” numbers. Write a program to arrange a list of numbers in ascending order. Write a program to find the position of a given number in an array. Write a program to check whether a given matrix is scalar or not. Write a program to sum of all the rows and the sum of all the columns of a matrix separately. Write a program to find the sum of two compatible matrices.24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Consider an array MARKS[20][5] which stores the marks obtained by 20 students in 5 subjects. Now write a program to! a) Find the average marks obtained in each subject b) Find the average marks obtained by every student c) Find the number of students who have scored below 50 in their average Write a program to check whether a given string is a palindrome or not. Write a program to count the number of vowels and consonants in a string. Write a program to find the GCD and LCM of two numbers using functions. Write a program to find XY using functions An industrial organization wants to computerize the Allowance calculations. Given the monthly Sales for the salesman, the rules for the calculations are as follows: i If the total sales is less than Rs. 10000/- there is no allowance. il, If the total sales is between Rs. 10000/- and Rs. 20,000/- then the Allowance is 10% of the sales amount or Rs. 1800/- whichever is minimum. ii, If the total sales is greater than or equal to Rs. 20000/- then the allowance is 20% of the sales amount or Rs.6,000/- whichever is minimum. Write a program using a function to calculate the allowance. Write a program to input the register number, name and class of all the students in a class into a structure and output the data in a tabular manner with proper heading Section B Spreadsheet Practical List 1. Eight salesmen sell three products for a week. Using a spreadsheet create a sales report. The report should include the name of the salesman, Amount of sales for each product and the salesman’s total sales in the format given below. Sales for the Month Name | Total Amt. for Total Amt. for] Total Amt. |Total sales! a) Type in all text and numbers in the spreadsheet. b) Format all numbers as a currency. xvic) Center the spreadsheet headings across the spreadsheet. d) Format alll text ) Create formulas to display a total for each sales rep. f) Create formulas to display a total for each product. g) Create a formula to calculate the total sales for all sales rep’s for the month. Enter the following details for 10 employees Employee Code, Employee name, Basic salary, DA, HRA, Loans, Total salary and Tax. Salary for the Month Employee | Employee| Basic | DA] HRA| Loan| Total] Tax Code Name | Salary Salary a) Type the Employee Code, Employee Name, Basic Salary and Loan amount data for 10 employees in the spreadsheet. b) Format all numbers as a currency. ) Center the spreadsheet headings across the spreadsheet. d) Format all text. e) Create a formula to compute DA as 50% of the Basic salary and copy this to all the cells. f) Create a formula to compute HRA as 12% of the Basic salary and copy this to all the cells. 9) Create a formula to compute Total salary and copy this to all the cells. h) If Total salary is greater than 5,00,000, compute Tax as 20% of Total salary otherwise 10% of the Total salary using a formula Enter the following details for 10 Students Register Number, Name, Subject1 Marks, Subject2 Marks, Subject3 Marks, Subject4 Marks, Total Marks and Percentage. Test Marks data of a Class Name | Subjecti | Subject? | Subject3 | Subject4] Total [Percentage marks | Marks | Marks | Marks | Marks a) Type the Register Number, Name and marks of four subjects for 10students in the spreadsheet. b) Format all text and numeric data appropriately.e) Create a formula to compute Percentage and copy this to all the cells. f) Create a formula to compute the highest and lowest score using a library function. g) Draw a bar graph for Register Number against total marks. h) Draw Pie chart for one student showing his marks in different subject from total score A housewife maintains the budget expenditure in a spreadsheet under the headings Income and Expenses. Income includes husband's and Wife’s income separately under different headings. Expenses include Rent, Bills, Household expenses and medical expenses. Budget for the Month Income Expenses al Husband | wife Rent] Bill [Household |Medical|Expenditure | savings a) Type the Income and Expenses data for the entire month in the spreadsheet. b) Format all numbers as currency. c) Center the spreadsheet headings across the spreadsheet. d) Create a formula to compute the Total expenditure and copy this to all the cells ) Create a formula to compute the savings and copy this to all the cells. f) Draw a bar graph to show expenditure under each heading. 9) Draw Pie chart to show the distribution of salary. A Bank offers loan for housing and vehicle at an interest of 10.25% for housing and 14.2% for vehicle. For a loan applicants compute the monthly premium (EMI), given total installments as 24 months. Also compute the monthly interest and monthly principal amount and the total amount of principal and Interest paid using Financial library functions in a spreadsheet. Implement five functions each for Arithmetic, Date and Time, Financial, Logical, text and statistical functions. Write the syntax, example and output for simple problems. Create a data form to implement a student database and perform all related operations with the data form. Section C Web Designing Practical List 1 2. Create a Web page to display your details using different tags. Create a model Web site for your college making using different tags. xviiiPRACTICAL EXAMINATION General instructions: © Duration of practical examination: 2 hours. © Maximum marks allotted: 30 marks. © The practical examination question paper should consists of two questions for writing (One program from C++ and One problem from either ESS or HIML ) ‘ach question carries 6 marks of writing ie 2X6—12 Marks. Only one experiment to be executed. Execution process carries 6(six ) marks Generating the correct output for the executed problem carries pvo marks. A. Weightage of marks Sy Particulars Marks No. I Performing the Experiments 20 Il Viva -voce 04 IIL Practical Record 06 TOTAL 30 B. Distribution of marks L. Performing the Experiment a) PROGRAMS ON C++ SL No. Particulars Marks 7 | Including the necessary headers Declaration of correct identifiers Tapullinpats commands Logie ‘OutpudOutpuls commands Total+) PROBLEM on ESS SL No. Particulars Marks 1_| Including the necessary headers in ESS sheet 1 2 Data entry 1 3. Using the correct Formula 2 “4 Generating the correct output may include Graphs 2 Total| 6 ©) PROBLEM on HTML SL No. Particulars Marks 7 | Including the necessary basic tags of the HTML 1 2 _| Including the necessary basic tags of the Head & Tile T 3 | Including the necessary basic tags of the Body 1 4 | Including any other relevant tags 3 Total| 6 Ul. Viva. voce 1. Four questions must be asked and each question caries 1 mark. ‘The questions in the viva- voce should be simple, experiment tobe performed by the student. rect and related to the Il. Practical Record SLNo. Particulars Marks The studeat has performed and recorded 27 programs or more 91% to 100% of the experiments prescribed for the practical examination oF more. ) If the student has performed and recorded 24 programs and below 27 programs (81% 10 90% of the experiments prescribed for the practical examination.) the student has performed and recorded 21 programs and below 24 programs (7196 to 80% of the experiments preseribed for the Practical examination) The student has performed and recorded below 21 and above 11 experiments (41% to 70% of the experiments prescribed for the practical examination) the student has performed and recorded below 10 or below 10 experiments (40% and below40% of the experiments preseribed for the practical examination) NOTE: Atleast 30 experiments (2ifrom C plus plus +7 from ESS +2 from HTML ) experiments have to be conducted in the Practical classes. HERR EEECHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS OBJECTIVES > To Understand components > History > Generations of ComputersFundamentals of Computers 1.1 Introduction Computers were invented to be an aid to the mankind in the field of calculations, the versatility of present day computers are giving rise to the modem society in the field of information and technology Computers are changing, the very being/area of communication, transport, trafficking, industry, government, education, medicine, scientific research, law, social service and even arts like music, movies, paintings, gaming orany filed which involves data and information, Computers are becoming the bondage of reality in meeting the desires of communication and exploration of information, The distance of the world is sinking with the uilization of the computers with thehelp of email, chatting, online banking, booking tickets, audio, video ete. Computerliterates are well placed in the modern society in the field of career opportunities, workforce. The professionals can attain greater opportunity with the help of computers. ‘The application of computersis wide and expandable, without limitation of time and place, This chapter will explain the evolution of computers, personalities who have involved in the field of computer, along with the functional units of the computer systems. 1.1.1 Definition ‘Computeris an automatic electronic machine that can store, recall and process data, Computers are electronic machines that perform tasks or complex calculations according to set of instructions or programs Mouse eyboaré Figure 1.1 COMPUTER SYSTEM What can you do with computers? In the workplace, many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research, and manage projects. At home, you can use computers to find information, store pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with others and these are just a few of the possibilities. A computers used essentially as.a data processor.Fundamentals of Computers, How does the computer work? Let’s consider, your motheris asking you to prepare tea, The ingredients required may be % cup of water, “teaspoon tealeaves, Ys teaspoon sugar and ¥scup of milk, You have to follow certain definite steps to prepare tea ike boiling water/milk, adding tea-leaves, sugar and milk. Finally, you have prepared tea. ‘This Human being tash/activity can be transformed intoa computer environment in the following, INPUT PROCESS ou Ingredients required | The actual process The result Preparation oftea | %cup of water, Boilingwatermilk, | Obtain the prepared va teaspoon tealeaves, adding tea-leaves, tea. Yateaspoon sugarand | sugarand milk Yecup of milk. 1.1.2 Characteristics of Computers to get answers fast enough so that one has time to take action. Electrical pulses travel atincredible speeds, because the computer's an electronic machine, its internal speedis virtually instantaneous. We do not talkin terms of seconds or even milliseconds. Our units of speed are the microsecond (millionths), the nanosecond (thousand- millionths) and latterly even the Picosecond (million-millionths). A powerful computeris capable of adding together two 18-digit number in300t0400 nanoseconds, even thenon-numerical environments, The indexing of the complete students name in the college will consume less time with the help of computer. ii, Memory Asa human acquiresnew knowledge, the brain subconsciously selects what it feels obs and worth retaining in its memory, and relegates unimportant details to the back of the mind orjust forgets them. Similarly in computers, the primary memory RAM is used to store the data temporarily iii, Storage After processing, the data and information must be stored in the secondary storage device, sothat the data or information can be used later. The data and information can be stored permanently in secondary storage devices (or auniliary storage), ‘The computer memory is measured using BITS and Bytes, iv. Accuracy ‘The computer generated results are exact and without any mistakes with high rateof consistencyFundamentals of Computers v. Versatility Computers seem capable of performing almost any task, provided that the task can be reduced to series of logical steps vi. Automation A computeris much more than an adding machine, calculator or check-in/out system, all of which require human operators to press the necessary keys for the operations to be performed, Oncea program isin the computer’s memory, the individual instructions are then transferred, one after the other, to the control unit for execution. The processor/CPU follows these instructions until it meets a last instruction which says stop program execution, vii, Diligence Being a machine, a computer does not suffer from the human traits of tiredness and lack of concentration, For example, if3 million calculations have tobe performed, it will perform the 3 millionth with exactly the same accuracy and speed asthe first. viii. Cost effectiveness ‘Computers reduce the amount of paper work and human effort, thereby reducing costs. 3 Data and Information The term data and information are common terminology in the field of computers, Computers process data into information Datais collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio and video. We can also define data as collection of raw facts, figures, statistics which requires to be processed. Forexample, “PARAM” 16, ‘The computer processed data is called the information, which conveys meaning and is useful to people totake future decisions on the information For example, Name= “PARAM” AGE=16. > Computers work through an interaction between hardware and software. > The machine parts (physical parts) of the computer is called as hardware > The programs that tell computer what to do, how to do ete. is called as software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch (physical components) including the case and everything inside it, This part translates instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other items are often called hardware devices, or devices.Fundamentals of Computers Figure 1.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS ‘Common computer hardware components include a keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, Web ‘cam, printer, monitor, speakers, system unit, hard disk drive, external hard disk, optical disc drive(s), USB flash drive, card reader/writer, memory cards, and modem. Software Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do, ‘The two categories of software are system software and application software 1, System software consists ofthe programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer s devices, System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer's hardware. and 2. Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks, 1,2 Functional components of a computer (working of each unit) Basically any computer's supposed to carry out the following functions. > Accept the data and program as input > Store the data, program and retrieve as and when required > Process the data as per instructions given by the program and convertitinto useful information > Communicate the information as outputFundamentals of Computers Based on the functionalities of the computer, the hardware components can be classified into four ‘main units, namely input unit, processing unit, output unit, memory unit ‘These units are interconnected by minute electrical wires to permit communication between them. This allows the computer to function as a system. Input Devices An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions intoa computer. Some of the widely used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, and ‘Webcam. Storage Unit ‘Storage eae —— oa coe OE] — Control a Unit (cu) ‘Avithmatic And Logical Unit "nin —> bata Flow ‘Central Processing ‘nit (CPU) Central Processing Unit CPUis the part of the computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program. Itis the unit that reads and executes program instructions, Hence itis known as the brain of the computer. It takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer function by activating and controlling the operation. It consists of arithmetic and logic units, control unit and intemal memory (registers). The CPU controls and coordinates all the actions of the entire system. Programs (software) provide the CPU, a set of instructions to follow and perform a specific task and communicate between two or more components of the computer system, There is a pathway called as bus which allows the data transfer between them. The CPU consists of storage or memory unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and control unit. a, Memory U stores data, program instructions, intemal results and final output temporarily beforeit is sent to ‘an appropriate output device. Itconsists of thousands of cells called storage locations. These cellsactivate with off-on orbinary digits(0,1) mechanism, These bits are used to store instructions and data by their combinations. The main memory holds data and program only Memory unitisalso known as the primary storage or main memory(RAM).ItFundamentals of Computers temporarily(volatile-data/information will be lost when power off), Hence thereis aneed for storage devices to provide backup storage. b. Arithmetic and Logical Unit(ALU): ALUisthe unit where all Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division ete.) and logical functions such as AND, OR NOT are performed. Non-numeric data resultsin rue or false along with logical functions. Once data are fed into the main memory from input devices, they are held and transferred as needed to ALU where processing takes place, No process occurs in primary storage. Intermediately g resultsin ALU are temporarily placed in memory until needed at later time, Data may move from primary memory to ALU and back again to storage many times before the process is finalized. nerated ¢. Control Unit: Itacts as a central nervous system and ensures that the information is stored correctly and the program instructions are followed in proper sequence as well asthe data are selected from the memory as necessary. Italso coordinates all the input and output devices of a system, Control unit controls all the hardware operations ie, those of input units, output units, ‘memory unit and the processor. Storage Unit Results obtained after processing will be in the primary memory, these data or information can be stored in the storage device’secondary memory units, Secondary storage devices are called as auxiliary memory devices, Secondary storage devices can hold more storage data than main memory and is ess expensive. This result or information can be copies to any storage medium and used in future. Output Unit An output device is any hardware component that conveysinformation toone or more people.in user understandable form. Commonly used output devices are printer, monitor and speakers 1.3 Evolution of Computers Evolution of man and mankind has helped toinvent.a calculating tool, Early man used stones, sticks, fingers, pebbles and cowries to count. Even today we calculate using our fingers, The limitations of the ten fingers and ten toes apparently caused early man to construct a tool for calculations Every civilization have contributed calculating tool in their own methods/design. Mechanical counting devices were made.Fundamentals of Computers 2500 BC - The Abacus Unit Point Bar Upper Beads Frame Lower Beads Rod Figure 1.4 Abacus Abacusis the first known calculating machine used for counting, Itis made of beads strung on cords and is used for simple arithmetic calculations. The cords correspond to positions of decimal digits. The beads represent digits. Numbers are represented by beads close to the crossbar (heaven and earth), ‘Abacus was mainly used for addition, subtraction and later for division and multiplication. The reason for studying about abacus is, even today the complex calculations which are performed by advanced computers are calculated using abacus 1614 AD —Napier’s bones Figurel,5 Napier’s bonesFundamentals of Computers ‘The Napier’s bones was invented by John Napier, a Scottish mathematician as an aid to multiplication, A set of bones consisted of nine rods, one for each digit 1 through 9 and a constant rod for thedigit 0”. A rodis similar to one column of a multiplication table. 1633 AD ~The Slide Rule Figure 1,6 Slide Rule ‘The Slide Rule was invented by William Oughtred. Itis based on the principle that actual distance from the starting point ofthe ruleis directly proportional to the logarithm of the numbers printed on the rule. The slide ruleis embodied by the two sets of scales that are joined together, with a marginal space between them. The suitable alliance of two scales enabled the slide rule to perform multiplication and division by a method of addition and subtraction, 1642. AD —Adding Machine-Pascaline Figurel.7 Adding machine ‘The Rotating Wheel Calculator was developed by a French philosopher, Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator in 1641. Itwas named Pascaline. Ithad a box with eight movable wheels called dials, The numbers for calculations were entered with dials, It could add, subtract, divide and multiply the numbers asbig as thousands, Itwas using simple components such as gears and levers, This isa predecessor to today’s electronic calculator. He was inspired by the computation work of his father’s job and devised the model, He was only 19 years old, when he devised this model Leibniz Calculator Mathematician Gottfried Leibniz built calculatorin 1650 that could add, subtract, multiply and divide the numbers, Figuel.8. Rotating wheel calculator 10Fundamentals of Computers 1801-Jacquard’s Loom In 1801, Joseph Mary Jacquard invented a powered loom that used punched wooden cards to automatically weave incredibly detailed pattems including pictures and text, This can be taken asthe first “read only memory” device. Figure 1.9 Powerloom calculator 1822-Charles Babbage: The Difference Engine Wi ie As pT = : Figure 1,10 Difference Engine Figure 1.11 The Analytical Engine Charles Babbage, British mathematician and engineer, designed an automatic calculating machinein 1822, He calledit a Difference Engine. Later he thought of a mechanical construction which was known asamechanical-digital computer, Babbage called this Analytical engine. This analytical engine consisted five units, which became the basic principles for the development of modern computer. Hence Charles Babbageis rightly called the “Father of Computers”. uFundamentals of Computers 1833-First Programmer Figure 1.12 Lady Ada Lovelace Lady Ada Lovelace, her mathematical genius came to light most strikingly in her work with Charles Babbage. Babbage was pathway into the process of designing the first mechanical computer (“Analytical Engine”), She started writing the first computer algorithm, and she predicted that later computers’ will have the abilities to do more than mathematical calculations, Lovelace realized that the Analytical Engine ‘wasin essence, amachine for manipulating symbols and music notations .Ada called herself (“an Analyst & Metaphysician),” ( Tesdy Ada Lovelscots tte Ying programme: ) 1890 AD- Hollerith Tabulating Machine Fig, 1.13 Hollerith Tabulating Machine In 1889, an American named Herman Hollerth invented a counting machine to count the population of USA. This electronic machine is able to read the information on the punched cards and process it electronically. It was one of the main electronic counting devices. It was based on punch cards, Herman Hollerith was the founder of the company that became famous as IBM. 1.4 Generations of Computers ‘The evolution of electronic computers, overa period of time can be traced effectively by dividing this period into various generations. Each generations characterized by amajor technological development 2Fundamentals of Computers that fundamentally, changed the way computers operated. These helped to develop smaller, economical , powerful, efficient and reliable devices First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes Figure 1.14 Vacuum Tube The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for switching circuits and magnetic drums for memory. They were largein size, occupied a lot of space and produced enormous amount of heat. They ‘were very expensive to operate and consumed large amount of electricity. Most of the times the heat generated caused the computer to malfunction. First generation computers operated only on machine language. Input was based on punched cards, paper tapes and output was obtained as print out. First generation computers could solve only one problem ata time. In America, with the success of Aiken’s, Harvard Mark-Las the first major American development in the computing race, work was proceeding on the next great break through by the Americans, Their second contribution was the development of the giant ENIAC machine by John W Mauchly and J Presper Eckertat the University of Pennsylvania. Figurel.15, ENIAC BFundamentals of Computers ENIAC Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer) used a word of 10 decimal digitsinstead of binary oneslike previous automated calculators/computers. ENIAC also was the first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes, using nearly 18,000 kms of wires. Space for all those vacuum tubes and the machinery required to be keep cool and occupied up more than 167 square meters of floor space, Nonetheless, ithad punched-card input and output and arithmetically had 1 multiplier, 1 divider square rooter, and 20 adders employing decimal “ring counters”, which served as adders and also as. quick-access (0.0002 seconds) read-write register storage, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was tobe a vast improvement upon ENIAC. Mauchly and Eckert started working on it two years before ENIAC even went into operation. ‘Their idea was to have the program for the computer stored inside the computer. This would be possible because EDVAC was going to have more intemal memory than any other computing device to date. Memory was to be provided through the use of mercury delay lines. The idea being that given a tube of mercury, an electronic pulse could be bounced back and forth to be retrieved at will another two state device for storing 0’s and 1's. This on/off switch ability for the memory was required because EDVAC ‘was touse binary rather than decimal numbers, thus simplifying the construction of the arithmetic units, UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States, Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors Figurel.17 Transistor 4Fundamentals of Computers The second generation of computers witnessed the vacuum tubes being replaced by transistors. The transistor was far superiorto the vacuum tube, allowing computers tobbecome smaller, faster, economical energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation computers. The transistors also generated cons jerable heat that sometimes caused the computer to malfunction. But it was a vast improvement, over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers used punched cards for input and printouts for output Second-generation computers moved from the use of machine language to assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words, High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. The computers stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology, ‘Third Generation - 1964-197! integrated Circuits The development of the integrated ci in the third generation of computers, ‘Transistors were made smaller in size and placed into silicon chips, which dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. In this generation, keyboards and monitors were used instead of punched cards and printouts. The computers were interfaced with an operating system which allowed to solve many problems ata time. Some of the LSIC’s and VLSIC's were used. Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors Figure 1.19 Microprocessor ‘The microprocessor brought forth the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built ontoa single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. 15Fundamentals of Computers Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence (ROBOTICS) Figurel.20 Robotics Fifth generation computing devices, based on artifical intelligence, are stillin their developmental stage, Fifth generation computers will come close to bridge the gap between computing and thinking, 1.5 Classifications of Computers Classification of the electronic computers may be based on either their principles of operation or their configuration, by configuration; we mean the size, speed of doing computation and storage capacity ofa computer, Classifications of Computers Construction Number of Number Areaof Word ~—‘Size & Working a Micro — of Application Length € Analog Pppose Processors Users -Business_ 8 bit Capability “Digital [eho Sequential Single Scientific -IGbit_—-Miero “Hybrid purpose -Parallel Multi -Mini Network “Mainframe “Super 1.5.1 Classification based on Principles of Operation Based on the principles of data handling, computers are classified analog, digital or hybrid. Analog Computers a computing device that works on continuous range of values, with aminimum value and maximum value, Ata given point oftime any value can be attained which is dependent on the pervious value The analog computers give approximate results since they deal with quantities that vary continuously. To represent an analog graph there must be two quantities 16Fundamentals of Computers Digital computers are those that operate with information, numerical or otherwise, represented ina digital form. Such computers process data into a digital value (in Os and 1s). They give the results with more accuracy and ata faster rate Hybrid computersincorporate the measuring feature of an analog computer and counting feature of a digital computer. For computational purposes, these computers use analog components and for storage, digital memories are used. Analog Computers Figurel.21 Analog Graph with two parameters time and temperature Analog computers work on the principle of measuring, in which the measurements obtained are translated into data rather than counting, The analog computers are that all calculations take place in parallel, hence faster. Modern analog computers usually employ electrical parameters, such as voltages, resistances or currents, to represent the quantities being manipulated, Such computers do not deal directly with the numbers. They measure continuous physical magnitudes. It generally deals with physical variables such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed etc., Digital Computers q 0 0 0 1 NRZ t I eet) ely cate feel rae cea 9 A$ $$» Figure1.22 Digital Graph with 0’sand 1's Digital computers are those that operate with information, numerical or otherwise, represented ina digital form, Such computers process data into a digital value (in Os and 1s). They give the results with accuracy and at a faster rate, On the other hand a digital computer operates on digital data such as numbers, Ituses binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1, Each oneis called a bit All the data representation will be in the series of 0’s and 1's. Not dependent of time of other values. tal computers are unique, The digital computeris made for both general purpose and special purpose. Special purpose computer's one that is built for a specific application. 7Fundamentals of — Computers General purpose computers are used for any type of applications. It can store different programs and do the jobs as per the instructions specified on those programs. Most of the computers used are digital computers Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital) A combination of computers those are capable of accepting inputs and outputs in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations A hybrid computing system isa combination of desirable features of analog and digital computers. It is mostly used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes and machines. Now-a-days analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters are used for transforming the data into suitable form for either type of computation, Forexample, in hospital’s automated intensive care unit, analog devices might measure the patient’s temperature, blood pressure and other vital signs, These measurements which are in analog might then be converted into numbers and supplied to digital components in the system, These components are used to ‘monitor the patient’s vital sign and send signalsif any abnormal readings are detected. Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized tasks, Figurel,23. Hybrid with Analog and Digi ial signal ECG of a person 1.5.2 Classification of Computers based on Configuration Based on performanee, size, cost and capacity, the digital computers re classified into four different types: Microprocessor, Minicomputer, Mainframe computer and Super computers. 1.5.2.1 Miero Computers Fig, 1.24 Desktop Model computer 18Fundamentals of Computers Micro computers also called personal computer. It wasintroduced in 1970. The number of processors in microcomputers will be one or two processors. It contains input devices, output device, storage device, memory and processor. Itis used by one person ata time. Examples of personal computers are PC and Apple Macintosh, The major types of personal computers are desktop computer and portable computer. Desktop computers ‘These computers can easily fit on a table or desktop, hence the name. These computers come in two ‘models or casings. In Desktop model, the system units placed on the desktop or table, Monitor is placed on the system unit, In Tower model, both monitor and system unit are placed on the table, Figure 1.25TowerModel computer Portable Computers Portable is a personal computer that can be carried from one place to other easily, Notebook computer and handheld computer (smart phone) are examples of portable computers. Notebook computer is also called laptop computer. Laptop computers are very small in size and can be placed easily on lap. Figure 1,26 Lap top computer or notebook computer 9Fundamentals of — Computers Hand held computer Figure, 1,27Hand held computer Handheld Computers (like smart phone) are also portable, Handheld computer is also known as palmtop computer, Iteasily fits in the hand of the user Uses of Micro Computer The PC is the most common type of computer used in the office. Itis now widely used in many homes, These are also used for business and engineering application. 1.5.2.2. Mini Computers Mini computers were introduced in the 1960s, Minicomputer is larger and more powerful computer than personal computer. It can execute five million instructions per second. It generally consists of two or more processors. Figurel.28Mini Computers Mini computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously. Itis normally accessed by users via personal computer orterminal. A device with a monitor and keyboard is called terminal. Itisalso known as dumb terminal. Ithas no processing power and cannot work as stand-alone computer. Examples of mini computers are: VAX-8800, AS 400. 20Fundamentals of Computers Uses of Mini Computers: Mini computers are often used by small and medium-sized companies to provide centralized store of information, 1.5.2.3. Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers were introduced in 1975. A mainframe computeris a very lange computerin size. Itis more powerful than minicomputer. It consists of multiple processors. Itis designed to perform multiple tasks for multiple users at the same time, Mainframe computers can serve up to 50,000 users at thesametime. Fig. 1.29. Mainframe Computers ‘The users access a mainframe computer through terminal or personal computer. Atypical main frame computer can execute 16 million instructions per second. Examples of mainframe computers are NEC610, DEC 10. Uses of Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are used in large organizations. For example, airlinesuse these computers for ticket reservation system. IBM's offering z-series mainframe. The server-dominated have presented its own challenges of cost, complexity and security. Indian companies are looking fora more responsive and dynamic environment and mainframe are increasingly being considered. This company machines are used by RBI, HDFC, TCS, HCL, Wipro, NSDL are come of clients. Clients face rising energy and cooling cost, limited floor space and manpower concerns required to man servers. NADRA - The Computerized National Identity Card Issuer in Pakistan - uses mainframe computers to maintain the information of population. aFundamentals of — Computers 1.5.3.4, Super Computers India Super Computers Figure 1.30 Supercomputer, Super computers were introduced in 1980s, Super computer is the fastest computer. Super computer is the biggestin size and the most expensive in price than any other computers. Tata’s Eka supercomputer in Pune’s Computational Research Laboratories (CRL) remains the fastest Indian supercomputer, its top performance of 132.8 teraflops remaining unchanged. However, shifting goal posts in high performance computing technology sees the Eka slip from no. 18 ton. 26in thelist The government-run Centre For Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) also headquartered in Pune, sees its Param Figure 1.30. Super computers Yuva machine at no. 137 in the latest ratings announced November 17. Its speed is in fact abit faster than before — 38. 1 teraflops — butits rank is now 137, down from 109 in June. Super computer is the most sophisticated, complex and advanced computer. It has a very large storage capacity. It can process trillions of instructionsin one second, Super Computer isthe fastest and ‘most powerfull computer of a time. Super computers are very expensive, Super computers are used for highly calculation intensive tasks, Super computers are used for specialized applications that requireimmense amounts of mathematical calculations. Super computers were designed primarily by computer sc Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC) Uses of Super Computers include: Fluid dynamic calculations Nuclear energy research Space science ‘Weapon and missile design Petroleum exploration etc. 2Fundamentals of Computers Today, supercomputers are produced by traditional companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett- Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. Since October 2010, the Tianhe-1A super computer has been the fastestin the world; itis located in China ‘The main difference between a Supercomputer and a mainframe is thata Supercomputer channels all its power into executing a single program as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently, The modem super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors. Super computeruses high-speed facilities such as satelite for online processing. Examples of Supercomputers are CRAY-XP, ETA-10, and Deep Blue and above all today’s number one super computeris Tianhe-1A supercomputer of China. Aircraft companies use super computer to simulate aircraft and check its performance, Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality. 1.6 Applications of computers The uses of computers can be classified into the area of usage. Schools and colleges: Computers are implemented in the schools for the creation of school ID card, (some schools have smart card with the IC’s embedded) which contains the details of the student. The creation of marks card, attendance, learning the subject with audio and video and fees collection so on are the few examples Banks : The computers are used in the creation of account in the bank, transactions, transfer of funds, alert messages, transaction messages, used of banking with ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) card which can be accessed any part of the globe, Online banking etc Office: Used in documentation ofthe transactions, events that are carried out every day along with the money, funds transactions, payroll forall the events either in the form of letters or specific application software are used, payroll for employee, auditetc., Stock control in business firms: Computers are used in the shops and business for the stock account of the movements of the itemsin business and the money transactions along with the shipping of the items with the quantity price and quality expiry date the tracing of the product at any given point of timeete,, Stock Exchange: To check the stock exchange globally, transaction of sell and buying of the stock can be done with the help of computers, stock exchange members carry out the transactions only with the help of computers, and online trading is carried throughout the worl, siting at one place. Research and developments : The new invention are designed and implemented with the animated virtual viewed with scientific and mathematical equations in the labs, with the help of computers and ‘models are implemented in the real world which saves time, resource, money ete., Entertainment and NEWS : The audio and video are created in the studio after the pictures is taken the editing process(cloning, merging of sound and images, super impose etc.,) is carried out simultaneously. NEWS are telecasted live and immediately. Governments office: Al the transactions of the government, law and information are been obtained in the websites of the govemment 23Fundamentals of Computers Satellite Communications: With the venture of ‘satellite the communication are made available to the entire world. This have led to the ‘growth of the information and technological globally and every country isimplementing the standardized, so that the communication isatits ease Usage: Browsing, Surfing, Chatting, email, Messaging, online gaming are some of the area of ‘communications. Figure 131. Internet Communications Publishing: _Publishingis the process of making works available to the public. These works include books, magazines, newspapers, music, film, and video. Special software assists graphic designers in developing pages that include text, graphics, and photos, artists in composing and enhancing songs, filmmakersin creating and editing film; and journalists and mobile users in capturing and modifying video clips. Many publishers make their works available online. Some Web sites allow you to copy the work, such as a book or music, to your desktop computer, mobile computer, smart phone, or other mobile device. ‘Travel: Whether traveling by caror airplane, your goal is to amrive safely at your destination, As you make the joumey, you may interact with some of the latest technology. Vehicles manufactured today often include some type of onboard navigation system, such asINDIAMAP Many mobile devices such as smart phones have built-in navigation systems, Some mobile users prefer to carry specialized hand held navigation devices. In preparing for atrip, you may need to reserve a car, hotel, or flight. Many Web sites offer these services to the public. Forexample, youcan orderairlinetickets igure 1.32. Travel Kamataka Map on the Web, If you plan to drive somewhere and are unsure of the road to take to your destination, you can print directions and a map from the Web. ‘Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) refers to theuse of computers to assist with manufacturing processes such as fabrication and assembly. Industries use CAM to reduce product development costs, shorten a product's time tomarket, and stay ahead of the competition. Often, robots carry ‘out processes in a CAM environment, CAM isused by a variety ‘ of industries, including oil drilling, power generation, food production, and automobile manufacturing. Automobile plants, for example, have an entire ine of industrial robots that assemble acar and special computers on the shop floor record actual Figure 1.33 CAM labor, material, machine, and computer time used to manufacture product. The computers process this data and automatically update inventory, production, payroll, and accounting records on the company’s network 4Hospital ‘The patients id card, details, help in diagnosing (MICR, CEG Scanning etc,), medication and history of patients are maintained. These are few areas were data and information are obtained with the help of computers, have made the right impression for the betterment of man and mankind. Figure 1.34, Hospital with Life saving computer controls Fundamentals of Computers Area of usage and specifications of hardware and software Area of usage Hardware Software Home Desktop or notebook computer Smart phone or other mobile device Game consoles Business (e.g., word processing) Personal information manager Personal finance, online banking, tax preparation Web browser E-mail, blogging, instant messaging, chat rooms, and onlinesocial networking Intemet telephone calls Photo and video editing Reference (e.g., encyclopedias, medical dictionaries, roadatlas) Entertainment (e.g, games, music composition, greeting cards) Education (e.g., tutorials, children’s math and reading software) Small Office/ Home Office Desktop or notebook computer Smart phone or other mobile device Shared network printer Business (¢ g., word processing, spreadsheet, database) Personal information manager Company specific (e.g., accounting, legal reference) Network management Web browser E-mail Internet telephone calls Enterprise Server or mainframe Desktop or notebook computer Industry- specific handheld computer Smart phone or other mobile device Business (¢ g., word processing, spreadsheet database)Personal information manager Accounting Network management, Web browser E-mail, Blogging, Specific database SCHOOLS & COLLEGES Desktop or notebook computer Smart phone or other mobile device Shared network printer Business (¢ g., word processing, spreadsheet, database)Personal information manager Accounting Network management Web browser, E-mail, Blogging, Hospitals Desktop or notebook computer Smart phone or other mobile device Shared network printer Business (e.g,, word processing, spreadsheet, database) Personal information manager Company specific (e.g., accounting, legal reference) Network management Web browser E-mail Internet telephone calls 25Fundamentals of Computers, [Area of usage Hardware Software ‘Traffic Network. Desktop or notebook computer Smart phone or other mobiledevice Shared network printer Business (¢ g., word processing, spreadsheet, database)Personal information manager Accounting Network management Web browser E-mail Blogging Specific database fine details 6One mark questi er AHeawWH 10. u 12. 13 14, 15 16. 17. 18 19. 20, Fundamentals of Computers Review Questions ns: What is a computer? What are advantages of leaning computers? Whichis the earliest computing machine? Who invented the Pascaline? ‘What are the advantages of the machine by Leibnitz over the Pascaline? Whats Charles baggage known as? What is the machine proposed by Babbage, to perform differential equations called as? Whois the father of computers? What concept of computing did Herman Hollerith o find a faster way to compute U.S. census Who developed the firstall-electronic computer? What us the electronic relay computer Mark-1 also called as? Expand the term ENIAC? Expand the term EDVAC, ‘What is the Von Neumann concept also called as? Expand the term UNIVAC Which isthe basic electronic component of the first generation systems? Whichis the basic electronic component of the second generation systems? What does IC stand for? How internet is used ? How computer help in publishing? ‘Two Marks Questions: OI AwWRUN 10. mm What are the fields where computers are used today? Write anote on Abacus? Write a note on Pascaline? Explain the important features of difference engine. Explain Charles Babbage’s role in the history of modern computers? Mention any two features of ENIAC? Mention any two features of EDVAC? What are the importance features of the III generation computers? Explain the role of computersin education? Why are computer used in the industry? How are computers important in communication? 27Fundamentals of — Computers ‘Three marks questions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 8 9 1 0. Briefly explain the history of computers Give the features of the Generations Explain the importance and usage of computers in educat nandindustry Discuss the characteristics of a computer in detail Explain the functional units of a computer with a neat block diagram? Explain the role of computersin science and engineering? Explain the latestimplementation of computers? How does the computer help mankind? What is the concept of e-governance? Explain the use of computerin the email? Five marks questions: 12. 13 14, 15 16. Explain generations of computers in details. Which are the areas computer have proved its effective? Inthe field of communication computer are the best? Why? ‘What are the latest developmentin the file of computers list the areas and explain Explain the robotics in detail 17, Compare the features of micro and mini computers? 18, Compare mainframe and supercomputers es: a, Collectthe images of personalities in the fields of computers. b. Area where computer are not used. ©. Making charts for the known area 2BCHAPTER 2 INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY DEVICES OBJECTIVES > To identify the types and purposes of specialized input devices > Output devices » Memory devices > Storage devices > Cache MemoryInput output’ Memory Devices 2.1 Input Devices An input deviceis used to feed data into a computer. The human understandable form (usually English/Kannada or any other language) is converted into machine understandable form 0’sand 1’s (digital oranalog signals). Input devices are capable of converting data into a form which can be recognized by computer. A computer can have several input devices. Namely Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, OCR, MICR, etc (C © input and output devices connect the external world tothe computer system, ) 2.1.1 Keyboard Figure 2.1 Keyboard, The most common input device is the keyboard. Keyboard consists of a set of typewriter like keys that enable you to enter data into a computer. They have alphabetic keys to enter letters, numeric keys to enter numbers, punetuation keys to enter comma, period, and semicolon etc, funetional keys toperform some specific functions. The keyboard detects the key pressed and generates the comesponding, ASCII codes which can be recognized by the computer. =a OD ja @ Standard Ergonomic Wireless Virtual Figure 2.2 Types of keyboard 31Input output Memory Devices Standard keyboards have their basic layout. The average number of keys on a regular keyboard is 105/108, though range of 95-108 slight variations, especially in the manner the keysare placed, QWERTY keyboards are the most common and have the six alphabets Q, W, E, R, T, and Y in the first row. Ergonomics refers to the study of methods that can reduce stress on muscles to avoid repetitive strain injury. It mostly deals with optimizing posture and technique while working, so the work can be carried outin the easiest manner with the least possible strain on any muscle joint or organ, Ergonomic keyboards are designed in such a way that typing can be done putting the least amount of stress on the fingersand wrist. Thisis a radical type of keyboard designed to prevent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Wireless Keyboard isa keyboard that does not need to be connected to the computer via a wire. This makes it very convenient for the user to use the keyboard comfortably. Wireless keyboard use Bluetooth, Infrared (IR), and Radio Frequency to connect to the computer with the help of batteries and transmitted and receiver with the range 1 to 40 feet distance contact between the computer and the keyboard type very ineffective. Virtual keyboards are software devices that let you input data just like a hardware keyboard, They ‘open up as an application and can be controlled by a mouse or via a touch screen. They are mainly used in devices which do not necessarily require a keyboard, ike a tablet or a smart-phone, They are useful as they aid in making the size of the device smaller. Virtual keyboards are also usedin situations concerning security, as anything entered on an ordinary keyboard is recorded in a key log, leading to security risks associated with passwords or PIN numbers. Thisis the reason many banks provide the facility ofa virtual keyboard in their online banking operations. Compact keyboards are slim and usually do not have the numeric keypad that is present on the right side of other keyboards, These are typically used in laptops, where sizing issues make it difficult to accommodate a standard keyboard. To make up for the small size, these keyboards rely on the use of multiple keys to carry out functions that would only usea single key on a standard-sized keyboard. Some ‘models also include a touch-pad that can be used instead of the mouse. These are not extremely small in size, but offer portability during travel and storage, Another benefit of compact keyboards s that they can beusedby people with certain disabilities that hinderthem from effectively using hand and finger movements. 2.1.2 Mouse Mouse is an input device that controls the movement ofthe cursor on the display screen, The display screen is map in the form of graphical points dotis called pixels, The number of pixels differs depending upon the resolution of the screen, Mouse isa small device; you can roll/navigate along a flat surface. Ina ‘mouse, a small ball/IR raysis kept inside and touches the pad through a hole at the bottom of the mouse. When the mouse is moved, the ball rolls/position on the screen, This movement of the ball/position is converted into signals and sent to the computer. You will need to click the button atthe top of the mouse to select the option, Mouse pad is a pad over which you can move a mouse, Mouseis very popular in modem computers, 32Input output Memory Devices = Manual mouseRJ __| Scroll Mouse. USB mouse Wireless mouse Figure 2.3 Types of Mouse 2.1.3 Joystick A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device itis controlling, D ‘The movements of the joystick is been identified 1 ick2 Base Tig Exrbtons Ao with the axis form x, y and z with three fires switch 6, Throttle 7. Tat switch (POV hat) Figure 24 loystick Joysticks are often used to control video games, simulated programs, usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, surveillance cameras ature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as, and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Mi input devices for smaller electronic equipment. 2.1.4 OMR, OCR and MICR Optical reading of the pictures, symbols and shapes are scanned with the help of laser beam, usually the position is pre-programmed, accessed and documented instantly 33Input output Memory Devices i, Optical Mark Reading and Recognition (OMR) ‘Special pre-printed forms are designed with boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink. Such documents are read by a reader, which transcribes the marks into electrical pulses which are transmitted to the computer. They are widely used in applications like objective type answer papers evaluation in which large number of candidates appear, time sheets of factory employees etc. on.no| Tae j4 ais Every marked dot is recognized based on | OMR- Optical Mark Reading and the position which is programmed. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Figure 2.6 OCR Sheet ‘The OCR technique permits the direct reading of any printed character without any special ink. With OCR, a user can scan a page from a book. The computer will recognize the characters in the page as letters and punctuation marks, and stores. This can be edited using a word processor the size (width, height and depth) of the scanned 34Input output Memory Devices iii, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Five aed ey ara 98 boy MA aye mses Pan astor ar eal rrr nn fares iti fines Pins Figure2,7 MICR Cheque MICR is widely used by banks to process cheques. Human readable numbers are printed on documents such as cheque using.a special magnetic ink, The cheque can be read using.a special input unit, ‘which can recognize magnetic ink characters, This method eliminates the manual errors. Italso saves time, ensures security and accuracy of data. 2.2 Introduction to output devices Output is the result/information that is obtained after processing. The information must be presented in the human understandable form (usually from 0’sand 1’s to English/Kannada or any other language) is capable of presenting information on to the output devices. There are many output devices attached with the computers, The monitors and printers are commonly used output devices 2.2.1 Monitors Monitorisa commonly used output device, sometimes called as display screen/ Visual display unit (VDU). Itprovides a visual display of data, Monitors are connected with the computer and are similarin appearance to television set. Figure 2.8 Monitor 35Initially there were only monochrome monitors. But gradually, we have monitors that display colour Monitors display images and text. The smallest dot that can be displayed is called a pixel (picture element). ‘The resolution of the screen improves as the number of pixelsis increased. Most of the monitors have a 43 width to height ratio, This is called ‘aspect ratio’. The number of pixels that can be displayed vertically and horizontally gives the resolution of the monitor. The resolution of the monitor determines the quality of the display. Some popular resolutions are 640x480 pixels, 800x600 pixels and 1024x768 pixels. A resolution of 1024x768 pixels will produce sharperimage than 640x480 pixels. The size of the monitor is measured diagonally may be 12",14",17",19", 21" and based on technology. RE LCD 3 TED, Cathode ray tube | Liquid Crystal Display |__Thin Film Transistors | Light Emitting diode Figure 2.9 ‘Types of Monitors 2.2.2 Printers Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper or other media (like transparencies). By printing you create what is known asa ‘hard copy’. There are different kinds of printers, which vary in their speed and print quality ‘The twomain types of printers are impact printers and non-impact printers. PRINTERS IMPACT NONIMAPACT x = TS! a LINE PRINTER, DOT MATRIX INGET, LASER THERVAL Figure2.10 Types of Printers Impact printers include printers that print by striking device against inked ribbon. Impact printers use print head containing a number of metal pins, which strike an inked ribbon placed between the print head and the paper. Line printers, dot-matrix printers are some of the impact printers © The programs and data present in the memory is called as soft copy. © The programs and data present on the paperis called as hard copy. 36Input output Memory Devices 2.2.2.1 Characteristics of impact printers © Inimpact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an image. Due to being robust and low cost, they are useful forbulk printing, © Impact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies (that is, carbon copies) because they can easily print through many layers of paper. © Duetoits st OS king activity, impact printers are very noisy. ince they are mechanical in nature, they tend tobe slow. © Impact printers do not support transparencies. © Measured with characters per seconds (eps). 2.2.2.2 Characteristics of Non-impact printers Non-impact printers do not use striking device, the ink or semi-solid ink is stored in the printer cartridges and the flow of ink is controlled by the processors which is much faster and can print colour, different font and size also, © They are quiet than impact printers because there isno striking mechanism involved. © They possess the ability to change type faces automatically © These printers produce high-quality graphics © These printers usually support the transparencies © These printers cannot print multi part forms because no impact is being made on the paper. © Measured in dots perinches (dpi) © The speed is calculated by the number of pages per minute (ppm) © Thesize of the printing various A4, 43, A2, AO and Jumbo size. 2.2.2.3 Line Printer Line printers are high-speed printers capable of printing an entire line ata time. A line printer ean print 150 ines to3000 lines per minute. The limitations of line printer are they can printonly one font, they cannot print graphics, the print quality is low and they are noisy to operate. Butit can print large volume of text data very fast compared to the other printers. Itis also used to print on multi part stationeries to prepare copies of a document. Figure 2.11. Line Printer 37Input output Memory Devices 2.2.2.4 Dot Matrix Printer ‘The most popular serial printer is the dot matrix printer, Itprints one line of 8 or 14 points ata time, with print head moving acrossa line. They are similar to typewriters, They are normally slow. The printing speed is around 300 characters per second, It uses multi part stationeries to prepare copies of a Figure 2.12 Dot Matnx Printers 2.2.2.5 Thermal Printer ‘Thermal printers are printers that produce images by pushing electrically heated pins against special heat-sensitive paper. They are inexpensive and used widely in fax machines and calculators. Figure 2.13. Thermal Printer ‘Thermal printer paper tends to darken over time due to exposure to sunlight and heat, So the printed ‘matters on the paper fade after a week or two. It also produces a poor quality print. 2.2.2.6 Laser Printers Laser printers use a laser beam and dry powdered ink to produce a fine dot matrix pattem. It can produce very good quality of graphic images. One of the chief characteristics of laser printersis their resolution —how many dots per inch (dpi) they lay down, The available resolutions range from 300 dpi at the low end to around 1200 dpi at the high end. 38Input output Memory Devices Paper Ext +> Baper ay Figure 2.14 Laser Printer 2.2.2.7 Inkjet Printers Inkjet printers use colour cartridges which combine magenta, yellow and cyan inks to create colour tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Inkjet printers work by spraying ionizing ink ata sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the described shape. Figure2.15 Inkjet Printer 2.2.2.8 Plotter Printers Plotter is an output device that draws pictures on paper based on commands from a computer. Plotters differ from printers in that they draw lines using a pen. As a result, they can produce continuous Jines, whereas printers can only simulate lines by printing a closely spaced series of dots. Multicolor plotters use different-colored pens to draw different colors. In general, plotters are considerably more expensive than printers. They are used in engineering applications where precision is mandatory 39Input output Memory Devices 2.2.3 Speakers ‘The speakers are the output units. The sound signals from analog/digital are converted into audible frequency in the speakers and produce voice output (audio data). Using speakers along with speech synthesizer software, the computer can provide voice output. Voice output has become very common in many places like airlines, banks, automatic telephone enquiry system etc. Users can also hear music/ songs using the voice output system. The advance in the development of the speakers are given rise to the track system of output sound based on the position of the speakers and the numbers of tracks output. Namely 2.1 or 5.1 which indicates the position of the speakers and tracking systems. The latest speakers are crystal clear audio, Walkman speakers are smaller in size with less watts and disables, Today the speakers are with the subwoofer and 2/3/4 speakers all eS Figure 2.16 Speakers 2.3 Introduction to Memory devices Memory is the most essential part of the computer. Memory is storage part of the computer. We need memory to store the data, This storage enables us to use the stored data to in future. Computer memory is mainly divided as primary memory and secondary memory. ‘The memory and storage devices are measured in terms of bits and bytes, the measurements in used are 0,1 binary digit bit) 8 bits make a byte.2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2=1024. 2' 2"bytes 1024 bytes 1Kilo byte 2bytes 1024 Kilobytes I Mega byte DW bytes 1024 Mega bytes 1 Gigabyte 2bytes 1024 Giga bytes | Terra byte 2bytes 1024 Terra bytes 1 Peta byte 2 bytes 1024 Peta bytes 1 Exabyte bytes 1024 Exa bytes 1 Zeta byte Wbytes 1024 Zeta bytes 1Yottabyte 2*bytes 1024 Yotta bytes 1 Brontobyte 2bytes 1024 Bronto bytes 1 Geop byte Table 1.0 Units of Measurements in computer for Primary Memory and secondary memoryInput output Memory Devices 2.3.1 Primary Memory Memory units are the storage areas in the computer. The term "memory" usually refers to the main memory of the computer, whereas the word “storage” is used for the memory that exists on disks, CD's, floppies ortapes. The main memory is usually called a physical memory which refers to the ‘chip’ (Integrated Circuit) capable of holding data and instruction, i Sas Figure 2.17 Memory Unit ‘There are different types of memories: , and RAM ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM | ear They are Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Read Only Memory - ROM InROM, the information is burt (pre-recorded) into the ROM chip at manufacturing time. Once data has been written into a ROM chip, it cannot be erased but you can read it. When we switch OFF the computer, the contents of the ROM are not erased, but remain stored permanently. ROMis a non- volatile memory. ROM stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer Programmable Read Only Memory - PROM. PROM isa memory on which data can be written only once. A variation of the PROM chips that itis not burnt at the manufacturing time, but can be programmed using PROM programmer ora PROM bummer. PROMisalso a non-volatile memory. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory— EPROM In EPROM, the information can be erased and re-programmed usingaa special PROM ~ programmer. EPROM is non-volatile memory. An EPROM differs from a PROM in that a PROM can be written to only once and cannot be erased. But an ultraviolet light is used to erase the contents of the EPROM. 41Input output Memory Devices Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory ~ EEPROM. EEPROM isa recently developed type of memory. Thisis equivalent to EPROM, but does not require ultraviolet ightto erase its content. Itcan be erased by exposingit ton electrical charge. Itis also non-volatile in nature. EEPROM is not as fast as RAM or other types of ROM. A flash memory is a special type of EEPROM that can be erased and re-programmed. Random Access Memory - RAM RAMis the most common type of memory found in the modern computers, This is really the main store ands the place where the program gets stored temporary. When the CPU runsa program, it fetches the program instructions from the RAM and carries them out. If the CPU needs to store the results of the calculationsit can store them in RAM. When we switch OFF a computer, whatever's stored in the RAM gets erased, Itis a volatile form of memory Figure2.19 RAM ‘Themain memory must store many data items and have some way of retrieving them when they are needed. The memory can be compared to the boxes at a post office. Each box-holder has a box with a unique number which is called its address. This address serves to identify the box. The memory has a number of locations in its store. Each location ina memory has a unique number called its memory address, This serves to identify it for storage and retrieval Operations on memories are called reads and writes, defined from the perspective of a processor or other device that uses a memory: A write instruction transfers information from other device to memory and a read instruction transfers information from the memory to other devices. A memory that performs both reads and writes is often called a RAM. Ina computer system, the clock signal is an oscillating frequency used to coordinate interaction between digital circuits. Simply put, it synchronizes communication. Digital circuits designed to operate on the clock signal may respond at the rising or falling edge of the signal. SDRAM memory chips used only the rising edge of the signal to transfer data, while DDRRAM transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, making it essentially twice as fast as SDRAM. RAM speed works in conjunction with the front side bus (FSB) of a computer system. The FSB is the two-way data channel that sends information from the central processing unit (CPU) throughout the motherboard to the various components, including the RAM, BIOS chips, hard drives and PCI slots. 2Input output Memory Devices Types of RAM EDO SRAM SDRAM DDRAM1 | DDRAM? | DDRAM3 & fe Figure 2.20 Types of RAM EDO RAM (extended data output RAM) EDO (extended data output) RAM isa type of random access memory (RAM) chip that improves the time to read from memory on faster microprocessors such as the Intel Pentium, EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz Pentium. Static random-access memory (SRAM) isa type of semiconductor memory that uses bi-stable latching circuitry to store each bit. The term static differentiates it from dynamic RAM (DRAM) which must be periodically refreshed. SRAM exhibits data remainence, butitis still volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not powered. FSB will be 166 MHz. Double-Data-Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, better known as DDR SDRAM or DDR RAM for short, is a type of very fast computer memory. It’s based on the same architecture as SDRAM, but uses the clock signal differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount oftime. DDR SDRAM at 400 MHz (DDR-400 or PC-3200) DDR2 SDRAM at 800 MHz (DDR2-800 or PC2-6400) DDR3 SDRAMat 1600 MHz (DDR3-1600 or PC3-12800) Suppose a computer system has DDR memory, a Memory Divider of 1:1, a FSB operating at 200 MHz and a CPU multiplier of 10x. Then, the base memory clock will operate at (Memory Divider) (FSB) = 1 x 200=200 MHz and the effective memory clock would be 400 MHz sinceit’s a DDR system (“DDR” stands for Double Data Rate; the effective memory clock speed is double the actual clock speed). The CPU will operate at 10 « 200 MHz=2.0 GHz. Using V/O bus frequency of 200 MHz various types of DRAM will operate 4BInput output Memory Devices 2.3.2 Secondary Memory ‘The computer may need to store data, programs etc., (because the primary memory is volatile). Secondary storage is also called backup storage. Secondary storage can be used to transmit data to another computer eitherimmediately or a later time, This provides a mechanism for storing a large amount of data fora long period of time. Some of the commonly used secondary storage devices are hard disks, ‘magnetic tapes, floppy disks and CD-ROM. To understand the physical mechanism of secondary storage devices one must have basic knowledge of magnetism, electronics and electro mechanical systems. The average time required to reach a storage location and obtain its contents is called its access time. In electro mechanical devices with moving parts such as disks and tapes, the access time consists of a seek time required to position the read write head to alocation and transfer time required to transfer the data toorfiom the device. Figure2.2 Hard Disk Drive Hard Disk Hard diskis a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data, The hard diskis direct-access storage medium. This means you can store and retrieve data randomly. Disk storage systems are essentially based on magnetic properties. The magnetic disk consists of high speed rotating surfaces coated with a magnetic recording medium, The rotating surface of the disk is a round flat plate, When writing data, a write head magnetizes the particles on the disk surface as either north or south poles. When reading data, read head converts the magnetic polarizations on the disk surface to a sequence of pulses. The read and vite heads are generally combined into a single head unit. There may be more than one read/write head. Datais arranged asa series of concentric rings. Each ring(called a track) is sub-divided into a number of sectors, each sector holding a specific number of data elements (bytes or characters).Input output Memory Devices Figure 2.22 A track subdivided into sectors ‘The smallest unit that can be written to or read from the disk is a sector. Once a read or write request has been received by the disk unit, there isa delay involved until the required sector reaches the read/wtite head, Thisis known as rotational latency, and on averages one half of the period of revolution. The storage capacity of the disk is determined as (number of tracks * number of sectors * bytes per sector * number of read/write heads). Thus, the data is stored as magnetized spots arranged in concentric circles (tracks) on the disk. Each track is divided into sectors. The arrangement of tracks and sectors on a disk isknown asits ‘format’ High data rates demand that the disk rotates ata high speed(about 80,000 rpm). As the disk rotates read/write heads move to the correct track and fetch the desired data. The storage capacity of ahard disk can be Gigabytes (GB). ic. thousands of Mega bytes of information Magnetic Tape Thisrecording medium contains a thin tape with a coating of a fine magnetic stip, used for recording digital data, The tape itself is a strip of plastic, coated with a magnetic recording medium. Bits are recorded as magnetic spots on the tape along several tracks, Usually, seven or nine bits are recorded simultaneously to form a character together with a party bit, Read/write heads are mounted one in each track so that data can be recorded and read as a sequence of characters. 2 Figure2.23 Magnetic Tape Reader 43Input output Memory Devices Datais stored in frames across the width of the tape. The frames are grouped into blocks or records which are separated from other blocks by gaps. Magnetic tape isa serial access medium, similarto an audio cassette, and so data cannot be randomly located. This characteristic has prompted its use in the regularbacking up of hard disks. Floppy Disk é> 312" &= sia" Figure2.24 Floppy Disk The floppy drive uses a thin circular disk for data storage. Itis a soft magnetic disk. Itis a thin ‘magnetic-coated disk contained in a flexible or semi-rigid protective jacket. The disk rotates at 360rpm Rotations per minute). A read/write head makes physical contact with the disk surface. Datais recorded asa series of tracks sub-divided into sectors. The floppy disks are usually 3.5" in size, However, older floppy disks may be in use; these would be 5.25" in size or even 8" in size. A3.5" floppy disk can hold 1.44 MB of data. Once data i stored on a floppy disk it can be ‘write protected by clicking a tab on the disk. This prevents any new data being stored or any old data being erased. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, Itis less expensive and is portable. It can be accessed randomly, Optical Disk Optical disks are the storage medium from which data is read and to which itis written by lasers. ‘The optical disk is random access storage medium; information can be easily read from any point on the disk. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk - Read Only Memory. = Figure 2.24 Compact DiskInput output Memory Devices Itis now possible to have CD-ROMs where tracks of information can be written on to them by the user. These are called read/write CD-ROMs and these are becoming a popular and economical method of storage Optical track Optical track is a recording unit of data on the disc. The information stored on CD-ROMis arranged according to certain rules, andis shaped like an “Optical track”, called “light rail” in spiral shapes. The data from the directory inside the CD-ROM (TOC, Table of Contents) is recorded in the starting address of the number of consecutive logical sectors of an Optical track. The audio CD ina songiis corresponding toa light rail, therefore, there are many light rails. CD-ROM light rails are at most 99 in number. The minimum length of each lightrailisindicated by Time: 4 seconds, or 300 sectors. This valueis sometimes referred to as “threshold.” Less than 4 seconds, light rail, ifit cannot be used as light rail, it might bea “bad Optical track”. The depression part on the Optical track is called information pit and the flat partis called land, Pit and land are used to record information. CD-R disc has been pressed with spiral groove, known as the “pre-groove”, instead the pit of optical track. When burning, CD-R disc ina trench in an organic dye laser irradiation, the formation of bubbles, thisis the“pit”. Bubbles, once formed, will not beable to restore the status quo, therefore, CD-R can only be written once, These“pit” and“land” isthe signal after “8-14 coded modulation” (EFM, Eight to Fourteen Modulation), plus three interval code could access code to form inside the burning to dise. This treatment can guarantee the accuracy of reading 8 bit data 11101000)11100010| 10111010) 14 bit concoct data foqq10010000010 | 1010001000010] 0001000100100] ---+-[010[00010010000010 [000 |10010001000010[ 001] 0001000100100 ]100 additive merge bit 910000100100000100001001000100001000100010000100100100 pit on the disc Figure2.25 Optical track DVD Digital Video Disc, thatis, “digital video disc.” With the advances in optical disc technology, itcan not only store video program, but also store music, data, along with increased use, it will be this type of CD-ROM referred to as “Digital Versatile Disc”, and the English name is the Digital Versatile Disc. BLUE ray disk Blue-ray Disc, referred as BD. BD disc features are: It consists of a thickness of 1.1mm of the recording layer and a thickness of only 0. 1mm composite made of a transparent protective layer. The ‘work of the shorter wavelength light source, in the recording layer surface can be comparable with the operating wavelength of fingerprints, with storage capacity Recording capacity 23,3GBR5GB27GB 47Input output Memory Devices Portable storage device A portable storage device (PSD) is a small hard drive designed to hold any kind of digital data. This is slightly different from a portable media player, which stores and plays music and movies. Some are fixed size hard drives of 256GB, 320GB,500Gb.1Tb,2Tb ete. Newer units are expandable using 2.5" laptop hard drives, allowing for an unlimited storage capacity, which is useful for video and images. When travelling, a portable storage device may be a useful altemative to backing up or purging memory cards if'a computer is unavailable for downloading, il EB co HDD Flash Drive Secure Disk USB Floppy 2.3.3 Cache Memory Lgate ship) L2cache eau - (SRAM eo eat emery band) Local Figure2.26 Cache memory The cache isa small amount of high-speed memory, present between the primary memory and CPU (processor). There are two levels of cache memory L1 and L2, L1 cache memory will present inside the CPU, whereas the L2 cache will be present on the mother board, cache memory holds the most recent data/instructions, Usually with a memory cycle time comparable to the time required by the CPU to fetch one instruction. The cacheis usually filled from main memory when instructions or data are fetched into the CPU. Often the main memory will supply a wider data word to the cache than the CPU requires, to fill the cache more rapidly. The amount of information which replaces at one time in the cache is called the line size for the cache. Thisis normally the width of the data bus between the cache memory and the main memory. Awidelline size for the cache means that several instruction or data words are loaded into the cache at one time, providing akind of perfecting forinstructions or dataInput output Memory Devices Review Question One mark questions: 4. 5 6. 1. 8 9. 1 1 ‘Two marks question: Ber awaene eaeo What is PC? Whats the use of input unit? ‘What happens to the data in the input unit? Whatis the use of memory? What is ROM and RAM? Classi various units of memory. Whatis cache memory? ‘What does MOUSE stand for? ‘What is MICR? Define the resolution ofa monitor Whatis use of speakers? Compare input and output units, Whatis difference between volatile and non-volatile memory. Compare static and dynamic Ram Give different types of ROM Explain the different types of keyboard Give the difference between hard copy and soft copy Explain different types of printers Explain the structure of CD-ROM. hree marks questions: Write the difference between ROM and RAM. Give the applications of OCR, OMR, and MICR Explain impact and non-impact printersin detail Explain the storage medium in detail. Five marks questions: ronor Explaininputunitin detail Explain outputin detail Explain storage medium in detail Ilustrate the latest configuration of computers for today. 49