Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

Chapter 2
Differentiation and its application
2.1 Differentiability of a function

f  x x 0 ∈ I . The function f  x  is
Let the function be defined on an open interval I and
said to be differentiable at
x 0 if

f  x0  x   f  x0 
lim
x  0 x

f  x0  x   f  x0 
Lf ( x0 )  lim
exists, i.e., left hand derivative x 0  x is equal to right
f  x0  x   f  x0 
Rf   x0   lim
hand derivative x  0  x .

P(x0 , y0)
P

Q y
Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)

x
O x0+∆x x0

Fig-1: ( left hand derivative )

y
Q Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)
P
y
P(x0 , y0)

x
O x0 x0+∆x
Fig-2: ( right hand derivative )

Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but reverse is not always true.

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

5 x  1, x 1
f  x  
3 x  x , x  1 at x=1 .
2
Example 1: Discuss the differentiability of
Solution: Differentiability at x = 1.

Consider the left-hand derivative

f  1  x   f  1 5  1  x   1  4 5x
Lf   1  lim  lim  lim 5
x 0 x x  0 x x  0 x

and the right-hand derivative

f  1  x   f  1 3  1  x    1  x   4 5x   x 
2 2

Rf   1  lim  lim  lim 5

x  0 x x  0 x x  0 x
Lf   1  Rf   1 f  x
Here and hence is differentiable at x = 1.
Exercise: 2.1

1. Sketch the following graphs and determine whether functions are differentiable at
the indicated points.
2
(a) y=¿ x−3∨¿ at x=3, (b) f ( x )= 2 x , x ≤ 1 , at x=1,
{
4 x−2 , x >1
 x 2 , x 1
f ( x)   , at x  1.
 2 x  1, x  1
(c)
Answers:1. (a) Not differentiable, (b) Differentiable, (c) Differentiable.

2.2 Derivative of a function

f  x
Let be defined on an open interval I and is differentiable at each point x ∈ I ,we
f  x
simply say it is differentiable and the resulting function denoted by is called the
f  x
derivative of .
y  f  x x 0 , we simply say it is differentiable and the
If is differentiable at the point
f   x0  f  x x
resulting function denoted by is called the derivative of at 0 and gives the

slope of the tangent line to

f  x  x , f  x0   . Thus
at 0
y f  x   f  x0 
f   x0   lim  lim .
x  0 x x  x0 x  x0

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y  f  x
Fig-3:Right derivative of (Ref: Calculus-Anton)

The gradient (or slope) of the tangent at

 x , f  x   is given by f   x  .
0 0 0

The equation of the tangent line through the point

 x0 , y0  is y  y0  f   x0   x  x0  .
A line through P and perpendicular to the tangent line at P is called normal line.
x ,y 
The equation of the normal line at 0 0 is
1
y  y0   x  x0  f   x0   0.
f   x0 
, provided
2.3 Derivatives of Elementary Functions
d p
x = px p−1
dx , for any rational number p.

Proof by using the definition of differentiation: Let f (x )=x p , so

f  x  x   f  x   x  x  x p  1  xx   x p
p p
 xp
lim  lim  lim
x  0 x x  0 x x  0 x [using binomial
expansion]

x p 1  p xx 
p  p 1
 xx      x p
2

 lim  2!

x 0 x
p  p 1 p  p 1  p  2 
 lim  px p 1  x p  2  x   x p 3  x    
2

x  0  
2! 3!

=px p−1 .
For the process of differentiations we need to know the formula of derivatives of some basic
functions which are given bellow:

d d x d 1
( c )=0 ( e )=e x ( ln x )= , x >0
dx , c is constant dx dx x

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

d d d du dv
( sin x ) =cos x ( cos x )=−sin x [ au( x )±bv( x ) ]=a ±b
dx dx dx dx dx

f  x   6 x3  5x 2  9 f   x    6   3 x 2  5  2  x  0  18 x 2  10 x.
Example 2:(i)If , then
3
f  x   x  2sin x  3ln x  e x f   x   1  2 cos x   e x
(ii)If then x .
Example 3: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y=x
2
at
 1,1 .

dy
=2 x
Solution: dx . When x=1 ,
dy
=2
dx

Equation of tangent line at the point (1, 1)

is
y  1  2  x  1
Or, 2 x− y=1
Equation of normal line at the point (1, 1)
is
1
y 1   x  1
2
Or, x+2 y=3

Example 4: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y  sin 2 x at
 
 ,0
 2 .

dy 
 2 cos 2 x x
Solution: dx . When 2,
dy
 2.
dx

 
 ,0
Equation of tangent line at the point  2 
 
y  0  2  x  
is:  2

Or, 2x y 
 
 ,0
Equation of normal line at the point  2 

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1 
y 0  x 
is: 2 2

x  2y  .
Or, 2

Example 5: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y=exp ( x) at

the point where x=0 .

Solution: At x=0 , y=exp (0 )=1 .

dy
=exp ( x)
Now, dx . When
dy
=1
x=0 , dx

Equation of tangent line at the point (0, 1)

is
y−1=1(x −0)
Or, y=x +1
Equation of normal line at the point (0, 1)
is
1
y−1=− ( x−0 )
1
Or, y=−x+1 .

Example 6: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y  ln x at

the point where x=1 .

Solution: At x=1 , y  ln1  0 .

dy 1
=
Now, dx x . When x=1 ,

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

dy
=1
dx

Equation of tangent line at the point (1,0)

is
y−0=1( x−1)
Or, y=x−1
Equation of normal line at the point
(1, 0) is
1
y−0=− ( x−1 )
1
Or, y=−x+1 .

Example 7:
If a free- falling object is dropped from a height of 100 feet, and air resistance is neglected,
the height h (in feet) of the object at a time t (in seconds) is given by h=−16 t 2+100 .
Find the average velocity of the object over each time interval.
a) [1,2] b) [1, 1.5] c) [1,1.1]
Solution: You can use the position h=−16 t 2+100 to determine the heights at t=1, t=1.1,
t=1.5 and t=2 as shown in the table.
t (in seconds) 0 1 1.1 1.5 2
h(in feet) 100 84 80.64 64 36
a) For the interval [1,2], the object fall from a height of
84 feet to a height of 36 feet. So, the average velocity
is
∆ h 36−84 −48
= = =−48 feet per second.
∆t 2−1 1
b) For the interval [1, 1.5], the average velocity is
∆ h 64−84 −20
= = =−40 feet per second.
∆ t 1.5−1 0.5

c) For the interval [1,1.1], the average velocity is

∆ h 80.64−84 −3.36
= = =−33.6 feet per second.
∆t 1.1−1 0.1

Exercise 2.2

1. Differentiate the following functions:

5 1
,  3 x  2  , 3 x  ln 2 x, x 5  3sin 5 x, exp  3 x  , exp  3 x   sin 6 x .
2
3
, 5x , 2 x 
x x

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2. The slope of the curve y  x  2 x  3 at

2
 1, 2  is equal to the slope of the curve
y  4 x  3x 2 at  a, b  . Find the values of a and b. Ans: a = 2 , b = 4 .
3 3
3. The graph of the equation y  qx  x  5 has a slope of 3 at the point where
2

x  1 .Find the value of q . Ans: q = 1 .

4 .Find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y  4 x  3x at which tangent line is
2

parallel to the line y  13x .Ans:

 2,10  .
5. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
1 1 
y  2x  x= x
(i) x at 2 ,(ii) y  x ( x  x ) at x=4 ,(iii) y  sin x at 4,
(iv) y  ln 2 x at x=1 ,(v) y  ln x at x=e .
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:
(i)2 x+ y =4 , 2 x−4 y +11=0 , (ii) 3x  4 y  4  0 , 4 x−3 y−22=0 ,
1 1   1  
y  x  y   2x 
(iii) 2 2 4 , 2  4 ,
(iv) x  y  (ln 2  1)  0 , x  y  (ln 2  1)  0 , (v) x  ey  0 , xe+ y−( 1+e )=0 .
2

2.4 Derivative of function of a function (composite function) (chain rule)

Suppose that y is a function of u and that u is a function x . Now suppose that a small change
Δx in the variable x gives rise to small changes Δy and Δu in the variables y and u
respectively.
Δy Δy Δu
=
Δx Δu Δx
Assuming that, limit of the product in equal the product of the limits of its function, we get,

Δy Δy Δu dy dy du
lim = lim lim =
Δx →0 Δx Δu →0 Δu Δx→0 Δx This leads to dx du dx .

This is commonly known as chain rule of differentiation.

Example 8:
dy
 
2
y  x 2
 5
(i) Find dx where .
 
2
y  x2  5 2 −2
Solution: . Let, u=x +5 , then y=u .
dy dy du 4 x
   2x 
3
  2u 3  2 x   2 x 2  5
x  5
3
dx du dx 2
Now, .
dy
(ii) Find dx where y=sec x .

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1 1
y=sec x= y=
Solution: cos x . Let, u= cos x , then u .
dy dy du sin x
  u 2 ( sin x)  (cos x) 2   sin x    sec x tan x
Now, dx du dx cos 2 x .
Exercise 2.3
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:
1 x 5
, sin   , cos   , (3  t ), 4 cos 2 x, 6sin x 2 , ln  6  x 2  , csc x and exp  4t 2 1 .
 x 2  3
4
4 x
2.Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
8
y 2
(i) x  4 at x  2 , (ii) y  2 x  1 at x  5

x xy=4 x=2
(iii) y  sin x at 6 , (iv) at
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:

(i) x  4 y  2  0, 4 x  y  9  0, (ii) x  3 y  4  0,3 x  y  18  0 ,

1 3  1 2  
y   x  , y    x 
(iii) 2 2  6 2 3 6  , (iv) x  y  4  0, x  y  0 .

2.5 Derivative of the product and division of two functions

1. Consider y=uv , where u and v are functions of x. Let x increases by a small amount
Δx

and this terms gives rise to small changes Δy , Δu and Δv in y ,u and v respectively.
Then,
y   u  u   v  v   uv
 uv  v u  u v

Dividing by Δx and let Δx →0 then Δu →0 and Δv →0 .

Taking limit Δx →0 , we get

Δy Δu Δv
lim =u lim +v lim
Δx→0 Δx Δx→ 0 Δx Δx→0 Δx

dy du dv
=u +v
Thus we get dx dx dx .This is known as product rule.
u
y= =u v−1
2. Consider v
By product rule,

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

dy du d du d dv 1 du u dv
 v 1  u  v 1   v 1  u  v 1   
dx dx dx dx dv dx v dx v 2 dx
du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
⇒
dx = v2 .
This result is known as the quotient rule.
Example 9:
d 3
dx
 
x cos x  3x 2 cos x  x 3 sin x
i).
d d sin x cos x cos x+sin x sin x 1
ii). dx
tan x= ( )
= 2
dx cos x cos x
= 2 =sec 2 x
cos x .

Exercise 2.4
1. Differentiate the following functions:
x  3 ln 2 x cos 2 x
x exp(2 x), sin 2 x cos x, exp(2 x) ln( x 3 ), x 5  x ,
, 2 and .
x5 x 3x
2. Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
2
y  2 x 2
 1 x=2 y= 2 x=2 .
(i) at (ii) x −8 at
Ans: The equations of tangent lines and normal lines of the above problems are:

(i)4 x−3 y+ 1=0 ,3 x+ 4 y −18=0 , (ii) x  4 y  5  0,16 x  4 y  63  0.

2.6 Implicit Differentiation

f  x, y   0
The derivative of the function of the form can be obtained by differentiating each
dy
term separately and solving for dx .This technique of differentiation is known as Implicit
Differentiation.
d 2 d 2 dy
dx
y 
dy
y dx
 2 y y 
Example 10:
d d dy
dx
sin y 2 dy

sin y 2
dx
 
 2 y cos y 2 y    x
.[Prime denotes differentiation w.r.t. ]
dy
y  sin  2 xy   x  0
2 4
Example 11: Given that , Find dx .
Differentiating each term with respect to x, we have
dy dy
2y
dx (
+cos(2 xy ) 2 y +2 x
dx
−4 x 3=0 )
dy 4 x  2 y cos  2 xy  2 x  y cos  2 xy 
3 3
dy  
dx 2 y  2 x cos  2 xy  y  x cos  2 xy 
Solving for dx we get, .

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2.7 Parametric Differentiation

x  f  t y  g  t f  t
Suppose that a curve is given by the parametric equation and ,where
g  t
and are both differentiable. Then
dy dy / dt g   t 
 
dx dx / dt f   t 

One of the parametric equations of conic are:

1. Parametric equation of circle: x  r cos t and y  r sin t , where r >0 , 0 ≤ t ≤ π .
2. Parametric equation of ellipse: x  a cos t and y  b sin t , where a , b> 0 ,0 ≤ t ≤ 2 π .
3. Parametric equation of parabola: x  t and y  t .
2

4. Parametric equation of hyperbola: x  a sec t and y  b tan t.

Note: Parametric equations of a curve is not unique.
x  a    sin   y  a  1  cos  
Example 12: Let and . Then
dx dy
 a  1  cos   =a sin θ
d and dθ
dy dy /dθ sin θ
= =
and hence dx dx/dθ 1−cos θ .
Example 13: Find the slope of the curve whose parametric equations are
d2y
.
x=1+4 sinθ , y= 3−2cosθ for 0≤θ≤2 π . Hence find dx 2
√
dx dy
=4 cos θ =2 sinθ
Solution: We have dθ and dθ
dy dy /dθ 2 sin θ 1
= = = tan θ
and hence dx dx/dθ 4 cos θ 2
d2y d 1 1 d d 1 sec2  1 3
  tan    tan    sec 
and dx
2
dx 2 2 d dx 2 4 cos  8 .
Example 14: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines at t  1 to the curve whose
parametric equations are
x  2t 2  3 and y  3t 3 -1.
dx dy
 4t  9t 2
Solution: Here dt and dt
dy dy / dt 9t 2
 
And hence dx dx / dt 4t
dy 9
t  1, x  1, y  2 and  .
At dx 4
4
 y  2    x  1
The equation of tangent line is: 9 ,  4 x  9 y  22  0 .
9
 y  2     x  1
The equation of normal line is: 4 ,  9x  4 y 1  0 .

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2.8 Logarithmic Differentiation

y  f  x f  x
If , where involves products or quotients of two or more than two functions,
v x 
dy
f  x  u  x ln y  ln f  x 
and , it may be simpler to find dx from the equation .
x
Example 15: Differentiate y=x , (where x> 0).
x
Taking logarithms, ln y=ln x =x ln x
Then by the product rule and chain rule of differentiation,
1 dy 1
=ln x+x =ln x+1
y dx x
dy
 y  ln x  1  x x  ln x  1
So dx .

Example 16: Differentiate y  a , (where a> 0 and a  1 ).

x

Solution: Taking logarithms, ln y  ln a  x ln a

x

Then by the chain rule of differentiation,

1 dy
 ln a
y dx
dy
 y  ln a   a x ln a
So, dx .
Exercise 2.5
dy
1. Find dx by implicit differentiation.
x3 y  7 x 2 y  exp  3 x  5  ,
(c) xy  y  tan x  x y,
2 2
(a) x  xy  xy  y  91 , (b)
3 2 3

exp  y   x 3  y 2  3,
(d) sin y  cos xy   , (e)
2
(f) ln(4 y)  y  3 x. .
2

dy
2. Find dx in terms of the parameter t.

(a)
x  t  1, y  t t 2  3 ,
4
 (b)

x  sin t , y  exp  2t  ,
(c) x  t  cos 3t , y  sin 2t ,
2

x  a  1  sin 2t  , y  a  t  cos 3t 
(d) x  5sin t , y  4 cos t , and (e)
3
.

2.9 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

−1
We shall derive the derivative of sin x and then state the corresponding results for other
inverse functions leaving their derivatives as exercises.
−1
If y=arcsin x=sin x , −1< x< 1
π π
Then x=sin y , where − 2 < y< 2

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Differentiating with respect to x yields

dy
1=cos y
dx
dy 1 1 1
= = =
so that
dx cos y √ 1−sin 2 y √ 1−x 2 .
π π
Note that the positive root is taken here since cos y>0 in
− 2 < y< 2 .
d −1 1 d 1
sin x= for −1<x <1 cos−1 x=− for −1<x<1
dx √ 1−x 2 dx √ 1−x 2

d 1 d 1
tan −1 x= cot−1 x=−
dx 1+x 2 dx 1+x 2
d −1 1 d −1 1
sec x= for (−∞,−1)∪(1,∞) csc x=− for (−∞,−1 )∪(1 ,∞)
dx 2
|x|√ x −1 dx 2
|x|√ x −1

Example 17: Find the derivatives of xsin−1 x+ √ 1−x 2 .

d ( x 1
x sin −1 x+ √ 1−x 2 )=sin−1 x+ + (1−x 2 )−1/2 (−2 x )=sin−1 x
Solution:
dx √ 1−x 2 2 .
Exercise: 2.6
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:
a)T ( z )=2 cos z +6 cos−1 z b) g(t)=csc −1 t−4 cot−1 t c) y (x )=5 x6 + sec−1 x

2.10 Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions

The derivatives of hyperbolic functions may be obtained directly from their definitions in
terms of exponentials, for example
d d e x −e− x e x +e−x
dx
sinh x=
dx( ) 2
=
2
=cosh x
,
x −x x −x
d d e +e e −e
cosh x= ( ) = =sinh x
dx dx 2 2 .
Derivatives of others hyperbolic functions may be obtained from above results and the
differentiation rules.
d d  sinh x  cosh x cosh x  sinh x sinh x 1
tanh x    2
  sech 2 x
dx dx  cosh x  cosh x cosh 2 x
using the quotient rule.
Similarly we can show that

d d d
sech x =−sech x tanh x csch x=−csch x coth x coth x=−csch 2 x
dx , dx and dx .

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

*Note: cosh x  sinh x  1, which is a equation of hyperbola.

2 2

3
Example 18: Determine the derivative of y=x sinh 5 x with respect to x.
dy
 5 x 3 cosh 5 x  3x 2 sinh 5 x.
Solution: dx
Exercise 2.7
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:

a) y  4 cosh 2 x b) y  10sinh 3 x c) y=2cosh x+ 4 sinh x d) y=(sinh x)

2

2.11 Higher Order Derivatives

We define the second derivative of y=f ( x ) as the first derivative of dy/dx and is
2 2
d y d y d dy
2
denoted by dx . That is
y '' = 2 =
dx dx dx ( )
y  f  x
In general, the nth derivative of is defined by
d n y d d n−1 y
y( n )= = ( )
dx n dx dx n−1
Other notations, i.e.
y, y, y,  , y ( n ) , or y1 , y2 , y3 , , yn
may be used to indicate these derivatives from time to time.
f  x   5 x 4  3x3  7 x 2  9 x  2
Example 19: Find the first, second, and third derivatives of .

f   x   f  1  x   20 x 3  9 x 2  14 x  9
Solution:

f   x   f  2   x   60 x 2  18 x  14

f   x   f  3  x   120 x  18.

Example 20: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y  cosh x at

the point where x=0 .

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

Solution: At x=0 , y=cosh ( 0)=1 .

dy
=sinh ( x)
Now, dx . When x=0 ,
dy
=0
dx

Equation of tangent line at the point (0, 1)

is
y−1=0( x−0 )
Or, y=1
Equation of normal line at the point (0, 1)
is
1
y−1=− ( x−0)
0
Or, x=0 .

f  x x0 :
2.12 Local Linear Approximation of at
In this section we will show how derivatives can be used to approximate nonlinear function
by linear functions. A function that is differentiable at
x 0 is sometimes said to be locally
linear at
x 0 that means a line (tangent line) approximates the graph of fin the vicinity of
 x0 , f  x0   x
at 0 by the equation
y  f  x0   f   x0   x  x0 
.
f  x f  x   f  x0   f   x0   x  x0 
Thus, we can approximate values of by .
f  x x0 .
This is called local linear approximation of at

Example 21:
f  x  x x 0=1 .
(a) Find the local linear approximation of at
(b) Use the local linear approximation obtained in part (a) to approximate √ 1.1 and
compare
your approximation to the result produced directly by a calculating utility.Also find the
percentage of error.
1
f  x 
f  x  x 2 x . So the local linear approximation of √ x
Solution (a): and at
x 0 is f  x   f  x0   f   x0   x  x0 
1
x  x0  ( x  x0 )
2 x0
1
x  1 x  1   x  1
Thus, local linear approximation of x at 0 is 2 .
1 1
x  1   x  1  1.1  1   1.1  1  1.05
Solution (b): 2 2 .

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

1.04881  1.05
100%  0.11%
By using calculator √ 1.1≈1.04881 .Percentage of error = 1.04881

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

Miscellaneous Problems on Chapter 2

1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:

 4 x  3
3

,

exp 2 x 2  3 x  5 , 3
 
x3  5 , sin  x  5 x  3 , ln 4  x , 2t ,   ln ,

, , , ,
4
 
ln  sin 2 x   cos  ln 3 x  sin  cos 2x  x3  tan  3x  5  ln sin x exp x  exp  arctan x  ,
1
 

  ,  3x  x  5  4  x  ,
x cos x ln3x
cos 1 5x 2 2 6
 5  x 4  ln 3x , sin 3 x ,

x2  5 
, x
sin 2x
,

 
tan x
1  x3
2 3
dy d y d y
2 3
2. Find the values of dx , dx and dx for the following functions at the indicated
point.
 x  1
y  sin   x , x ,
(a)  4  at 2 (b) y = arctan  x  at 2 (c)
y  exp  3 x  sin  2 x 
at x=0 .
3. The height s ( in feet) at time t (in seconds) of a silver dollar dropped from the top of a
mountain is given by s=15t 2−44.
(a) Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of the particle at time t=2 and t=3.
(b) Find the average velocity in the interval [2,3]
(c) How long will it take to hit the ground?
(d) Find the velocity and acceleration when it hit the ground.
4. At 00 Celsius, the heat loss H (in kilocal/m2h) from a persons’s body can be modeled by

H  33 10 v  v  10.45  where v is the wind speed (m/s).
dH
(a) Find dv and interpret its meaning in this situation,
(b) Find the rates of change of H when v=2 and when v=5.
5. A racecar travels northward on a straight, level track at a constant speed, traveling 0.750
km in 20 secs. The return trip over the same track is made in 25 secs.
(a) What is the average velocity of the car in m/s for the first lap of the run?
(b) What is the average velocity for the total trip?
dy
in terms of x and y where (a) x  2t  1, y  t  1 , and (b)
3 2
6. Find dx
x  3cos t , y  2sin t .

7. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve x  2 y  x y  x  2 at the
4 2

point (0,1) .
8. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve xy ( x−4 ) +2 x− y=6
at the point where the curve cuts the straight line y=0 .
9. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve x=− √3+2 cos θ ,
π
y=2−2 sinθ ( 0 ≤ θ ≤2 π ) at θ= .
6

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

10. A particle P moves in a straight line so that its distance, s m, from a fixed point O on the
line, is given by s=t(t−6)2, where t is the time in seconds after passing O. Find
a) the velocity of P when t=1,
b) the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest,
c) the acceleration of P when t=3.
f  x   4x2
11. The following diagram shows part of the graph of the function .

The line T is the tangent to the graph of f at x = 1.

(a) Show that the equation of T is y = 8x – 4.
(b) Find the x-intercept of T.
12. A particle P travels in a straight line so that its displacement, x meters, from a fixed point
O is given by x=3 t 2−4 t 3 +60, where t is the time in seconds measured from the start of the
motion. Calculate
(a) the initial distance of P from O,
(b) the magnitudes of the acceleration of P when it is instantaneously at rest.
13. A particle P moves in a straight line so that its distance, s meters, from a fixed point O on
the line, is given by s=t(t−2)2, where t is the time in seconds after passing O. Calculate
(a) the velocity of the particle after 3 seconds,
(b) the distance of the particle from O when its velocity is 7m s−1,
(c) the acceleration of the particle when it is next at O.
14. The height, h m, of a stone t seconds after it has been thrown vertically upwards from
ground level is given by h=24 t−3 t 2. Find
(a) Its velocity after 3 seconds,
(b) The maximum height reached,
(c) The time of flight.
15. The following diagram shows part of the graph of a quadratic function, with equation in

y   x  p  x  q
the form , where p, q   .

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

(a) Write down the value of p and q;

y   x  h  k
2

(b) Find the equation of the function in the form , where h, k   .

dy
(c) Find dx .
(d) Let T be the tangent to the curve at the point (0, 5). Find the equation of T.

16. The number of bacteria, n, in a dish, after t minutes is given by n=800 e 0.13t .
(a) Find the value of n when t = 0.
(b) Find the rate at which n is increasing when t=15.
(c) After k minutes, the rate of increase in n is greater than 10 000 bacteria per minute. Find
the least value of k, where k ∈ Z
17. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y  e at the point at
x

 0,1 .
x
18. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y  e at the point where
x  0.
y  ln  x  1  2, 0  .
19. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at
y  ln  x  1
20. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point
where x  0 .
y  sinh  x 
21. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point
where x  0 .
22. A particle P moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s meters, from a fixed point
O is given by s=t 3−9 t 2 +24 t +2 where t is the time in seconds after the start of motion.
Calculate
(a) the initial velocity and acceleration,
(b) the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest,
(c) the distance travelled in the first 4 seconds.
23. (a) Find the local linear approximation of f ( x )=sinx at x 0=0
(b) Use local linear approximation obtained in part (a) to approximate sin 20, and compare
your approximation to the result produced directly by your calculating device.

3.a) velocity=60m s−1 and 90 m s−1 , acceleration 30 m s−2 , b)75, c)1.71, d)25.69, 15.
165
4.a) −33 , b)83.67, 40.790, 5.a) 37.5m/s, b)33.3m/s.
√v
7. Tangent line: x  2 y  2  0, normal line: 2 x  y  1  0.

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

8. Tangent line: x  2 y  3  0, normal line: 2 x  y  6  0 .

9. Tangent line: 3 x  y  1  0, normal line: x  3 y  3  0 .

10. (a) 15m s−1, (b)2, 6 ,(c) -6m s−2.
1
x m s−2 m s−1 m s−1
11. (b) x-intercept at 2 , 12. (a)60m, (b)6 , 13.a) 7 ,b) 3m, c)4 , 14. (a)6
m s−1 ,(b) 48m,(c) 8sec.
dy
y   x  3  4
2  2x  6
15. (a) p  1, q  5 (or p  5, q  1) , (b) , (c) dx , (d) y  6 x  5 ,
16. (a) 800, (b) ≈ 731, (c) least value of k is 36,
17. Tangent line: x  y  1  0, normal line: x  y  1  0.
. Tangent line: x  y  1  0, normal line: x  y  1  0.
18
y  x  2, normal line: y   x  2.
19. Tangent line:
y  x, normal line: y   x.
20. Tangent line:
y  x, normal line: y   x.
21. Tangent line:
22. (a) 24m s−1, (b) 2,4, (c) 24m, 23.(a) sin x ≈ x, (b)sin 20 ≈ 0.0349066 (radian.)

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