UNIT - IV ‘psychrometry and Air-Conditioning toad Estimation Syllabus rometry: Basic Psychrometry and processes, BPF of coil, ADP, adiabatic mixing of SHE actors contributing fo cooling Toad, Numerical based on load analysis. -wo air streams, SHF, RSHF, GSHF, Contents 6.1 Introduction - 62. Basic Psychrometty 63. Psychometric Terms - 4 Psychrometric Relations. » 6.5 Solved Examples. 155 Paychrometric Charts «= «+= * 6.1 Psychrometric Processes> «= 8 Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF)- 69. Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF)- ‘10 Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor (ERSHE). 6.11. Solved Examples «~ 6.12 Cooling Load + - Scanned with CamScanner[er] moscton | waioning is defined as the process o FA a ne air for the simultaneous control of jndoor air within the accepable limits rol can be performed by reftigeration remperature control. 68 vert the simultaneous concol of temperature, systems, but the Jatve humidity, air movement and purity of air-in the relative humidity, & space can be performed by air conditioning systems, eThe air conditioning composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to condition the air to provide comfort conditions, Most air conditioning systems perform the following functions : © Condition the supply air ie, heat or cool, humidity or dehumidify, clean and purify and reduce any objectionable noise produced by the equipment, © Distribute the conditioned air, containing. sufficient ‘outdoor air, to the conditioned space. © Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level and pressure differential between the conditioned space and surroundings within predetermined limits ‘Air conditioning systems can be classified according to ‘their applications as follows : (a) Comfort air conditioning systems and () Industral air conditioning systems, (2) Comfort Air Conditioning Systems : Comfort Air Conditioning Systems + Comfort air conditioning systems provide occupants with 4 comfortable and healthy indoor environment to carry ‘out theit activities. The various sectors of the economy. using comfort air conditioning systems are as follows : supermarkets, department stores, shopping centers, restaurants and others. Many high-rise office buildings use complicated air conditioning systems to Psychrometry and AitCondlitionin Be © The health care Sector encompasses nursing homes and convalescent cage Special air fillers are generally used jy fy remove bacteria and particulates of yy . PM size from areas such a8 operating rm and intensive care units af © The transportation sector includes automobiles, railroad cars, buses and CTlsng (b) industrial Air Conditioning Systems ; « Industrial air conditioning systems provide environmental control for manufacturing, pry. ‘or other research and development ‘ following areas are examples of iggy conditioning systems : © In textile mills, natural fibers and fibers are hygroscopic. Proper control of hy inreases the strength of the yam and fi processing. © Many electronic products require clean apg, manufacturing, like integrated circuits, sig uality i adversely affected by atbome pay © Precision manufacturers always need temperature control during production of instruments, tools and equipment. a © Pharmaceutical products. require tengeg hhumidity and air cleanliness control, [62] Basic Psychrometry Greck words ‘psuchron’ means "cold? + From the subject point of view, psychomety is! of ‘avous hemodynamic. popes of Vapour mixture. It isunder any sets of conditions + However, the amo unt of Bessette et oe tee, toma and depending on NE Pot areas Sabet Particular location. The pl more moire Walle NDE eae 1. The places near tothe sea areas cont «Similarly, during the Tainy season, the moisture content of the air is high whereas during summer and winlet seasons, it is low. ed ‘put when it js cooled or heate® is imy i {o note that, the water vapour exists in she superheated condi there is change in its phases, hence it absorbs or liberates sensible heat as well stent heat due 10 CHARBES aries complicated tioning hi its heating leads to superbeatine: 7 3. This is what + Cooling of water vapour results in its condensation, while «The following Table 6.1 represents propeties’of air constituents = 7 Properties of air constituents some of them are as follows = 3) Saturated air (6 Absolute humidity (8) Dry bulb temperature (9) Wet bulb temperature _ (11) Dew point temperature (12) Dew point depressionRefrigeration and Air Conditioning 1) Dry air: It is a mixture of number of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, helium, etc 2) Moist air : vapour. The amount of water yapour present in the air depends upon the absolute pressure and temperature of It is a mixture of dry air and water the mixture 3) Saturated air : It is @ mixture of dry air and water vapour, when the air has diffused the maximum amount of water vapour into it 4) Degree of saturation : It is the ratio of actual mass fof water vapour in a unit mass of dry air to the mass ‘of water vapour in the same mass of dry air when it {is saturated at the same temperature 5) Specific Humidity (w) (Moisture content]: It isthe rafjo of mass of water vapour to mass of dry air in a 2" particular volume of moist air (Ary air plus the water Yeueo) vapour), Humidity or humidity ratio ot Specific yc) humidity is related to mixing ratio on mass basis. It CAG i recast iciptasepe ketal anita (whe of dry air 6) Absolute Humidity (AH) : Absolute Humidity is the mass of water vapour present in unit volume of moist 2 air at a given temperature and pressure. It is measured ‘pnvad i grams per cubic metre of ai (in?) 7) Relative Humidity (6) : ‘Relative Humidity (RH) is the most commonly used psychrometric unit. The “relative” in relative humidity expresses the relation between the amount of water vapour present and the maximum amount that is physically possible at that temperature. In other words, relative humidity (expressed in percentage) is the partial water vapour pressure in relation to it's saturation pressure. 8) Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) : The Dry Bulb Temperature refers basically to the ambient air temperature a8 measured by a standard thermometer with a dry sensing bulb. It is called as Dry Bulb because the air temperature is indicated by a ‘thermometer not affected by the moisture of the air. It is denoted by ts or tay 9) Wet Bolb Temperature (WBT) : Temperature of si measured by a thermometer using a eene en ‘covered by « wet cloth. The adiabatic « of e Paychwometzy and Ai-Condioning toug water from the thermometer and the eyo) indicated by a WBT. As the thermonir jg through the air, water will evaporate from ea a rate deiermined by the relative humidiy My surrounding air, ‘The wet bulb temperature oS lower than the dry bulb tempernture but Sh relative humidity, it will be identical as theme.) 10) Wet bulb depression + The wet-bull dopey the difference between the dy-bulb tempering the wet-bulb temperature, It indicates "eave hg of the air, denoted by ty OF tap: 11) Dew Point Temperature (DPT) temperature 8 Fig. 6.1 : Dew point temperature The mass of water vapour that air can hell) dependent on the air temperature (and pressure), We the air is cooled, the amount of water it can bids reduced and the relative humidity subsequently rie. WA sic is cooled to the point where it becomes Id saturated, then any further cooling will cause mole to deposit out of the air in the form of condensate. rj % fhe temperature at which this saturation oecus 6% ‘dew point’ of the air. Above this temperatat ® moisture will stay in the air, ee Aue 1 i capenc s temperature at which condensation of moistre ‘when the air is cooled. The dew point is alway ‘than (or equal to) the air temperature, — i "eIf unsatured air containing superheated water 9? = cooled at constant pressure, the pail pest15 Ait Com ones cditoning B dew at is point will be fy ding tem Ps armed, tece the coesponsi. VMPCTINIE is categ 45 repre, 1 Sete by vm depression ; pew point depression : I isthe 4 Pe dey bulb lemperatire and ey sbridssitad Point temperature Pont jn addition 10 sychrometic terms i is necesery the following terms, Lor : Volume (v) = The specific volume is the otume of unit Mass Of dry air at 2 given tm aan ; perature fly expressed as m’/kg and is also shown in the ee syrometric chart. Specific volume is the inverse of density ible Heat (SH) : It can be defined as heat which vahen applied (0 (OF removed from) a substance fauses only # change in temperature, Sensible het is pasted in joes per Kilogram (Sg), gp Latest Hest (LHD: It can be defined as eat which witen applied 10 (or removed from) a substance, | odes a change in state without any change 10 | Temperature. Latent heat is measured in joules per © ilogsam (KE). | 4) Tol heat = revise 2) 4) heat is the sum of sensible and pychrometer is commonly used. “sth cnits of a dey bulb thermometer and wet bulb lemometer mounted side by side in 2 protective case- Wei Fig. 62, "1M poctve case is attached 10 a handle by # swivel | emieion so that it can be easily rotated 6 per the co-relation between one correlations are discussed in (1) Dalton’s Jaw of partial pressure * ‘elt is used to evaluate the pressure constituent of mixture of gases. «This law states that, "The total pressure exerted by the mixture of air and water vapour is equal to the sum of the pressures, which each constituent would exert, if it is occupied the same space by itself.” ‘+n simple words, the total pressure exerted by air and water vapour mixture is equal to the barometric pressure. Thus, in case of moist air the barometric pressure is given by, | . | @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannersss [Refigerton and Air Conditioning bs aychromety and Als-Con Py Pst Py a Nie py = Barometric pressure exerted by moist ait ‘pg. Partial pressure exerted by dry ait = Panial pressure exerted by water Vapour acide Gan tpl cn of was or an el [be -(Prs)wb] (tap —t wb) 1521 Pe = pe to wet bulb temperature (frm steam table) Pp = Barometric pressure of moist air tay = Dry bulb temperature (°C) typ = Wet bulb temperature (°C) (2) Specific humidity oF humidity ratio (w) : Scanned with CamScannertion and Air Cond) From equation (6,2 “ 6.2) and (63 : , w we a Ty and vy = ¥9) But, R, = Re_ 83143 ime 7 Dapp” 0287 Kis K and = R83 R, = a ~ 0.462 kilke K Thus, 64) (3) Relative Humidity (RH) (0) : ‘+ According to definition of relative humidity, of dry hait___ of dry saturated air Mass of water vapour associated with um HG eee (©) = Mass of water vapour associated with un Cea - (|e) 1, = Ty amd RVR Py # Prys. i A65) Also, Ooi; unsaturated Thus, the relative humidity can also be defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour in an sir at a given temperature to the partial pressure of saturated air at the same temperature. It is generally expressed in percentage. When py, is equal t0 Pres RH becomes unity and the air becomes fully saturated and is considered to have 100 % aut. Reutive bum indicates the closeness of air (is sxturated condition. It decides the rate of She , RH@ = 2 9) A rowed ‘Anup test (@LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerRlrigeation and Air Conditioning, But, we know, Pa pee ew Be Pys 0622 Pry (4) Degroo of saturation (1) : «It is the ratio of actual mass of ‘mass of dry air when itis saturated at the same temperature. «In other words itis also defined as the ratio of actual specific humidity to the specific humidity of saturate y water vapour in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of water vapour inthe gay, atthe same dry bulb temperature « Degree of saturation isthe another property of ar that gives relation of air to its saturation state, 1118 gen ‘denoted as y and mathematically written as, pee where, w afibw, are specific humidities of air and saturated air respectively h ‘+ From the equations of specific humidity above equation can be modified as, (66) (6) Enthalpy of moist air : The total heat (enthalpy) of moist air is mathematically equal to the enthal in enthalpy Ipy of dry air plus the ci ‘Water vapour associated with dry air. pee Mathematically, h= bytwh, Enthalpy of 1 ky of dry air is, y= Cute where, Cpu = Specific heat of dry air = 1.005 kd/kg K tay = Dry bulb temperature and enthalpy of water vapour associated with 1 kg of dry ar. hy = why | where, w = Mass of water vapour in 1 kg of dry air . PF recrvcas PuaLcarions. ne tries ESS TaN oD i : ae a Scanned with CamScannerwand Ale Conditioning st sft h, Fayhnometry and ie-Conditionng Lo Bt = Enthay, Te Aeon * ir the moist air is superhegte PY Of water va Perheated, then the enthalpy POUT per kg of dry air at dew point temperature (Cap) of water vi pour is, Nes 2 v= we, where, si Pally “tyy) me ™ Specifi Wheat of superheated water vapour (Generally taken as 1.88 keg K) tantyp « At wal eal or lehaeteg ee Of supetheat of water vapour Vapour is siven by, i= G.iwe, on ps) 18 called humid specinc he sir ie, (1+ W) ke/ke of dry ait, The ps) tap + W [h fygp +2.3 tap] ‘The term (Cpa + C, (Cym). I is the specific heat or heat capacity of moist Beneral value of humid specific heat in airconditioning range # ER 1,022 ki/kg K. snthalpy of moist air i B H = 1.022 ty + (hip +23 ty) Whe 5: int ea 1higip = Latent heat pf vapourisation of water corresponding to dew P°k temperature (from steam table) = 2500 kiikg ‘Better approximation may be obtained by following equation, . 68) | = 1.005 ty + w(2500-+1.88 ¢ kd / ke : [is] sowed Examples i i 0.76 m of Hg determine the | fears For a sample of air having DBT of 22 ‘C, RH 30 % at barometric pressure of ‘loin parameters by using psyehrometric chart: fiw prestre i) Humidity ratio. ili) Vapour density iv) Enthalpy. SL: Given data DBT (4) = 22 °C, RH $ = 30 % = 03, pp = 0.76 m of He Totnd: i) py i)w — ii)p yh ‘Mark the initial condition of air ie. 22°C DBT and 3% RH on a psychrometric chart as shown in Fig 63. (Say point A). ‘Now, from point A draw a horizontal Tine which ‘eels the vapour pressure line at B and humidity ‘Vapour pressure. —= Humidity ratio —> Dry bulb temperature, °C —e Fig. 6.3 “an up thst for sowedge @LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScanner“0 Pay hnnmany and hiv Ty ihensurenvent on paychronvettic chart, we gets 9 ) Vapour pressure at point 1, Y py = 5:95 of Hy © S950) 1 of Ny < pe 599109 4196 2 9MN0™ 194292 Py py © SAIS «10% bar * 0.007998 tar (Ui) Humidity ratio at point C, w= S wlkg of diy alr 5110 elke of dry aie Git) Specific volume at point A, . vy = 0.843 kg of dry air (iv) Vapour density, sto Saar 593114107) kg/m? ‘Also draw afine from point A to the WBIT line meeting the enthalpy line at point (0) Enthlpy from the chart is, Ch 348 klag of dry ate x62: Aimospheric air at 1.0132 bar has a DBT of 32°C and a WBT of 26 C. Compute. 4) Partial pressure of water vapour i) Specific humidity i) Dew point vj Degree of saturation vi) Density of air in the mixture Density vill) Enhalpy of the misture, ie iy ‘Sol, : Given data : * Ph = 1.0132 bar, tay = 32°C, typ 26% fea 335 ‘emperaure) Relaive umidiy vapour in the mixture and To find = py. W, taps Hy Py be ‘Stop 1: Calculate partial pressure of "Pail psu of water apse ae Scanned with CamScannermd Alt Conditioning, te ce eit ag o> ont 6 Boing 0622p, Pe, ~ 62% OM Ig T6132— G gap —5 on Ans, Mp, ~ W029 bat tay = 234 ge Calculate relative humidity ang a nd? Se nuniity is given by, = Ps. 9.02969 9 on 0.0479 ~ 96240 9 = 240% ae nian) = EBs. 0622%.00679 nn a Dp, 10132-00879 ag ~ 003086 kale of dry air om epee of saturation is given by, w _ 091890 . ee 0.6124. Ans. ‘iep4; Calculate density of air and density of vapour i i ~ Poychwceety ed le ono Lond Este S199 5: Calculate the enthalpy Enthaipy i given by, f= 1.005 ig, + w (2500+ 1881) h = 1.008 (32) + 0.01890 (2500 + 1.88 02)” Ans: h = 90597 kihg ac | scr reads 40% DBT and | 62: 14 sting thermometer reads 40 © | 28°C Wer. Find the following | 9 Speci humidity i) Relative amity | Dew point temperanure 1) Vapour density | Sol. : Given : tg, = 40 °C, typ ~ 28°C | Tofind : i) w ii) 6 ili) tap 1) Pv es | step 4: Calculate specific humidity aad T° humidity From steam table, = 0.0737 bar attgy = 40°C, Pos 28 °C, py = 0.03778 bar at tng = By Carriers equation, fae misture, bse = 0.03 bar ae *@e-Pe) Specific humidity is given by, e he w = 0622 (0.01890 (1.0132 0.02989) 10° 06. [ © 287% 324 273) = 0.622) Py = 0.0237 kg/m? of dry air... Ans. fc vile of dy Rtg y w = 0.0189 kg/kg of dry air... Ans. fee Becke Relative humidity is given by, 287m 2+ 273) ‘ ne (6.0132 0.02989) 10° OF aoray = O07 = 407 % = 0.8902 m?/kg of dry air = 1.123 kg/m? of dey air = ao ts er hromacye nis oe Scanned with CamScanner |perature and vapour slate dew point rt From steam table, Sim 0.03 ban topes tO : Rtw Specific vobane of ey ar V0" "5, Bee Py 3 vy, = 27H (80+ 273) = 091360 /kg '» © (0132- 0.03)x 10° We know that, 0189 3 = Hn 0189 0.07 Py Goan Boab eee €x.64: Calculate ; i) Relative humidity ; ii) Humidity ‘ratio ; tl) Dew point temperature ; iv) Density and +) Emhalpy of atmospheric air when the DBT is 35 °C, Whr = 23 °C and the barometer reads 750 mm of Hg. Sol: Giver : tq = 35°C, ty = 23°C, Py = 750 mm of Hg Torfind : i) ii) w iii) ty iv)py vyh Step 1; Calculate dew point temperature From steam table, saturation pressure at ty = 23 °C is, | Pw = 0.028 bar a Step 2: Calculate relative humidity ang humidity a We can find saturation pressure of vapour dry bulb temperature from steam table, Pys = 0.0562 bar Relative humidity is given by, Py _ 0.0202 _ Pys 0.0562 = 35.94% Specific humidity is given by, ‘Stop 3: Calculate vapour density and entt ‘Vapour density is given by, = %@p-py) ses Re Scanned with CamScanneraa ane Ait Consttoning Sta = 38%, mn atta = 35°C. Py = 0.0563 bar apna neon 6 = 15 ap = SS Py = 0017 bar | wa (Bztn) wes Om Berks oA | 10195 0.02397)» 96d = Pe. 0017 ~ 08 |" ™ jdity, @ = = 35 0.01869 pase Per 00565" 03019 | 10188 vs Ase | scam, | WE know da pp © Pets spot mee Pe ; pe = phate me 0835 0.01869 pepe et = 0.9945 bar Pe-Py 10135-0017 | Now, 0.01061 kg/kg of air ws Ams, pr, 287% 293 Specific volume Ya =p, ~ 9.9945 108 ion conan oe cabeey Oma an Pe seas of mais airs en sass f= 1.005 ty + w (2500 + 1.88 ta) Bs Specific humidity = w = 062? = (1.005 x 35) + 0.01061 (2500 + 1.88 x 35) Gas: ot let 20 % 101325 Dar thas relative wy w- kalke of dF Fy of 80 96, whew SI psychrometric chart daermine degree ‘of, saturation, dew point temperanre rea w _ 20118 pce ome and density of a ; ‘Sob : Given = = 0.0139 kg/m? of dry ait Sis fncioeire enn ee 2 ae : es i shart Jotnd: i) ii) tap iii) Va iv) Pa and 15°C DPT. Without using psyelir ee os ‘calculate partial pressure of air and vapour spect fap 1; Calelte dew point femper2iare nami, Relative uray, “POM density and enthalpy of moist air. = 0.02337 bar Sol. : Given + Py py = 101.325 kPa = 1,0132 bar, tay = 30 °C, tap = 15 *c Ss Pe auc pea py LW ae HYRN wh aon py = 0101869 bar Stop 1; Calculate partial pressure of air and water piel he vapour + one se ae From steam table, bs : at typ = 30°C, Pys = 0.0424: eeu o ake & P 2 bar AS tt typ = Calculate degree of saturation ‘and mass of air at ty = 15°C, Py = 0.01704 bar ++ ‘Ans. ation is given by> We know that, pp = Pa + Py @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScanneri tepnet n a eaee 6 be (isi. N74 © OL Heh 1 Ni hon 1) Caeite epee ety ad reat semis fy 41104 ste ity © © 0622 : Ont Gig WF ONO Keyl of ey ie Be HNNT04 Heb oi 8 ia co BO = O46 66 16% en 4 Cette enthalpy nd vayirur density ny oh rat a We ive By, He SMB by 4 (158 KEG) MB 1 + 001068 (2800 © 1.88% 50) = SSNS eit of Oy ai a Bt, vo Bee Spits vine wy, » ML 287 308 re OMnmix 10? © OT 8 mfg Vapor Ootsity = pen ho Ne = ON ig | | | We krwm that, go PL, gy ta ME & 91 121 We Fa md Yate nate sry PO" Ht 1 Bape h fe 0-25 M76, " TMA 0 18y wing Idea yxe equation, Scanned with CamScannerad Ale Conditioning sin pyetrometsic chart, DBT is taken as abscissa °C) ind mrisure content Le specific humidity as ordinate (ple of dry ai). ‘row the saturation curve is drawn by ploting the vaio saturation points at corresponding DBT. ‘Me sturaion curve shows 100 % relative humidity at ‘aious DBT. It also represents the wet bulb temperature dew point temperature, ‘Te ychtometric chart has a number of details, some of te important lines are as follows (1) Dy bulb temperature i a 2) Specific humidity lines 3) Dew point temperature lines 4) Wet bulb temperature lines 5) Emalpy or total heat lines 9 Specific volume tines 2 Retve humidity lines. E f F pike temperature lines = Lt me vertical ie. parallel to the ordinate _,_itimiy spaced as shown in Fig 6:5. F Pein range of these lines on. psyehrometric “Som ~6 °C to 45 °C. Ca Paychrometry and ireCondivioning Low’ Hotinaleen ‘Sensible heat fret (SHE) XS Fig. 6.4 : Psychrometric chart Specific humidity —— 675 10 15 20 25 20 35 40 Dry bulb temperature, °C —= Fig, 6.5 ; Dry bulb temperature lines “Those lines are drawn with difference of every 5 °C and up to the saturation curve. (2) Specific humidity or moisture content lines + ‘These lines are horizontal i. parallel to the abscissa and are also uniformly spaced as shown it Fig. 66. The moisture content range of these ines on psychrometric chart is from 0 to 30 g / kg of dry air (or from 0 to 0.030 kg / kg of dry air). ‘» The moisture content lines are drawn with a difference of every | g (0.001 kg) and up to the saturation curve. @LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerergeraton ant Ale Catenin 6 % aes Speci humidity —e mae canerert vce si hail ie ture ines 5 a Pee ic: parallel to the abscissa and ‘= These lines shown in Fig. 67, por-anifly sae! At ay. pobt on te snare oon EO ered dew point temperature are same. ae of DPT are generally given along. the yet and + These lines are inclined staight tines ‘uniformly spaced as shown in Fig. 68, * AL any point on the saturation SUING, the dy aoe wet bull temperatures are equal, | * The values of WBT are saturation curve of the chart, {8) Specific enthalpy tines : * These ines are inclined straight tines and you spaced as shown in Fig. 6.9. ™ + These lines are parallel tothe wet bulb tempera and are drawn up t0 the saturation curve wth he, a a ; ‘coincide with the WBT lines. | +e elem fl Getaly. are she i above the saturation curve, | The specific enthalpy will increase wih Dep, ‘moisture content. 4| an anit Ait Conditioning ees 6 STO UP tO the saturation yo volume lines are generally given at the gn A the base of ve hurt Hines: a are curved i ese lines and follow the oe Generally, these lines are drawn with ae = pumity 10% 20%, 30% ete ae of » © 10% athe jin we fon curve represents 100 % ‘ales of relative humidity ee ‘along the lines themselves, are generally ‘Dry bulb temperature, °C —> Fig. 6.11 : Relative humidity Hines psychrometrc Processes ESREN the relationships between all the jes of moist air, the next step in the js of air conditioning system is to study a _Pryhomaty and AisCoionng Lond Et Sensible Cooling * The cooling of air, without change i i! (Ge. specific humidity) is known as sensi + When air at temperature t gy passes 0M the DBT of entering (typi) he alled is moisture content ible cooling rx a costing coll Whose temperature (i) is below Gs tay and above the DPT of entering 2 ruse come is afaik G6 i8 BES © a sensible cooting as only sensible heat 5 removed £0" the air and latent heat the process 5 based of dew point tee Therefore, right t0 left in Fig. 6:12. psyrometti> nts the ‘Tn this process, the content of air remains constant indicated as a horizontal line from the end conditions of air, as shown «Fig, 6.12 (a) shows the cooling Prov chart as horizontal fine 1-2, THE POM toraceiemperae of te coli SOU ef the cooling coil is perfect (1° the leaving temperature of ait (Ka) surface temperature of col (ts) «But in actual practice, the leavin ‘han the cooling cil temperate ss an 3 repre ature will bE air tempet requires as it igh period of «During the sensible 00 of air remains constant (i.e: 1 reduces from (yt ip tg, and RH of ar Is (10 as shown in Fig. 612 0 “athe heat rejected by ait obtained eric chart by enthalpy difference (ny ) from the hy) a ‘ble cooling is equal 10 ‘ejected during sensi ible heat and is given by, 4 = Cpa +¥Cpy) (tas tan) = Com (bar ~ta2 ) +The term (Cpu +Cpy) is called humid. specific heat (Gym ) 30d its value is taken as 1.022 ki/kg K. 2 Heat rejected, q ~ 1.022 (tg; tap ) Kg, (@ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScanneretre a Fig. 6.12 : Sensible cooling ve song ay fe = Cp (tai tao ) K/min in, = Mass flow rate of air in kein. flow rate is mentioned in emm ie (m? min). Therefore, the seni per minute) i, whee, «For airconditioning applications generally ‘peat transfer per min is given a ‘ SH = V-¢-Cpm (A), K/min y= Flow rate of air in emm i.e, m°/min J p= Density of moist air = 1.2 ‘kg/m? Cy = Humid specific heat = 1.022 K/kg K and at ~ rents een i i eig Putting the values of p and pq, in above equation we get, si = vx tae Lomx (a) Scanned with CamScanner6-19 + tan = 30°C, 1 » two = 1B “C1 » hye p iidal enthalpy (by) and specitic humidity ‘Locate point 1 at the intersection of 39 «¢ ar. and 18°C WBT fines. =2¢ DC ~C Dry bulb temperature, °C) Fig 6.13 rom psychometric chart at point 1, hy = 50 kiMkg of air and wy = 0.008 kg/kg of dry air SOs (i) Final relative humidity ¢ and twi2 ‘As the air is cooled without changing its moisture content (w; =w2) upto 20 °C WBT, draw a horizontal Tine fiom point 1 that cuts the 20 °C vertical DBT line at point 2. ‘+ From psychrometric chart, We get, oo 55% and typ = 145°C. Also, hy = 42 Khe wo Ans. ll) Sensible heat removed per kg of air (Q) : Q = (hy-ha)= (50 ~ 42) aoc Q = 8 kJ/kg of air .. Ans. [Waele Heating The eating of air, without any change in its moisture content (ie. specific humidity), is known as sensible ating. SAL PUBLICATIONS". An UP tnt or knowin ee THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScanner_Psychrometry. on and Air Conditioning Rare tae and A Conditioning OS Lag tue is added or removed from the ait, the process is shown by horizontal ine 1.5 «Since no moisture chrometric chart, The point 3 represents the surfac cs «shown in Fig. 6.14 an psychrometric cha Pl e surface temperaine right as sho the coil Daring sxe eating te specie uit reins constant (w, =). The DBT of enng gp my a form tg € tqy and RH reduces from 9; 0 3 as shown in Fig, 6.14 (b), form tg) nated f cs) | Dry bulb temperature —e {b) Psychometric chart L (a) Psychrometric process Fig. 6.14 : Sensible heating * Generally, sensible heating is caried over the air by passing the steam or hot water through the heating coi * The heat absorbed by the air during sensible heating is oblained fom the psychrometric chart by the eng difference (hy ~hy) as shown in Fig, 6.14 (b). + The total heat transfer during this process is equal to the change in sensible heat and is given as, Heat added, |= ha hy = Cpa (tan tay + Cy (tar # tar) 9 = (Cpa +WCpy ) (tar tg.) Com (tar tat) + The term (Cha + Cpy) is called humid specific heat (Cyq) and its value is taken as. 1.22 ki/ky K. . Heat added SH = 1.022 (tga ~tgy) kg. ‘and the heating capaci ‘of coil is given by, Q = ing Com (baa ~t )1/ min where, th, = Mass flow rate of air in kg/min For air conditioning purpose it given as, Heating capacity of coil, Q = o.0208y 5, KW where Y= Volume flow rate of air in emm (m/min) Solved example on Sensibile Heating Ex. 6.10 (Sensible heating) : Moist air of mass flow rate 200m’, temperature reaches to 25°C. Find the following < (@ RA of heated cir) Wet bulb temperature healed air (i) Heat added 0 air ) min at-15 °C DBT and 75 % RH is hewed OF conc PURLEATION. hao rat roe “@ LESS THAN PHOTOCOR S Scanned with CamScanneronditioning, Be Syeerrie 6.15. 3 t 200 m/min tay = 15 4 I 15 Yo tagy = 2: 15° 25% i fry bulb temperature, (°C) —p Fig. 6.15 int 1 on psychrometric chart at the intersection “gust DBT and 75 % RH lines. Through point 1 draw est speci amiiy Tine (W) =) to cut 25° ‘por line and get point 2. ‘pose following values from the psychrometric chart: - 3544 Wand fy = 45.2 Kg, y= 0825 mMkg of dry air | {Rt of heated air (from chart at point 2) : = 41% {W)WBT of heated air (from chart at point 2) : | Paychrome ———Pryehrometry and ‘AleCondioning Lox Estimation ii) Heat added to ndioning st | t= V_ 200 35.4) @ = 3959 kag of air Ans. | 710 sensible heating and cooling, we have discussed that femperature of air leaving the apparats (tga) is less than | fuftce temperature of coil (43) im a heating case and ‘ore than ts; in cooling case * This is due to the fact that, not all air comes in cont With surface of coil and contacted air will not remain i touch with surface for sufficient time, To understand this Phenomenon the concept of by pass factor is ¥ery Jmportant in air conditioning design Let us consider the air at temperature tg). passes over coil having surface temperature of ty) #% shown 3m Fig. 616 ‘© If the mass of air is 1 kg, then some quantity of ‘fh say ‘x! kg just by-passes the coil, untouched remaining (J-x) kg comes in contact with 2 pa oe air is measured in term: his air and |, this phenomenon of by-passing the of a by-pass factor. + The by-pass factor depends upon the foll (Coil surfce (ii) The number of tube (ii) The number of fins provided in (iv) The number of rows in a coil (¥) Pitch of the fins lowing factors a unit length ty = 161°C. locity of ait a 1 kg alr out ies a Fig. 6.16 : By pass factor * An up trast for krone @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerPe a 6a ~ Peyehromet yehrometry and AinCon * sible heating): In : aie ost air enters @ steam heat heating ae a * cating coil at 15 «¢ | Tein 3 I farses’ 10 CBT at the flow rate of < oi 3 les on the line 1-2, Let me of heating coil is 40°C ee Kelas Of air leaving the heating coi 4 tdb3 be the temperature ‘Determine DBT, WBT, le its bypass |) DBT of air ae We determine the c: "RH of the air leaving Hr Yeaving the coll tus)? ot A pacity of heating col | Wel Her Fig O18 e know that, BP = 83a ou en oon Phe) = ISG, tags = 40°C, 0g = S0-ta0 w | ta = 30°C Ge ) and elatve (il), WBT of air leavin fo er at ieee the coll (twa + Locate point 3 an veical line of DBT = 30°C, tat 8 the line 1-2 at point 3. ' ‘+ From the psychrometrie chat, typr = 16°C and the outlet state at point 3 =u% (ii) Capacity of heating coll (2) = From psychrometric chart eo ry bulb temperature, (°C) > hy = 29.5 Kies = 45 Kirke Fig. 6.18 | capacity of heating coil () = ageetye® (45-295) 1 at the intersection of 15 °C DBT and - 75 kW 5 wes Ams. Dehumidification stot inc WBT lines as shown an psychrometric chart in simteation #nd sation is the Pm fig 618 righ pct 1 draw & horizonal ies © intersect the | + Hw etal in at the DBT of beating ol! tt 40 °C 10 get vapour in the air_at_con enc 2, Then, line 1-2 represents sensible heating Similarly, removal of water VAPOUF oss ange in is dey, bald Temperanae dehumidifieation, tar = ua ry bulb temperature —> {b) Dehumidification Fig. 6.19 = ‘Humidification and dehumidification @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRIC cn Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerDry bulb temperature —p (a) tetas _ BPE tates Wi—Wa of psychrometric properties, only end Bg a oe consider cooling and dehumidification process as shown «oe is divided as 1-A (dehumidificaton) and gq = by hz =(hy -ha)+(hq ho) = LH+ SH i, feta heat removed due to condensation of moisture ‘= Sensible heat removed ‘Teal beat absorbed by the coil is sum of SH and LH _atis given by enthalpy difference (hy, ~b2) as shown ‘fg 620 (a), The proportion of sensible heat to the “tla is expressed in sensible heat factor. Fig. 6.20 : Cooling and dehumidificati Dry bulb temperature —e o ion [Numericals on Cooling and Dehur Ex. 6.13 (Cooling and dehumidification) sin @ cooling application, air at 32 °C DBT and 20 °C WBT is passed at 5 °C. The heat W and cir through a cooling coil maintained removed by the cooling coil from air is 14 ¥ flow rate is 42.5 m°/min Determine = () DBT and WBT of the air leaving the co'l (Gi) Coil by-pass factor. Sol. : Refer Fig, 621. Givealdatas tay =32 °C, two 7 20 tO V = 42.5 m/min Heat removed by the cooling = 14 kW Bo 32°C Dry bulb temperature, (°C) —e- Fig. 6.21 ‘s Locate the point 1 at the intersection of 32 °C DBT and 20 °C WBT lines. Locate the point 2 at the intersection of 5 °C DBT and ‘the saturation curve. Join point 1 and 2. Line 1-2 represents cooling and dehumidification process. @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerRefrigeration and Air Conditioning From psychrometric chat, coresponding to points 1 and 3 We have, wy = 0.0098 kg/kg of dry air and hy = 57.6 Kikg, er 0.875 m°/kg . Wy, = 0.0054 kglkg of dy sit by = 187g Mass of air passed trough the oil is given + “v5 «srg = 0 Heat removed per kg of air by the cooling cll Q = ing thy -hs) 14x60 = 4857x(576-h3) pe hy = 4031 Uke ( DBT and WBT of the air leaving the col the condition line can be waitten ‘The equation for wna wi—¥2 3 0.0098-0.0054 ws = 0.00785 kg. Corresponding to hy = 40.31 kWfkg and ws = 0.00785, locate the point 3on the psychrometic chart and final : tags = 103°C tyyy = 144°C Ams. (i) Coil by-pass factor 6.14 (Cooling and dehumidifcation) : The mois air 30-°C DBT and 75 % RH enters a refrigeration coil at the rate of 120 m/min. The coll dew point temp. is 14 *C ane the by-pass factor of the coil is 0.1. Determine : (9 The temp, of air leaving the cooling coil (i) The capacity of the cooling coil im TR and in kV (Gi) The amount of water vapour removed per min, sc rca 26 os sychrometry and AinConditionin pagcromety a Ar Condinng ey “ey | gob : Refer Fig. 622. Given data : tai =30°G = 75% Ving hy | ADP = 14°C, BPF = 0.1 ) Dry bulb temperature, (°C) —e Fig, 6.22 ‘Locate the initial condition of air (point 1) intersection of 30 °C DBT and 75 % RH lag, psychometric chart as shown in Fig. 6.22 From psychrometric chart, we have Ag = 252°C Point temperature oF of cooling and dehumidification. ag (9 Temperature of air leaving the cooling coil, (tai) to -ADP tay ADP We know that, BPF = A tan (i) Capacity of cooling col, = 186°C A the line joining 1 and ADP. as shown in Fig. 62> (ie. dehumidification) and A-2 (ie. cooling). Now psychrometrc chart, we get Specific humidity of entering air at point 1, wy = 0.0202 ka/kg of dry air spec hamiiy of eving a at poi 2, Scanned with ‘CamScanneri — ———— \ ey sec Be am poie 1° iS Aic Conditioning Load Eatenaton oe , * Locate the entering condition of ; FO = smn ory a itoeton of 30°C DBT ant 20 WEF Ine, : + Similarly, locate the a tomy = 82 1g ate gen at te leaving condion of air i. point 2 oes ae letsection of 17 “C DBT and 14 °C WBT lines. pont & Ba = 58 kik ‘Join the points 1 and 2. The line 1-2 represent sensible ty = BS Khe heat factor line 0 provide simultancous cooling. and py 82 ehumidificaton of air as shown in Fig. 623 an pa, ass owing through the cooling coil, sychrometic chart | Vv __120 fy = ages 7 19575 Kalan afte cooling coil in KW = tng (by ~hp ) t cot > — 135.75 sy Bn (62-435) bes B = 87.106 kW... Ans. z ofthe cooling coil in TR 5 eee 70% ta 30° Dry bulb temperature, (°C) —e- a Anount of water vapour removed Fig. 6.25 (ADP) = (i) The effective surface temp. of =m, (wi Wa) : Extend the process line 1-2 till it cuts the saturation oe ceurve at point 3 as shown in Fig. 6.23. The intersection = 1.25 kg/min on Ans, point ‘3! gives the required surface temperature of coil From psychrometric chart, fy Sersible heat factor of process is, Pah igi fit os - a z ae eee (li) The by-pass factor of coll (BPF) : WE ecsasccs aakcaadincoion SOF m=) apa —taps _ 17-10 1.415 (Cooling and dehumidification, SHF line) = We know that, BPF = 1928 = 39-10 _ har conditioning application, the atom spheric air enters a ‘dhumidifing coil at initial condition of 30 °C DBT and | Reon 0s5 WT respectively. It is desired that, the air leaving the ‘line 17 °C DBT and 14 °C WBT, Determine : (lil The Sensible Heat Factor of Coil (SHF) : «Locate a reference point an psychrometric chart as shown Me efecive surface temperature of coil ‘Dh bpass factor ot in Fig, 6.23 (at 25° C DBT and 50 % RH.) Ne sersible heat factor of coil. Through a reference point ‘O', draw a line parallel to process line 1-2 that will cut the SHF scale at point "AY . 6.23. The intersection point of line OA and SHF scale gives the required sensible heat factor of coil. «From SHF stale of psychrometric chart, we get SHF = 073 Bees @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE. Scanned with CamScanner—_—"~__—sis—XV_=S=‘(‘ = 395 Kitkg. and hy = $2.50 Kikg | ‘We know that, sensible heat removed is, | = SH =n, (hy -hy) = 1 (5250-395) | = 13 kilikg of dry air .. Ans. | {¥) Latent heat removed per kg of air (LH): Itis given by, LH = Q) =f, (hy hp) = 1 (87.60 - 52.50) = 8: kikg of dry air sos Ans, ‘Thus total heat removed = SH + LH = 13 + 5.1 = 181 Kaikg ses As (vi) The mass of water vapour condensed per kg of air (am) = From psychrometric chart, Ww, = 0.01063 kak of dry air 0.0088 kg, of dry ar | ‘The mass of locater vapour condensed is, and 2 = my (W2=W1) (0.01063 ~ 0.0088) .00183 g/kg of dry air Ex, 6.16 (Cooling and dehumidification) 40 m/min of air is at 31 °C DBT and 19°C WAT is passed over the cooling coil whose surface temperature is 5 °C. The cooling capacity is 4 TR under the given conditions. of ait. Determine DBT and WBT of the air leaving the cooling coil. Also calculate by-pass factor of cooling coil Sol. : Refer Fig, 624. Ans. Given data : vy, =40m°/min, ty; = 31 °Cyt yay = 19 °C, ADP = tg) =5°C, Qc =4 TR a Ns Na 31°C Dry bulb temperature, (°C) —y. Fig. 6.24 s Locate the enlesng air condition ie, poi intersection of 31 °C DBT and 19 °C WBT tng, “4 + Lowe the surface temperature of cootng cg ‘3 on saturation surve at 5 °C DBT ay Fue, Fig. 624 on psychrometric chart } ‘Join the poins | and 3. The line 1-3 repr and dehumidification process. + Let, point "2 coil sd ‘be the condition of sir leaving the Cy (0) DBT and WBT of leaving air (pas tysa): | From psychrometric char, we get, V1 = 0874 mag, y= 54 Kg ot ‘We know that, Mass flow rate of air is given by, 40 aT” 078 ae ‘Thus, capacity of cooling Q = amy (hy ha) 43.516. = 0.7628 (54-h2) 5 hy = 35.56 kllkg of dry air * Now, plot point "on line 1-3 such that, the exit hy = 35.56 Kihkg. ‘From psychometric chart, DBT of leaving air is, ta = 175°C. C and WBT of leaving air is, tyyg "126°C ~ [5B recxnuca: PUBLICATIONS” Ano tat fries Scanned with CamScannerx x pesigeraton and Ait Conditioning i By pas factor of cooling cares fae tags aot tags iris given bys BPF BPF = 0.48 + Ans, Cooling with Adiabatic Humiditicati ion / [ast coo ive Cooling fever the air iS passed through an ins pigher than the dew point temperature a (tg) bt wer than its dry butp Coren i covering ait oF equal (0 the Wet bull heapehccee dof auering ait (twin ) them the air is said to be ey 3 humidities] bag since no heat is supplied or rejected from the s ser (vater i circulated again and again) i aay | Fpealed as adiabatic cooling process, ae Jine_1-3 or the psychrometrc ‘e This process: is shown by tart and follows the path along the constant wet bulb. chamber, tue (ty) tering air 2 ‘ Fig, 625 (a) and. Cb). | spering the process, the DBT of air decreases ftom tyytotg and RH increases ftom 0; 1002. ‘Wen humidification is perfect (ideal condition), the final " eanition of air would be point 3. But practclly, perfect Iumitifcation is never achieved. Therefore, the final nition of air atthe outlet is indicated by point 2 and | elie 1-3 as shown in Fig. 6.25 (b).~ | Be pefomance of spray chamber is measured by the Sa eer a enpeture ine of _Conslant enthalpy fine. Refer — Fig. 6.25 : Cooling with adiabatic humidification Prt ty and Air Cononing ead Estiation . Actual drop in DBT Ideal drop in DBT. mH atin tata Ws, Ex, 6.17 (Cooling humidification): On a particular day, the atmospheric air condition | recorded as 30 °C DBT and 40 % RH. Determine te OBIS 6 According to mass and energy balance, we cam (in, $ng )tgy = syst Hg af coc aie min ttnie TEESE a: SST RRS pat ie Conditioning ee pe _ 22.9%32430.5612 tw 22.7+3056 = 20.5% ax point 37 Ges Mixing state) gn Te Vine 1-2 such cone we gyomatic HH, Vy = 0.844 mg a0 anidity of Mixture at point 9 ig pesto 1 @ vis = 40096 Ke/ke of dry ir Ans antl Mixture ve os Ans, sor ne of mre I : Wy = MXV3 4 ee = 44.95 m3/min a ie 24 Mixing Tao Pe sneam of 24 °C DBT and 22°C WBT is mized posh air of 32°C DBT and 70 % Ril. The volume jon raves of streams 18 200 m/min and 850 m/min rept pr of mixture sob: Refer Fig, 636. Determine specific humidity, enthalpy and 2 3 5 g 24°C 32°C BT —— Fig. 6.36 Given data : typ = 24 °C, twp = 22 °C, 850 m/min, t yy) = 32 °C, = 70 %, Y= 200 m?/min *0n psychrometric chart plot point 1 at 70 % RH and 52°C DBT. Plot point 2 at 24 °C DBT and 22 °C WBE. Join 1-2, ‘From psychrometric chart, Precicas PUBLICATIONS” An up thrust for knowledge At point 1, hy = 90 1dMkg, wy = 0.028 kyrkg of dey ait V1 = 0897 kylkg of dry air At point 2, hy = 51 kikg, W2 = 0.0104 kg/kg of dry air, v2 = 0.855 kg/ke of dry air + Mass of fresh ir at point 1, 200 fy = ORG = 222.96 kein Mass of recirculated at point 2. 850, _ in ass 7 9015 kei Now, a= 222.96 (90-h;) = 994.15 (h3 ~51) hy = S814 Kiikg oo Ams. ‘Mark point 3 on line 1-2 ath = $8.14 Ki/kg :. From psychromettic char, ws = 00126 g/kg of dry air. Ans. oo Ams, taps = 17.5 °C Solved examples from University Question Papers 67.14 15 m/s of moist air at a state of 28 °C dry-bulb, 21 °C wet-bulb and 101.325 kPa flows across a cooler coil and leaves the coil at 13 °C dry-bulb and specific humidity of 8.5 gm per kg of dry air. Determine the apparatus dew point, the contact factor and the Ex. 6.25, cooling load. Sol. : Given data, Mass flow rate = 1.5 m3/s Entering air condition = 28 °C DBT and 21 °C WBT Leaving air condition = 13 °C DBT and specific humidity am as 85 © of dry air. kg * Refer Fig. 637, @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerae Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2 47.358 KW poss air 8 fc Bx TF ad 101325 He barometric pressing camber. IT ‘each Kilogram Of dry oe chamber, 0002 3S of water wn rated, calculate the yh the trough aly ever vind dry-buld FEMperatire of a enthalpy Tae (28°C —+ er Fig. 637 First and all, mark the entering air condition ie. 28 °C DBT and 21 °C. WBT on psychometric chart at point 1, 05 Space humiiy shown in Fig, 6.37 ‘Also mark the leaving air condition i. 0.0085 ke/kg of specific humidity on psychometric point 2, as shown in Fig. 637. sing through point 1 and 2 and ‘ADP as shown in e. 13 °C DBT and chart at Now, draw a line pass 21°C _—— eT extend this line till saturation curve at Fig. 637. 5) ADP of cooling coll : From psychometric chart We find that the apparatus dew point is Fig. 638 .. Ans. | 1) Moisture content of leaving alr ADP = 10°C Contact factor : We know that, By-pass factor is gi¥e? Now for the mass balance, we have by, my ere eed 13-10 wie Vila. tq) “ADP 28-10 0002 a % wp = 0.0083 + == = BPF = 0.1667 1 ‘Thus, contact factor is given by, is ww) = 0.0103 kg/kg of dry air Contact factor = 1 0.1667 ii) Enthalpy of leaving air, = 0.833 ov As. From psychometric chart, we get iii) Cooling load ee We know that, cooling e#p82i of coil is given bys ee 2 ee iii) Dry bulb temperature of leaving air, from chart, we get Scanned with CamScannerjut Air Condlioning ist pe yoist att at standard gum ospherie 1 ‘A 691, cooling coll, The intey pF let stave . a ond ex st ate 15". Ri SUD vc | Relative humidity 6) 11, on OOmOMIITE CHEE Detering the aa ; pot feats OWE Der As of yy MOH of +e va + w civen 808 MUR | "0M sation properties of water, at a DBT of 35°C . jon = 30°C DBT oie ea oo PBT and $0 % RH Pe = 425 mm Hg conition 15 °C DBT and 90 9% iy Also, at a WBT of 23°C p,, = 21.05 mm Hg We know that, Py = pyr OzPu tan =t wh) 18 ¥ = Pur 9800-13 (18t gy +32) (150~21.05) 35-23) 1.8 sp = 21.05- shay 1.05 -00-13 GSx1.8+32) w) f = 21.05 ~ 5.88 2 . Py = 15.189 mm Hg ‘Thus, o- too 16°C 30°¢ i pares a = HE 100= 35.74 % RyssiesD ii) Humidity ratio (w) «fom psychometric chart, we get Lees w = 0622 Pe hy = 64.5 kiskg ; hy = 41 ki/kg P-Py wy = 0.0128 kg/kg da z 15189 1 i zs 0622 75915189 Wo = 0.0098 ké/kg da. W = 0.01285 kg/kg da, ve Ams. i) Amount of heat removed per kg of da, SRR MCR on i e (ta Or Biagee From steam table, at saturation pressure of 15.18 mm Hg Q = 645 — 41 = 23.5 kiikg dis gt ee hs cnt ses Ams, i Moisture removed per kg of d.a. eae ies Ba AS, fae (750-15.189) 133.5 1.628 Calculate : i) Relative humidity ii) Humidity 287 Q73+35) ‘ato ii) Dew point temperature iv) Density v) Enthalpy ; a = 11.086 kg/m’ atmospheric air when the DBT is 35 °C, WBT is 23 °C ° i ‘nd barometer reads 750 mm of Hg: a eae 189 x 133.5 os y "RYT 287 @73+35) sa Ms Given data, ty = 35°C1 twp = 23°C + To find ESHF, ‘ ERSH Fig, 6.49 ESHE. = Goons ERLE Lecate the point I as 40 °C DBT and 30% RH SARA ah Similarly locate point 2 a 245°C DBT and 50% RH. 5153411 *To find outside sensible heat load, OASH = 0.020444 (ta, - tw) = 0.02044 x 50 x (40 ~ 25) = 15.33 kW ‘To find latent heat load, OALH = 50xv, (Wy =a) 50 x $0 (0.014 - 0.010) Walues of wand ware from psychrometric chart) {1and w2 @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Vicon miucarons je ina emer Scanned with CamScannerRerierttion ang PSYCHROMETRIC CHART BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1.01325 bar SEALEVEL & 3 § a SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR : ERE 5 55 s ie a As Saf y ee, a rf 4 oF +e £9 3 eS oe gi £°, ce aL ~ eye ¥ r st ae 5 is ie BLE é Ee x 5 | ne sees Aa SSE BER Sie SEES i Rest ee rat ONY " t sa catiap op ag ea Re pavsuestewrerarungsc \ Ree arse 0m xs mtg ainieg BELOW 0°C PROPERTIES AND ENTHALPY DEVIATION LINES ARE FOR ICE ‘Specific Volume, m*tkg DRY AIR Fig. 6.49 (a) @LESS THAN TP eam Leen Horta an Scanned with CamScannerconditioning sp has sensible heat gain 20 jyy ae Me F190 m8 [min of air ig ae latent heap " ied to gate of spel) air. "0 the room, i tt: atte RH = 50% fa pt A i oot min _ eles FB: 650 (2) 07 next page cola 1 RSH = 0.020440 (tg, tg) 20 = 002044%190(25-1) 20 = 97.09 ~3.883 to to = 19.85 =25 °C oRSHF RSHF = —"SH a RSH+RLH 20348 0.80 20°C 25 26°C Fig. 6.50 + Locate the point 1 as 25 °C DBT and 50.% RH. * Locate the guide point as 26 °C DBT and 50% RH. * Mak the value calculated value of RSHF on SHF-seale ‘ad join guide point and point ‘I’ *To locate the point '2" extend the line upto tan = 20°C From the chart state of supply air is, Te =20°C. T7165 °c R= 68% ; "Pecrcar puauicarions”- An op thst er ironedoe v and Aire ot tied 25 par 9 Paychromery and Air-Conditioning Lod Etimation BE S38: Following data refer 10 airconditioned room i condition - 26.5 DBT and RH - 50% ‘00m sensible heat gain = 27 kW Room sensible ‘heat factor = 0,82 Calculate 9 Room latent heat ‘gain ii) ADP 51) cmm of air if ix supplied to room at ADP- 1) com of air if it is supplied 10 room at 16 °C. Y Specific humidity at 16 °C Given data Ty = 26.5 °C RH = 50% RSH = 27kW RSHF Sol. i) To find RLH., RSHF = ROE RSH RL 27 082 = 7eRLH RLH = 592 KW 40 16° 265°C Fig. 6.51 + Mark the point 1 as 26.5 DBT and 50% RH. + Mark the guide point as 26°C DBT and 50% RH. «Draw RSHF line (which joint guide point and RSHF value ie, 0.82). * Draw a line from point 1 which is parallel to RSHF line ‘where it cuts the saturation curve this point indicates ADP (14 °C) « Mark the point 2 on this line whose DBT is 17 °C li’ The ADP =14.°C-from psychrometric chart. iii) To find emm of air at ADP RSH (0.0204 (Ty) = ADP) comm = (@ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerPSYCHROMETRIC CHART BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1,01325 bar SEALEVEL DRY AIR -HEATFACTOR, Fig 650 (@) SENSIBLE, SLO ENTHALPY DeWine Anup ts fr knonodco SF recruc4 pusvicarions 5 7 ie Ue ae eee BELOW 0 °C PROPERTIES AND ENTHALPY DEVIATION LINES ARE FOR ICE 45 30 3s \ 0.90 mig, Specific Volume, m°/kg DRY AIR Scanned with CamScannerane conaitiontg ei — 9.0204 (26.514) = 105.88 m?/min os” of air at 17 °C wv. RSH em * 910308 (Ty, Ty) sa 010204 (26. 6), = 12605 m/min je humidity vl w. = 0.011 kg/kg dry air v Gn auditorium is 10 be maintained op 23°C and 60% RH. The sensible heat load pas Eotira! nu Peyehvomatny and Ai-Conaisonis = 57.10 kW. SH RL iano 130+ 57.10, * RSHE = i = 069 © Room Total Load (RTL) = RSH + RL = 130 + 57.10 = 187.1 KW '* Locate the point 1 as 23°C DBT and 60 % RE. ‘+ Locate the guide point at 26°C DBT and 50% RH. «Draw the line from point 1 which is parallel to RSHE line, raore 2 srr ant 4 er of moisture has 10 be removed. dir ‘= Extend this line upto saturation curve, it will indicate ip awdorinm is at 15 °C. Caeulate ph no cir 1 Be supplied th Kr « Locate the point 2 on this fine which is at 15°C DBT Vipp, DPT and RH. ‘* Find out enthalpy hy and hy hy = 52 Kika RH = 60% Ty = 15°C hy = 38 kilkg, i) Mass of air supplied in kg/hr Gee x 2447.2 hhgg at 23°C 2447.2) shah \ | 0.69 Ss 5 | Se "Treomvca, puaucnTions™ An pot or knmmde (@ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScanner13336 kp/see 48.09 x 10° kg/hr ii) ADP = DPT = Rc 14°C at ty =15 °C RH=90% when’ tq = 15°C \ EX 6402 A small office hall of 25 person capacity is Provided with summer air conditioning system with following data. Outside condition Inside condition 34 °C DBT and 28 °C WBT -4 °C DBT and 50% RH Volume of air supplied = 0.4 m? /min/ person Sensible heat load in room = 125600 ki/hr Latent heat load in room = 42000 kifhr Find sensible heat factor of room. Given data Outside condition - 34 °C DBT and 28 °C WAT Inside condition - 24 °C DBT and 50% RH Sol. : Refer Fig. 653 (a) on next page. 28°C Fig. 6.53 ‘°C DBT and 28°C WBT) = 90 kiikg of dy air ON = apg of dye ini py extending ines from pong ‘ay ‘« Locate poi! wg kg of ai 04 x 25% 60 901 “Anh 12) __ 04x 25%60(58.5—48) 0.901 = 6992.2 ki/hr 4x 25x60 0.901 «LH load of supply at = (a-ha 0.425% 60 . (99 58.5) 0.901 = 20976 ki/hr «Tora sensible heat load = 6992.2 + 125600 = Isp ‘Total latent heat load ~ 20976 + 42000 = 62976 + SHF = : Cooling Load 6.12 + For the designing of any air conditioning system ti necessary to understand heat sources and their nai «The total amount of heat which is to be removed ine the space by the use of air conditioning equipmeali known as cooling load. The cooling load estimation plays the vital mh ® determine the size of air conditioning equipment. ‘s There are two types of loads i) Sensible heat lox! ii) Latent heat load. 3 6.124 Heat Flow due to Conduction. Scanned with CamScanner5 035 ns 10 Estimation ass ' aot { east ewe PSYCHROMETRIC CHART se BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1.01325 bar = 3 ‘SEALEVEL so i ons : ans ao ans oan eg ” am DRY AIR ¥ 3 g Ae z a: Z 8) zl s j : | & | 2 | ; zi Z 3\ Lo ES SS ee ae 3\ \ No Spmveuna venerenarunmsc, =. \ ee Sale Senter using oboe BELOW 0°C PROPERTIES AND ENTHALPY DEVIATION LINES ARE FOR ICE ‘Specific Volume, m°/kg DRY AIR. Fig, 6.53 (a) #NCAL PusLcaTIoNS”- Anup nt br krowedge (@ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerHeat flow through, enor wa cating, caer te Oe indows et Latent heat od rom Load ue to solr ooking foods Pr Heat gain due to Heat om occupants tmokture mn outside Srenleieg by Het ron trent inraton ipmens Passing of moisture Heat fom cracks of reat io be soors and windows ‘condoned space through permeable Heat gain from lighting walls Heat gain from products Fig 6.54 # If steady state of heat flow is considered then heat flow, is given by equation. Q = VAG,-T) Where, T,._~ Outside air temperature T, ~ Conditioned air temperature ‘A ~ Area through which heat is flowing U. ~ Overall heat transfer coefficient '* The oyerll heat transfer coefficient is given by hg- Heat transfer coefficient of outer surface. hh; ~ Heat transfer coefficient on inner surface. When the wall is made up of number of materials is Jenown as composite wall 6.122 | Solar Radiation Through Fenestration _ refers_to_any transparent _apertures_in a ‘puilding, such as glass doors, windows, skylights ete. “eThe fenestration or glazed surfaces contibute a major part of cooling load of a building. Bp recrnen uoucaTions “Anup tnnit for krone i transparent nature it the building. Fer throug WANSPOeD Sis ranfer throug opaduc surfaces, ation is incident on an ig absorbed while the Fema a pecase of radiation in ‘ethis heat tase from heat ‘trans «when soar ai wall, a part aay ed back eter the raditions. ae abso ction red ve transferred 10 the interigg building. Z ae ase of transparent SUTTICES, @ mag ¢ the solar radiation 1S transmitted di is the building, while the remaining» corbed and reflected back. ‘ ‘eThe eneray transfer due {0 fenestration depends « Pe reades of te surtace and tS orient 3 and solar radiation conditions. srhe aout of, solar radiation. pest a, -¢ can be written as = in ci interiors of fraction is abs¢ sransparent surfs | Oeg = A NOH) i Where : A= Area of the surface exposed to raiaiog 1, = Total radiation incident on the sure ¢ = Transmittivity of Blass for dire, diffuse and reflected radiation, 1 = Absorptivity of glass for dite, diffuse and reflected radiations, ‘Assuming the transitivity and absorptivity of the sais same for direct, diffuse and reflected componens sis radiation. 6.1233 | Load due to Occupant ‘+The inlemal cooting load due to occupants consid both sensible and latent heat components. The rate at which the sensible and latent hea! take place depends mainly on the population and a level of the occupants + Since a portion of the heat transferred by the is in the form of radiation + The sensible heat transfer to the conditioned spat ‘the occupants is given by the equation = Scanned with CamScannerpa aeconatong i vg cooling Loe wate Tine Hours after the Of the nao P85; tH TOL hous py «pace and {YP of the baiting. x dos tpt aes Of Ol heat nin ome a and also the sensible heat gtn faction ars oethn of activity in an air conditioned space fe a‘ Load due to Equipment and Appliances “equipment and appliances used in the conditioned may add both sensible as well as latent loads to se conditioned space. sme sensible load may be in the form of radiation and conection. ‘Tie intemal sensible load due to equipment and appliances is given by ggases ~ (Installed wattage) - (Usage factor) - CLF «The installed wattage” and” usagefactor depend onthe pe of the appliance or equipment, ‘For the equipment such as computers, printers etc. the hoa is in the form of sensible heat transfer and is ‘simated based on the rated sumption, power cons T tle shows typical loa of various types of appliances Hoat seat Goad from Cracks of Windows ‘The air which eniers through window cracks and opening F door in a conditioned space is termed ad infiltration. Sometimes inflation is also called as air leakage. * Infiltration is caused by pressure difference on two sides OF Windows and doors. * Mainly infitration depends upon the wind velocity, its iteetion and difterene in density, ‘Infiltration has significant influence on heating and cooling load. It can not replace specified outdoor air ventilation requirements, AL sometimes the indoor space relative humidity increases gradually because of infiltration, * Infiltration rate is volumeti¢ flow rate of outside air into building typically it is in cubic feed per minute (CFM) ‘or liters per minute (LPM). +The cstimation of exact amount of infiltration is very ‘difficult, = There are two methods of estimation of infiltrated air 4) Crack length method ii) Air change method: 6.12.6 | Load due to Lightening + Lighting adds sensible heat to the conditioned space, * The heat transferred from the lighting system consists of radiation and convection. ‘= The cooling load due to lighting system is given by : Q&tighing = {nstalled wattage) (Usage factor) (Ballast factor) CLE +The usage factor is used when any lamps that are installed but are not switched on at the time at which oad calculations are performed. ‘© The ballast factor is used when the load imposed by ballasts used in fluorescent lights. - +A. vypical ballast factor value of 1.25 is taken for fluorescent lights, while it is equal to 1.0. for incandescent lamps. eee @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerseration and Alc Conttoning, Hoat Gain trom Products Shilling toad above troozing oT depends on mass (m), Specil pm)» (empertture (T,.), desired tempersturé (T) and ebiling time (ty) of product. + Wcan be calculated as, “mc, Gy = = fle heat (Coq, )» entering ion to Freezing load +1 depends on latent heat (hg) time (tp) + mass (m) and freezing = It can be calculated as, Product reaction heat * Heat is evolved during maturing of food product Qg = m x Evolution of heat per kg/ hrs Ex. 641 : Following conditions are given for a hall to be ‘ir conditioned. Outdoor condition = 40 °C DBT, 20 °C WET Design condition = 20 °C DBT, 60% RH Seating capacity of hall = 1300 Amount of outdoor air supply )3. mt |min per person Jf required condition is achieved first by adiabatic ‘humidification and then by cooling calculate. ¥ Capacity of cooling coil ii) Capacity of humidifier Given data Taj = 40°C». Tyy = 20°C Design condition -Tyy = 20°C, RH = 60% Capacity of hall - 1300 Sol. : Point 1 represents ‘outdoor condition (40 °C DBT and 20°C WBT). + Point 3 represents design condition (20°C DBT and 60% RH) + Locate the point 2 at intersection of horizontal ine from, [NF reonnncaL PUBLICATIONS”. Anup tnt knomedge 58 Note Process 1-2- humidification Process 2-3 - cooling 4 Fig. 6.55 Point 3 and constant enthalpy line from point}, Following values can be taken fom psychrometie hy =p = 58 blke, hy = 42 ‘w; = 0.007 ke/kg of dry air = 0.0087 kg/kg of dry air v1 = 0.89 m? /kg. wa ‘+ Mass of air supplied, = 1300x 0.3 0.89 = = 438.20 kg/ min i) Capacity of cooling coil, Q = m, (hy 3) : 438.20 (68 — 42) 7011.2 13 / min 4i) Capacity of humidifier ™, = (W.-W) = 438.20(0.0087 — 0,007) = 0.744 kg min Scanned with CamScannernation 6-59 Load Esti joni and Air-Conditi See BELOW 0 °C PROPERTIES AND ENTHALPY DEVIATION LINES ARE FOR ICE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1.01325 bar ‘SEALEVEL DRY AIR — ‘SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR Fig. 6.55 (a) 32255 3 H.0 ENTHALPY DEVATIONS, PEREEGEEE MOISTURE CONTENT ‘kgfkg ORY AIR. 15 ww NV onvoutetesrenarunise obo m reg 085 mks “ 090 m' he Specific Volume, m3/kg DRY AIR. Trenance ‘An up tnt fr kode 4s a B a & 5 g @ LESS THAN PHOTOCOPY PRICE Scanned with CamScannerera ehand Ait Conditions X 642: Jy fi AEE In an air con wo Un. supplies a tng ae lan, on oir handling | by = 4819S is 4500 me min dry air whic Comprises by means of 29% hn in thy ich | a sata ; Of fresh air at 40 °C DBT air emering the coil, He and 25 °C wer and 50% Ri, Bri M% recirculated air ax 24°C aT | * MASS v5 4500 Serrated Deore ot PE the cooing ol a 13 ay Sy DSO ae ¥) Total colin, 1g load it) aise i) Room heat gain 4) Total cooling oad, Vs = 4500 m3 /min Q = ma; (bs ha) Tay = 40 °C ani fal = 40 Cand Typ = 25°C... 20 96 fresh air = 5232.5(54 ~ 36) 94185 K/min Tap = 24°C = and RH = 50%... 80 % recirculated air ODP Tas = 13 96 i ie ii) Room heat gain. | + Refer Fig, 656 (a) on next page 20% fiesh ait is = 02% Ma; = 02 x 5232.5 = 1046.5 supplied to room May Fresh cooling load = m,, (hy —h2) 1046.5(77 — 48) v 30348.5 kJ/min » Total cooling load — Fresh a ‘Room heat gain 94185 ~ 303485, (63836.5 KI /min Ex. 643: 30 omm of room air at 26 °C HL is mixed with 28 cmm of outside air at 40°% 28°C WBT. Determine ventilation load and air after mixing. > If this above mixture of air passed i + Locate the point 1 (40°C DBT and 25°C WBT). « Locate the point 2 (24 °C DBT and 50% RH). conditioning equipment. If WBT of air afler + Joint the Line 1-2. is 15°C Caleulate heat removed by + Locate the point 3 on line'I-2 as, Given data 123) = 02 * 12.1) cos (5 20% Fresh and 80% recirculated ai) ‘ovate the point 4 by draving vertical line from 13°C DBT. It will indicate ADP. from values psychromatic chart. tys = 265 °C Take the following by = 77g 1 = 0014 kale ee Scanned with CamScanner