OUTLINE ➢ Simple Syrup

➢ Medicated Syrup
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS ➢ Flavored Syrup
1. PILL 8. SUSPENSIONS
2. TABLETS 9. MAGMAS AND MILKS
➢ Compressed Tablets 10. ELIXIRS
• Sugar-coated 11. OLEOVITAMINS
• Film-coated Tablets (FCT) 12. MUCILAGES
• Enteric-coated Tablet 13. JELLIES
• Multiple Compressed Tablets 14. PARENTERALS
Press-Coated Tablets ➢ Solutions ready for injections
• Controlled-Release Tablet (CRT) ➢ Dry, soluble products ready to be combined
Delayed- action tablets with a solvent just prior to use.
Repeat-action tablets ➢ Suspensions ready for injections
Extended-release or ➢ Dry, insoluble products ready to be
Sustained-release tablets combined with a vehicle just prior to use
• Tablets for Solution ➢ Emulsions
• Effervescent Tablets 15. INHALATIONS
• Compressed Tablets for Suppositories ➢ Aerosol Spray
• Buccal and Sublingual Tablets ➢ Inhaler or Puffer
• Metered-dose inhalers (MDI)
➢ Sublingual Tablets • Dry powder inhalers (DPI)
➢ Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates (TT) 16. NEBULIZERS
• Dispensing Tablet 17. OINTMENTS
• Hypodermic Tablets (HT) 18. DROPS
➢ Excipients 19. LOTIONS
20. DOUCHES
• FIRST GROUP OF EXCIPIENTS:
➢ Eye Douche
Diluents or fillers
➢ Pharyngeal Douche
Binders or Granulators
➢ Nasal Douche
Glidants
➢ Vaginal Douche
Lubricants
21. ENEMAS
• SECOND GROUP OF EXCIPIENTS:
➢ Evacuation Enemas
Disintegrants
➢ Retention enemas
Flavoring Agents
22. GARGLES
Coloring Agents or Colorants
23. MOUTHWASHES
3. CAPSULES
24. DRESSINGS
➢ Hard Gelatin Capsule
25. PLASTERS
➢ Soft Elastic Capsules (SEC)
26. PASTES
27. CATAPLASMS OR POULTICES
4. TROCHES
28. LINIMENTS
5. CACHETS
29. SPIRITS OR ESSENCES
6. PELLETS
7. SYRUPS
 Tablets are divided into two general classes:

DOSAGE FORM (DF) (COMPRESSED TABLETS AND MOLDED TABLETES OR TABLETS

TRITURATES (TT))
-A dosage form (DF) is the physical form of a dose of a chemical
compound used as a drug or medication intended for COMPRESSED TABLETS
administration or consumption. -These tablets are formed by compression and contain no
coating.
Common dosage forms include: -made from powered crystalline or granular materials
either alone or in combination with the binders,
• Pills
disintegrants, lubricants, diluents and in other case
• Tablets or capsules
colorants are also added. (binders ... called exepients)
• Drink or syrup
• Aerosol or inhaler
EXEPIENTS (all of these are added mag himo sang tablets)
• Liquid injection
• Binder – binds active ingredients to other
• Pure powder or solid crystals
exepients to forms into tablet.
Examples are via Oral ingestions (taken by mouth), freeway • Disintegrants- causes the disintegration of
smoking, naturally or herbal form such as plant or food of any the tablet into fine form when ingested.
sort among many others. Notably the Route Of Administration • Lubricants- added so that it the tablet won’t
(ROA) for a drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of stick to the molder when molded.
the substance in question. Example if it is tablet or capsule it is • Diluents-
taken by mouth (per os, per oral) but there are some tablet • Colorant-
forms that are not taken orally like Suppository tablets that are
inserted to through body cavity like the rectum and vagina. Types of Compressed Tablets:
*SUGAR-COATED TABLETS (SCT)
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS -These are compressed
tablets containing a sugar coating. These
1. PILL
coatings may be colored and are beneficial in
-A pill is a small, round, solid pharmacological oral dosage form covering up substances that possesses
that was in use before the advent of tablets and capsules. objectionable taste or odor and in protecting
the materials sensitive to oxidation.
-extensively used oral dosage form but have been largely Ex. ferrous sulfate, revicon forte, enervon.
replaced by compressed tablets and capsules. *FILM-COATED TABLETS (FCT)
-These are compressed tablets
-some substances that are bitter or unpleasant to taste some which are covered with a thin layer or film of
are corrosive which can corrode mucus membrane or some are a water-soluble material. There is a number
deliquescent (can be degraded once it is exposed to moisture of polymeric substances
in the atmosphere) so some of these substances can be -sugar coating and film coating are
administered by the form of a pill if the dose is not too large. generally similar but film coating has
Most trend form in middle ages but contraceptive pills are the advantage of reduced time period required
only pills available in the market. for coating operations.
*ENTERIC-COATED TABLET
2. TABLETS
-These are compressed tablets
Tablets are pharmaceutical dosage forms containing drug coated with substances that resist solution
substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared in gastric fluid but disintegrate in the
either by compression or molding methods. It comprises the intestine.
mixture of the active substances and exepients (inert materials -are inactivated or destroyed in the
that are added to the active pharmaceutical ingredient or stomach (can pass through the stomach and
active substances to mold into a tablet). Usually in powder can resist to the hydrochloric acid of the
form, pressed or compacted from a powder into a solid dose. stomach) and also for those that irritate the
mucosa or the lining of the stomach or as
 means of delayed release of medication. releasing particular amount of drug dose in
Also, it is usually disintegrated in the the body.
intestine. (EC –brand name in the end ka
ngalan sang tablet)
TWO LAYERS*
*MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS
Immediate Release- once taken in, it dissolves
These are compressed tablets made by more than one immediately to release immediately layer
compression cycle.
Controlled Release- has a particular time to dissolve
TWO TYPES OF MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS EXAMPLE after 4 hours of intake.

Layered Tablets
▪ Are prepared by compressing additional tablet Extended-release or Sustained-release tablets
granulation on a previous compressed - Are controlled release tablets which
granulation. continuously release increments of the
▪ *may be repeated to produce multi-layered contained drug substance to the
tablets of two or more layers gastrointestinal fluids.
▪ EXAMPLE *Neozep forte tablet, Nafarin A - *dissolves in a particular period of time
Press-Coated Tablets little by little per tablet intake (particular
▪ Also referred to as dry-coated, are prepared by dose= particular time to dissolve)
feeding previously compressed tablets into a - *designed by industrial
special tableting machine and compressing pharmacist/scientists
another granulation layer around the preformed
tablets. *TABLETS FOR SOLUTION
*one tablet will be coated by another tablet These are compressed tablets which are used
for preparing solutions or imparting a given
▪ Press-coated tablets can also be used to characteristics to solutions and must be
separate incompatible drug substances. They labeled to indicate that they are not to be
can provide a means to give an enteric coating swallowed.
to the core table *currently not available, it should be freshly
made.
*CONTROLLED-RELEASE TABLET (CRT) *EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
These are compressed tablets wherein in addition to the
- These are compressed tablets that are drug substance, it contains sodium bicarbonate
formulated to release the drug (disintegrator causing the bubbles/effervescence when
substance in a manner wherein it put in water) and an organic acid such as tartaric or citric
provides medication over a period of (buffers, balance the acidity of the solution)
time. There are a number of types which *COMPRESSED TABLETS FOR SUPPOSITORIES
include: Occasionally, vaginal suppositories are prepared by
Delayed- action tablets compression. Tablets for this use usually contain lactose
- are tablets that release of the drug as the diluent.
substance is prevented for an interval of must indicate in the label how to be used or where to
time after administration or until certain use
physiological actions exist. *BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
- *delays the effect of the tablet on our These are compressed tablets that are small, flat, oval
body tablets.
- *layers of coating *done by inserting in the buccal pouch to dissolve or
Repeat-action tablets erode slowly
- Are controlled release tablets which *formulated and compressex with sufficient pressure to
periodically release a complete dose of the result as hard tablet
drug substance to the gastro-intestinal
fluids. SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
- *it can release again an action to the body, 1. are those that are placed under the
EXAMPLE *for two hours of intake in can tongue.
release particular amount of action, then 2. anti hypertensive medicines are usual
after three hours it will repeat its action of taken under the tongue for fast
 absorption and fast effect EXAMPLE GROUP 2 EXCIPIENTS
catapres 100 mcg tablet (helps in drug breakdown and aesthetics)
Disintigrants
MOLDED TABLETS OR TABLET TRITURATES (TT)
- Substances that facilitates the tablet’s breakdown
Tablet Triturates are usually made from moist
material using a triturate mold which gives them the or disintigration when administered to the body.
shape of cut sections of a cylinder. - Helps the drugs active ingredients to be released
*must be completely and rapidly soluble from the tablet matrix as fast and as efficiently as possible.
*PROBLEM in compression is the absence of Flavoring Agent
lubricant that is water soluble in nature - substances that serves as sweeteners to the dosage
*used during the MIDDLE AGES forms
- in addition to traditional sweeteners like sugars,
Types of Molded Tablets
artificial sweeteners could also be added
⚫ Dispensing Tablet
- Potent drug that is incorporated into poweders and Coloring Agent or Colorants
liquids. - substances that give the dosage forms aesthetic
- Only used in extemporaneous compounding and and beautification
should never be dispensed in dosages. - The wide variety of the use of colors in solid
dosage forms can make it an important category for the
⚫ Hypodermic Tablet (HT) identification of drugs for both the manufacturer and for the
- Soft and soluble tablets used in the preperation of user especially people with eyesight problems.
solutions to be injected

3. CAPSULES
“Both types has become obsolete due to the existance of
- These are solid dosage forms in which the drug
more stable parenteral solutions”
substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft, soluble
container or shell of a suitable form of gelatin
EXCIPIENTS
- inert materials that are included in
Types of Capsules
a pharmaceutical dosage that aid the manufacturing process,
⚫ Hard Gelatin Capsule
to protect, support or enhance stability of drugs.
- aka. Dry Filled Capsules (DFC)
- used for dry powderes or pellet ingredients
GROUP 1 EXCIPIENTS -Consists of two sections where the first half is inserted
(helps in manufacturing and formation of drugs) inside the other half to close the capsule.

Diluents or fillers ⚫ Soft Elastic Capsules (SEC)

- Inert substances added to the active ingredient to - Soft globular gelatin shells that primarily used for oils
increase the tablet size practical for compression and for active ingredients suspended in oils.
Ex. Vitamin E, Medicol, Advil liquid gel, etc…
Binders or Granulators
- Agents used to impart cohesiveness to the 4. TROCHES (lozenges, pastilles)
powdered ingredients. Ensures drug to be remained intact - Oral medications that contains the medicinal
after compression agents in a suitable flavored base
- Gives the drug the desirable and hardness and - The base may be a hard sugar candy, glycerinated
rigidity gelatin, or the combination of sugars
Ex. Strepsils, Fisherman’s Friend, Gingerbon, etc…
Glidants
- Improves the flow characteristics of the powder 5. CACHETS
mixture - Edible capsules formerly used for containing
- Glidants are added into the dry state just prior to unpleasant smelling medicine
compression - Consists of two concave pieces of waffer made of
flour and water which is filled with the active ingredients
Lubricants - Currently not available in the market because
- agents that supplies lubricant and prevent cachets easily spoil.
adhession or sticking of the drug to the molders.
6. PELLETS
- These are small, sterile cylinders about 3.2mm in
diameter x 8mm in length, which are formed by compression
from medicated masses
- Imbedded in the dermis of the skin with multiple
forms like conical, spherical and tablet applicators. 10. ELIXIR

7. SYRUPS These are clear, pleasantly flavored,

These are concentrated solutions of a sugar such as sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended
sucrose in water or other aqueous liquids. for oral use.
Use as flavor and vehicle for drug substances
when such substances are incorporated in to
3 types of syrups:
specified solvents they are specified as
MEDICATED ELIXIRS.
1.) Simple Syrups
ELIXIRS CONTAIN ALCOHOL BY 10%
- Prepared by purified drinking water alone in use in
making the solution of sucrose.
“combination of sucrose and dissolved in purified 11. OLEOVITAMINS
water”
These are fish liver oils diluted with edible
vegetable oil or solutions of the indicated
2.) Medicated Syrups
vitamin or vitamin concentrates.
- aqueous preparation contains some added
best example of oleovitamins is the SCOTT’S
medicinal substances EMULSION in orange flavor that contains fish liver
oils
3.) Flavored Syrups
- Contains no medicinal substances but contains 12. MUCILAGES
various aromatic or flavored substances and
These are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids,
intended to be use as a vehicle or flavor for
produced by dispersing gum in water, or by
prescription.
extracting with water the mucilaginous
principles from vegetable substances.
8. Suspensions Mucilages are prone to decomposition
These are preparations consisting of undissolved showing appreciable decrease in viscosity in
particles of one or more medicinal agents mixed storage.
with a liquid vehicle for oral administration. Never made in larger quantities and it is use
- It is a course dispersion containing finely divided in immediately unless there is there is
soluble materials that is suspended in liquid preservatives that is added.
medium. It is more like cream but it made up of thick
Don’t be confuse between SYRUP and viscid and adhesive liquid that is why it is
SUSPENSION!!! sticky.
TEMPRA SYRUP – It is in a form of clear solution that
13. JELLIES
have a water and sugar as a vehicle.
BIOGESIC SUSPENSION – Like paracetamol not These are a class of gels in which the
totally dissolved in its vehicle or liquid. structural coherent matrix contains a high
(may mga granules ng aga settle sa bottom sang portion of liquid, usually water.
mga bottle) Jellies are similar to mucilages that they are
prepared in gums but the different is that
9. Magmas and Milk the jellies it has jelly like consistency and
used as lubricants for surgical gloves
These are aqueous suspensions of insoluble,
catheters and rectal thermometers.
inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that
Use in ultrasounds
the suspended particles are larger.
When prepared they are thick and viscous
and no need to add a suspending agent in
the preparation.
Intended in internal use and suspension in its
nature.
(two phases, may mga granules but larger lang)
 14. PARENTALS TYPES OF INHALATIONS:
These are preparations wherein sterile
solutions are introduced into the body by 1. AEROSOL SPRAY
means of an injection. Injections are
classified into five general categories: It is a type of dispensing system which is consists of finely
powdered or liquid drugs that are carried into the respiratory
➢ Solutions ready for injections passages.
Injectables that are in solution forms 2. INHALER OR PUFFER
already.
It is a medical device used for delivering medication into the
➢ Dry, soluble products ready to be
combined with a solvent just prior body via the lungs. It is mainly used in the treatment of asthma
to use. and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Usually our antibiotic powders that should be
combined with sterile water for injection to mix
TYPES OF INHALER:
and to be injected to the patients.
➢ Suspensions ready for injections 1. METERED-DOSE INHALERS (MDI)
Suspension form but injectable (may ara man
suspension but via oral) These are a medical device wherein the medication is most
➢ Dry, insoluble products ready to commonly stored in solution in a pressurized canister that
be combined with a vehicle just contains a propellant, although it may also be a suspension.
prior to use
Dry insoluble powders that is combine for 2. DRY POWDER INHALERS (DPI)
sterile water for injections These are medical devices where a dose of medicine
(daw suspension man ang gwa ya kung ma mix sa
is release as a powder aerosol.
sterile water)
Painful once its injected to the body. Difference Between the two inhalers: MDI have medicinal
➢ Emulsions substance in the form of solution in it while DPI are in powder
These injections may be administered by such routes as form
intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular,
16. NEBULIZERS
intraspinal, intracisternal, and intrathecal.
These are medical devices used to administer
An emulsion is a two- phase system, in which one liquid is medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs and are
dispersed in the form of small droplets throughout another suitable for the administration of inhalation solutions only if
liquid. It is a combination of two liquids. Two-phase system they give droplets sufficiently fine and uniform in size so that
siya pero it is a combination of two liquids that are not soluble the mist reaches the bronchioles.
with each other.
Nebulizers are very familiar with people who are asthmatic
Internal or discontinuous Phase- is called for the dispersed and have to be subjected to use the nebulizer to ease the
liquid asthmatic tension during asthmatic attack.

External or Continuous Phase- Dispersion medium 17. OINTMENTS

May be administered through: Intramuscular or IV, These are semisolid preparations or dosage forms intended for
Subcutaneous or SC, Intradermal or ID, Intramuscular or IM, external application to the skin or mucous membranes;
intraspinal, intracisternal, and intrathecal usually, but not always, they contain medical substances.

15. INHALATIONS Several ointments like Terramycin for the eyes, some
ointments in the form of medications for fungi and for the skin.
These are drugs or solutions of drugs administered by
the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systematic 18. DROPS
effect.
These are saline-containing drops used as a route to
administer medication in the eye/ear.
19. LOTIONS • Retention enemas - Erectile injections used to
influence the general system by absorption/ to affect
These are usually liquid suspensions or dispersions locally the site of disease
intended for external application to the body. They may be -Used as an diagnostic aid to effect the site of the
prepared by triturating the ingredients to a smooth paste and disease
then cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase.
22. GARGLES
These are not the body lotions that are being discussed but
cosmetics. When we say lotion in the pharmaceutical sense, These are aqueous solutions used for treating the
pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs
these are medicated lotions containing drug substances.
through the gargle which is held in the throat.
20. DOUCHES • Many gargles are diluted with water to prior to use

These are aqueous solution solutions directed Difference:

• Mouth wash- used to cleanse the oral cavity
against a part or into a cavity of the body.
without the diluting with water (listerine,
colgate plax)
• Douche- singular
• Gargles- used to treat pharynx and nasal
• Functions: cleansing agent/ anti septic agent pharynx and oral cavity by diluting with
• Dispense: usually powder form with directions in water(Bactidol)
solving with a specific quantity of water (warm)
• Used in women as a cleansing agent for the vaginal 23. MOUTHWASHES
cavity These are aqueous solutions which are most often
used for its deodorant, refreshing, or antiseptic effect. They
Types of douches include: may be either acidic or basic in reaction and, in some
instances, are fairly effective in reducing bacterial
• Eye Douche - used remove foreign particles and concentrations and odors in the mouth for short periods of
discharges from the eye. Directed gently in an time.
oblique angle, allowed to run in the outer and inner
• Mouthwash- use of its anti septic effect on the oral
corner of the eye cavity
• Gargles- used bactericidal in nature and anti septic
• Pharyngeal Douche –used to prepare the interior of
but more directed into the pharynx as well as nasal
the throat for an operation and cleanse it in pharynx
superiative conditions
24. DRESSINGS
• Nasal Douche – used to cleanse nasal cavity of These are external applications resembling ointments usually
foreign particles and nasal discharges used as a covering or protection.
• In the form of a bandage with applied medication for
• Vaginal Douche - used remove foreign particles protection and antiseptic purpose
discharges from the uterus, vaginal canal to prepare
for an operation 25. PLASTERS
These are substances intended for external
Vaginal or urethral douches referred to as irrigation application made of such materials and of such consistency as
Female- vaginal douche to adhere to the skin and attach to a dressing.
Male- urethral douche • Dressing is made of gauze with added drug
substances
21. ENEMAS Plaster don’t have necessary a drug substance or
Types of Enemas: medication, but made to adhere to the skin and
attach to the dressing
• Evacuation Enemas - Rectal injections employed to
evacuated the bowels, to cleanse the rectum from 26. PASTES
discharges and dirt. Usually applied on pregnant These are concentrates of absorptive powders
women that are about to gave birth. Both for normal dispersed in petrolatum or hydrophilic petrolatum.
and c- section delivery to cleanse the rectal area.
• Often used in the treatment of oozing lesions
dripping wounds or eczema(katol)
 • Where they act to absorb secretions and restrict the
area of treatment by acting as the absorbent as well
as the physical dam to contain watery / serious from
dripping out.
• There are many types of paste in the pharmaceutical
aspect

27. CATAPLASMS OR POULTICES

These are soft moist mass of meals, herbs, seeds,
etc. usually applied in cloth.

• Consistency- gooey like, probably the origin of

“poultices”
• Intended to localized infectious material in the body,
act as the counterirritant
• (Hampol- hampol)- Ilonggo
• Rarely used in modern world currently

28. LINIMENTS
These are solutions or mixtures of various
substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions.

• Intended for internal? application should be so

labeled
• Applied by rubbing to the affected area
• Also known as embrocations
• Latin word “lineri?”- to anoint medicated topical
preparation for application to the skin
• Preparation of this type is called Embrocation,
liniments, balm
• Ex. White flower, pau, efficascent oil and etc.

29. SPIRITS OR ESSENCES

These are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of
volatile substances.

• The active ingredient may be solid, liquid, gas

• Usually used internally for medicinal value
• Few medicinal used by inhalation
• Major use-flavoring agent
• Commonly known as “whiskey”