DOCUMENT TITLE :

Power System Protection Training Manual for SEC

Engineers & Technicians

VOLUME-2
CONTRACTOR CONSULTANT

Saudi Engineering Group International DAR Engineering

Saihati Building, King Abdulaziz St. Alfanar Building, Salman Al-faresi
P.O. Box 5289 St.
Dammam 31422 PO Box 13103, Dammam 31493

28/11/2012 0 Issued for approval Kailash.S Johnson.T Yogesh.K

DATE
REV REVISION DESCRIPTION PREPARED BY REVIEWED BY AUTHORIZED BY
DD/MM/YY
DOCUMENT NO: DG-294 / SEC / EL / 2476 (b)
JOB NO:DG-294
 INDEX

CHAPTER No. DESCRIPTION

7 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

8 GENERATOR PROTECTION

9 DIAGNOSTIC PROTECTION PROBLEMS

10 TESTING AND COMISSIONING OF PROTECTION SYSTEM

 CHAPTER-7

Engineers and Designers ‫مھندسون ومصممون‬

 Engineers and Designers ‫مھندسون ومصممون‬
1 > Transformer Protection
 Transformer Fault Categories

Winding and terminal faults

Core faults

Tank and transformer accessory faults

On–load tap changer faults

Abnormal operating conditions

Sustained or uncleared external faults

2 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Faults

3 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Faults

1. Earth fault on H.V. external connections.

2. Phase to phase fault on H. V. external connections.
3. Internal earth fault on H.V. windings.
4. Internal phase to phase fault on H.V. windings.
5. Short circuit between turns H.V. windings.
6. Earth fault on L.V. external connections.
7. Phase to phase fault on L.V. external connections.

4 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Faults

8. Internal earth fault on L. V. windings.

9. Internal phase to phase fault on L.V. windings.
10. Short circuit between turns L.V. windings.
11. Earth fault on tertiary winding.
12. Short circuit between turns tertiary winding.
13. Auxiliary transformer internal fault.
14. Earth or phase to phase fault on L. V. connection of
auxiliary transformer.
15. Sustained system earth-fault.
16. Sustained system phase to phase fault.

5 > Transformer Protection

 Sources of abnormal stress in a transformer

overload

system faults

overvoltage

Transient surge voltages

Power frequency overvoltage

Reduced system frequency

6 > Transformer Protection

 Important Points to be considered for
Transformer Protection

Line currents present on either side of star-delta transformers
will differ in phase and magnitude.

Any sudden change in the energisation of the transformer will
produce an inrush magnetizing current into or out of one
winding. The inrush current arises because the core saturates
when temporary over fluxing occurs.

Delta connected windings do not provide a zero sequence path
for the flow of earth fault current when an earth fault occurs on
the delta side.

Tap changers used for voltage regulation purposes cause the
turns ratio to vary and hence the voltage and current
magnitudes to vary.

The transformer inductance can form a resonant circuit with
the capacitance from a connected length of underground
power cable or overhead line producing a condition called
Ferro-resonance.

7 > Transformer Protection

 Problems and possible form of protection

8 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

9 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (3)

I A2 Ø

V EP

A1

10 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (4)

I A2 a2

V EP ES

A1 a1

11 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Protection (5)

IP A2 a2 IS

V EP ES

A1 a1

12 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

A a a2
C1 A2
a1
c1 b
A1 b1 b2
C2
C B1 B c2
B2
c

“Clock face” numbers refer to

A a position of low voltage phase -
A2 A1 a1 a2 neutral vector with respect to high
voltage phase - neutral vector.
B b
B2 B1 b1 b2 Line connections made to highest
numbered winding terminal available.

C c Line phase designation is same as

C2 C1 c1 c2 winding.

13 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Vector Groups

Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6

Group 3 Yd1
Dy1
30 Lag phase displacement Yz1

Group 4 Yd11
Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11

14 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Connections

“Clock Face” numbers refer to position of low voltage phase-

neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase neutral vector

Line connections made to highest numbered winding terminal
available

Line phase designation is same as winding

Example 1 : Dy 11 Transformer

High Low Voltage

Voltage Windings
Windings
A Phase
Windings
A2 A1 a1 a2
B Phase
Windings
B2 B1 b1 b2
C Phase
Windings
C2 C1 c1 c2

Question : How to connect windings ?

15 > Transformer Protection
 Dy 11

12

11

30°

16 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors

 Line Designation 
A a

30°

C B
c

17 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

2. Draw Delta Connection

A
a

C B c

18 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

3. Draw A Phase Windings

A
a
a2
A2

a1
b

A1

C B c

19 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

4. Complete Connections (a)

A
a
a2

C1 A2
a1
c1 b
b1 b2
C2 A1

c2
B1 B2
C B
c

20 > Transformer Protection

 Dy 11

4. Complete Connections (b)

A a
A2 A1 a1 a2

B b
B2 B1 b1 b2

C c
C2 C1 c1 c2

21 > Transformer Protection

 Traditional Small Transformer
Protection Package
3.3kV

51 50
200/5 51 50 N N

1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV

51
N

64 1500/5

22 > Transformer Protection

 Traditional Medium Transformer
Protection Package
11kV

51 50

64

1000/5 5MVA
11/3.3kV
51
N

64 1000/5

3.3kV
23 > Transformer Protection
 Traditional Large Transformer
Protection Package
33KV

51 50
200/5

10MVA
33/11KV 51
N 87
600/5

64

600/5
5/5A

24 > Transformer Protection

 CT Requirements

25 > Transformer Protection

 CT requirements

Proper CT stability during external fault and sensitivity

during internal faults for Transformer differential
protection.

IEC class CT’s (PX & TPS) and ANSI CT’s (‘c’class) can
be used for differential protection.

IEC class CT’s (TPS & PX) are used for high impedance
Differential restricted earth fault protection.

Different relay manufacturer recommend CT requirement
for their protection relay and hence the CT’s are to be
sized as per the manufacture recommendation.

It is to be noted that when the through fault current

does not pass through the transformer the CTs are to
be sized accordingly.

26 > Transformer Protection

 Phase Corrections

Correct operation of transformer differential protection

requires that the transformer primary and secondary
currents, as measured by the relay, are in phase.

If the transformer is connected delta/star, as shown in above

figure, balanced three phase through current suffers a phase
change of 30° which may lead to unbalance fault current.
Thus phase correction is recommended.
It is to be noted that in the present day scenario
Numerical relay are equipped with inbuilt phase
correction mechanism

27 > Transformer Protection

 Phase comparison and zero sequence filtering
requirement

28 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

29 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

Overall differential protection may be justified for larger

transformers (generally > 5MVA).

Provides fast operation on any winding

Measuring principle :

Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection

However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current

Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.

It is essential for transformers with tap changing facility.

Another important requirement of transformer differential
protection is immunity to magnetising in rush current.

30 > Transformer Protection

 Basic Considerations for Differential Protection

Correction for possible phase shift across the

transformer windings (phase correction)

Eeffects of the variety of earthing and winding
arrangements (filtering of zero sequence currents)

Correction for possible unbalance of signals from current
transformers on either side of the windings (ratio
correction)

Effect of magnetising inrush during initial energisation

Possible occurrence of overfluxing

31 > Transformer Protection

 Biased Differential Scheme

Differential
Current

I1 - I2
BIAS BIAS I OPERATE
I1 2

I1 - I2
RESTRAIN
OPERATE

I1 + I2 Mean Through
2 Current

32 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection

PROTECTED ZONE
HV LV

Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio and

winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a “replica” of primary system.
Consider :
(1) Difference in current magnitude
(2) Phase shift
(3) Zero sequence currents
33 > Transformer Protection
 Differential Connections

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

A B C

34 > Transformer Protection

 Use of Interposing CT

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

Interposing CT provides :

Vector correction

Ratio correction

Zero sequence compensation
35 > Transformer Protection
 Integral Vectorial and Ratio
Compensation

Power transformer

Ratio
Numeric correction
Relay

Vectorial
correction
Differential
Virtual interposing CT element
Virtual interposing CT

36 > Transformer Protection

 Differential Protection
15MVA
150/5 66kV / 11kV 800/5
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

Dy1

Given above: Need to consider -

(1) Winding full load current (2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:- 66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.’s to be connected in ∆
Thus, secondary current = √3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
∴ RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED
37 > Transformer Protection
 Differential Protection
150/5 800/5
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

4.37A 4.92A
S1 S2 P1 P2

R (2.56) (5)
R
R

It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.’s in and utilise a / interposing C.T. (this

method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.’s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from winding of I.C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
∴Required I.C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
√3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56

38 > Transformer Protection

 Effect of Tap Changer

e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%

Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%) = 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA) = 138 Amp
Secondary current = 4.6 Amp
∴ Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6
√3
( / )
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage

39 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Arbitrary Current Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

40 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Add Delta Winding Current

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

41 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Complete Primary Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

42 > Transformer Protection

 Connections Check
Complete Secondary Distribution

P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1

S1 S2 S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

R
R
R

43 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
a1 a2
P1 P2 A1 A2 P2 P1

S2 S1

S2 S1 T2 T1 P1 P2

44 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
a2
Alternative (1)
a1
P1 P2 A1 A2 P2 P1

S2 S1

S2 S1 P1 P2

45 > Transformer Protection

 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
Alternative (2)

300/1

EARTHING
TRANSF.

900/1

TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
46 > Transformer Protection
 In-Zone Earthing Transformer
Alternative (3)

300/1

EARTHING
TXR

300/1

1/0.33

TO DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
47 > Transformer Protection
 Combined Differential and
Restricted Earth Fault Protection

A2 A1 a1 a2 P1 P2
S1 S2

P1
S1 P2
REF
S2 P1
P2
S1

S2
To differential relay

48 > Transformer Protection

 Combined Differential and
Earth Fault Protection

Using Summation Auxiliary Current Transformer

Restricted earth
fault relay
64
Bias windings

Differential relay
87 87 87
operating windings

49 > Transformer Protection

 Z T1 X
PHASE a

PHASE b A

PHASE c A

N B
G G G

T1 BEF
T2
F

T3

J J J

T4
Rb
2 H H H
Rb
2
Rb
2

Ro Ro Ro

OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
50 > Transformer Protection
 Three Winding Transformer

63MVA 25MVA
132KV 11KV
300/5 1600/5

50MV
A
33KV

1000/5

4.59 5.51 10.33

2.88 5 2.88
5

All interposing C.T. ratio’s refer to

common MVA base (63MVA)
51 > Transformer Protection
 Traditional Use of Interposing CT
Dy1(-30°)

Yd11(+30°)

R
R
R

Interposing CT provides :

Vector correction

Ratio correction

Zero sequence compensation

52 > Transformer Protection

 Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays

(a) Earth Fault Scheme

87 High impedance
relay

53 > Transformer Protection

 Protection of Auto-Transformer by
High Impedance Differential Relays

(b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme

a
b
c

87 87 87

54 > Transformer Protection

 Specific problems for transformer
protection

55 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Magnetising
Characteristic

Twice
Normal
Flux

Normal
Flux

Normal
No Load
Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
56 > Transformer Protection
 Magnetising Inrush Current
Steady State

+ Φm V
Φ
Im

- Φm

57 > Transformer Protection

 Magnetising Inrush Current
Switch on at Voltage Zero - No residual flux

Im
2Φ
m

Φ
V

58 > Transformer Protection

 Factors affecting the magnitude and duration of the
magnetizing inrush current

Residual flux – worst-case conditions result in the flux

peak value attaining 280% of normal value

Point on wave switching

Number of banked transformers

Transformer design and rating

System fault level

59 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effects of Magnetising Current

Appears on one side of transformer only

Seen as fault by differential relay

Normal steady state magnetising current is less than

relay setting

Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay to

operate

60 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

SOLUTION 1 : TIME DELAY

Allows magnetising current to die away before relay can
operate

Slow operation for genuine transformer faults

61 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

SOLUTION 2 : 2ND (and 5TH) HARMONIC RESTRAINT

Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush

Slower operation may result for genuine transformer faults
if CT saturation occurs

Used in Most of the Numerical Relays

62 > Transformer Protection

 Transformer Differential Protection
Effect of Magnetising Inrush

SOLUTION 3 : GAP MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE

Inhibits relay operation during magnetising inrush

Operate speed for genuine transformer faults unaffected by
significant CT saturation

63 > Transformer Protection

 Typical Magnetising Inrush
Waveforms

A
B
C

64 > Transformer Protection

 Detection of Typical
Magnetising Inrush (60Hz)

Bias
Differential Differential
comparator
Threshold

T1 = 3.33ms T2 = 16.66ms
Trip

65 > Transformer Protection

 Restraint for Transformer
Magnetising Inrush

Bias Trip
Differential Differential
T1 = 3.33ms T2 = 16.66ms
comparator
Threshold

Differential input

Comparator output

T1

Trip
T2
Reset

66 > Transformer Protection

 Operation for Transformer Faults

Bias Trip
Differential Differential
T1 = 3.33ms T2 = 16.66ms
comparator
Threshold

Differential input

Comparator output

T1

Trip
T2
Reset

67 > Transformer Protection