CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Recitation 3
Bearing Capacity
P1)
An excavation will be made for a ten storey 15x25 m building. Temporary support of earth
pressure and water pressure will be made by deep secant cantilever pile wall. The gross pressure
due to dead and live loads of the structure and weight of the raft is 130 kPa (assume that it is
uniform).
this level can only be fill (placed after
attained after a construction is
water proofing will relatively long time fully completed)
be provided
10 storey building (15x25m)
2 1m
original GWT
4m
position
1 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 18 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
medium medium
dense dense GWT is lowered 4m
sand sand
medium stiff clay 2m
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 21 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
a) What is net foundation pressure at the end of construction but before the void space
between the pile wall and the building has been filled, and there is no water inside the
foundation pit yet (water level at the base level) (GWT position 1).
b) What is net foundation pressure long after the completion of the building, i.e. water
level is inside the pile wall and the backfill between the building and the pile wall is
placed (GWT position 2). What is the factor of safety against uplift?
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Solution:
a)
qnet = final effective stress - initial effective stress
at foundation level at foundation level
𝜎0′ = 18𝑥1 + 4𝑥(20 − 9.8) = 58.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(Gross pressure – uplift pressure) = final effective stress at foundation level, 𝜎𝑓′
Gross pressure =130 kPa (given)
Uplift pressure = 0 kPa (Since GWT is at foundation level(1), it has no effect on structure
load)
𝜎𝑓′ = 130 − 0 = 130 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 130 − 58.8 = 71.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎
b)
𝜎𝑓′ = 130 − 4 ∗ 9.8 = 90.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
uplift pressure
𝜎0′ = 58.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 90.8 − 58.8 = 32.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
OR
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 ∗ 𝐷 = 130 − (18 ∗ 1 + 14 ∗ 20) = 32.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Factor of safety against uplift is:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 130 ∗ 15 ∗ 25
(𝐹𝑆)𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = = = 3.3
𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 4 ∗ 9.8 ∗ 15 ∗ 25
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
P2)
Calculate the FS against uplift and calculate effective stress at the base level for water level
at (1) and (2) for the canal structure given below. Note that the canal is very long into the page.
Solution:
- water table at (1)
Factor of Safety against uplift = (2x6x0.75 + 5x1)x24 / (3x5)x9.8
weight of pit uplift
= 336 / 147
=2.28
Base pressure = 336 / 5 = 67.2 kN/m2 due to weight of structure (per meter of canal)
147 / 5 = 29.4 kN/m2 is supported by groundwater
67.2 – 29.4 = 37.8 kN/m2 is supported by soil (effective stress at the base)
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Base pressure 29.4 kPa: supported by
due to structure 67.2 kPa groundwater (uplift)
37.8 kPa: supported
by soil
- water table at (2)
FS = 336 / (6.85x5x9.8)
= 1.0 < 1.5 NOT OKEY
⇒ base pressure = 67.2 kPa is supported by ground water uplift
= weight of structure
Soil does not carry any load, structure tends to float
P3)
A footing of 4mx4m carries a uniform gross pressure of 300 kN/m2 at a depth of 1.5m in a sand.
The saturated unit weight of the sand is 20 kN/m3 and the unit weight above the water table is
17 kN/m3. The shear strength parameters are c’=0, ’=320. Determine the factor of safety with
respect to shear failure for the following cases;
a) The water table is at ground surface
b) The water table is 1.5m below the surface
Solution:
(𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 )𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑛𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝛾𝐷 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾𝐷
𝐹𝑆 = = = =
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑛 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝛾𝐷 𝑞𝑛
For square footing:
q f q ult 0.4BN 1.2cNc DN q
c' 0 and ' 320 N 26 , N q 29 (see page 69 Figure 4.3 in Lecture Notes)
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
a)
q f 0.4B' N ' DN q 0.4x4x(20 10)x 26 (20 10)x1.5x 29 851kPa
q nf q f ' D 851 (20 10)x1.5 836 kPa
q gross 300 kPa
i. q net 300 20x1.5 270 kPa OR
ii. q net (300 1.5x10) 1.5(20 10) 270 kPa
836
→ 𝐹𝑆 = = 3.1
270
b)
𝑞𝑓 = 0.4𝐵𝛾 ′ 𝑁𝛾 + 𝛾𝑑 𝐷𝑁𝑞 = 0.4 ∗ 4 ∗ (20 − 10) ∗ 26 + 17 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 29 = 1156 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾𝐷 = 1156 − 17 ∗ 1.5 = 1130 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 300 − 17 ∗ 1.5 = 275 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1130
→ 𝐹𝑆 = = 4.1
275
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
P4)
A residential block will be constructed on a clay deposit. The building will rest on a mat
foundation at 2m depth and has 20mx20m dimensions in plan.
The clay deposit is 26m deep and overlies limestone. The groundwater level is at 2m depth. The
bulk unit weights are 18 and 20 kN/m3 above and below water table respectively.
The clay has c’=5 kN/m2, ’=200, cu=48 kN/m2, u=0. The coefficient of volume compressibility
is 1.00x10-4 m2/kN at the ground surface and decreases with depth at a rate of 0.02x10-4 m2/kN
per meter. Use Eu/cu = constant = 1250 and Is = 1.2
a) Calculate ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation in the short term?
b) For the foundation described above what is the (gross) allowable bearing capacity?
NOTE: For u=0 case use Skempton values, use a safety factor of 3.00 against shear failure
of the foundation. Use sublayers. Maximum allowable total settlement of the
building is 15 cm.
Solution:
Skempton expression for u 𝑞𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐷 (total stress analysis)
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑁𝑐
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Short Term:
𝐷 2
= 20 = 0.1 → 𝑁𝑐,𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 6.4 (Skempton Chart, page 73 Fig. 4.6 in Lecture Notes)
𝐵
𝑞𝑓 = 48 ∗ 6.4 + 18 ∗ 2 = 343.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾𝐷 = 𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑁𝑐 = 307.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Settlement Check:
𝑆𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖 + 𝑆𝑐
Immediate Settlement:
qB 𝑞𝑛𝑓 307.2
Si = (1 − μ2 )Is 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) = = = 102.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
E 𝐹𝑆 3
- Note that in clay for UNDRAINED CASE μ = 0.5
- Undrained modulus, Eu = 60000 kPa
- Is = 1.2 (given)
102.4 ∗ 20
Si = (1 − 0.52 ) ∗ 1.2 = 0.031 m = 31 mm
60000
Consolidation Settlement in Clay:
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
- Vertical Stress due to qnet should be determined at the mid-point of each sublayer
𝑚𝑣 = [1 − 0.02(2 + 𝑧)] ∗ 10−4
Layer no Z m=n=10/z 𝐼𝑟 ∆𝜎 𝑚𝑣 (𝑚2 /𝑘𝑁)
1 6 1.67 0.2 81.9 0.84 ∗ 10−4
2 18 0.55 0.093 38.1 0.6 ∗ 10−4
Soed= (0.84x10-4x81.9x12)+( 0.6x10-4x38.1x12)=0.110m=110mm
St = 31+110 141mm<150mm (allowable) OK.
GENERALLY IN CLAY SHEAR FAILURE CONTROLS THE DESIGN,
SETTLEMENT IS NOT CRITICAL. BUT IT SHOULD BE CHECKED ALSO
(qall)net = 102.4 kPa
(qall)gross= 102.4+2x18 = 138 kN/m2
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
P5) Footing on Sand
The column loads, wall loads and the pertinent soil data for a proposed structure is given below.
Design the square column and wall footings for a permissible settlement of 30 mm, using Peck
& Hanson & Thornburn charts. Make a reasonable assumption to obtain an average N value
below the footing.
depth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
N 8 14 11 16 18 11 9 13 18 20 50/11 50/7
Footing on Cohesionless Soils:
Assumptions:
- significant depth: 0.5 B above, 2 B below the foundation
- weight of excavated soil ≈ weight of (footing + column) in the soil
- column load / area ≈ 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
- footing to be designed for the largest 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (i.e. column footing)
Solution:
NOTE: For Peck-Hanson-Thorburn, N values should be corrected for overburden stress
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Depth Nfield o ‘ CN N1
1 8 18 2.0 16
2 14 36 1.63 23
3 11 50.5 1.38 15
4 16 61.5 1.25 20
5 18 72.5 1.15 21
6 11 83.5 1.07 12
7 9 94.5 1.01 9
8 13 105.5 0.95 12
9 18 116.5 0.91 16
10 20 127.5 0.87 17
11 50/11 -
12 50/7 -
CN (overburden correction) values are calculated by using eq.2.3 (page 31) in Lecture Notes.
(CN = 9.78x(1/σvı)0.5≤2)
Square column footings Peck & Hanson & Thornburn charts: Fig 4.8 in Lecture Notes
⇒ assume B=3.0 m
⇒ To obtain the average N value to be used in the calculations
Consider:
0.5B=0.5x3=1.5m above
2.0B=2.0x3=6.0m below the foundation level
Cw =0.5 + 0.5x[2.5/(1+3)] = 0.81
(qn )all=11x N1,av x cw (kN/m2) for 25 mm settlement (page 78 in Lecture Notes)
(qn)all=11x17x0.81 = 151 kPa
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝑚𝑚)
(𝑞𝑛 )𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝑞𝑛 )𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗
25
30
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 151 ∗ ( ) = 181 𝑘𝑃𝑎
25
900
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3∗3
181 ≫ 100 →→ 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
⇒ assume B=2.0 m
Nav = (16+23+15+20+21) / 5 = 19
Cw = 0.5 + 0.5x[2.5/(1+2)] = 0.92
(qn )all=11x19x0.92 = 192 kPa
qall = 192x(30/25) = 230 kPa
qnet = 900/(2x2) = 225 kPa
230 ≅ 225 𝑂𝐾 →→ 𝑩 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎
Wall Footings
280
⇒ Use qnet = 225 kPa 𝐵 = 225 = 1.25 𝑚
Check B value:
Nav = (16+23+15) / 3 = 18
Cw= 0.5 + 0.5x[2.5/(1+1.25)] ≤ 1.0 Cw = 1.0
(qn)all=11x18 = 198 kPa
qall = 198x(30/25) = 238 kPa
238 > 225 OK
11/16
CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
P6) Footing on Clay
A public building consists of a high central tower which is supported by four widely spaced
columns. Each column carries a combined dead load and representative sustained load of 2500
kN inclusive of the substructure (gross load). Trial borings showed that there is a 7.6m of
stiff fissured Ankara clay (cu=85 kPa, Eu = 30 MN/m2 and mv = 1x10-4 m2/kN) followed
by dense sand which is relatively incompressible. Determine the required foundation width
(assume square foundation) and allowable bearing pressure for the tower footings.
Assume wet = sat = 18.6 kN/m3 (above and below GWT)
w = 10 kN/m3
Consider immediate and consolidation settlements. Divide the clay layer into 4 equal
[Link] foundation depth can be taken as 2m.
⇒ D=2.0m, cu = 85 kPa, Skempton-Bjerrum factor: µ=0.5, Dw = 1.2 m, F.S. = 2.5
Solution:
Assume B=2.0m
Df/B=1 ⇒ Nc = 7.7 (Skempton)
qnf = (qult)net = cuNc = 85x7.7 = 654.5 kPa
for FS=2.5 (qnet)safe = 654.5/2.5 = 261.8 kPa
qnet = 2500/(2x2) – 2x18.6 = 587.8 kPa
OR
qnet = (2500/(2x2) – 0.8x10)-(1.2x18.6+0.8x8.6)
= 587.5 kPa
(qnet)safe << qnet NOT ACCEPTED
12/16
CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Assume B=3.0m
Df/B=0.67 ⇒ Nc = 7.4 (Skempton)
qnf = (qult)net = cuNc = 85x7.4 =629 kPa
for FS=2.5 (qnet)safe = 629/2.5 = 251.6 kPa
qnet = 2500/3x3 – 2x18.6 = 241 kPa
(qnet)safe qnet OK
B=3.0m
Settlement:
B=3.0m Eu = 30000 kPa Df=2.0m
Compressible layer thickness H=7.6-2=5.6m
𝑞𝐵 𝐻 𝐷
𝑆𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝜇1 → = 1.87 & = 0.67 → 𝜇0 = 0.95 & 𝜇1 = 0.57
𝐸𝑢 𝐵 𝐵
241 ∗ 3
𝑆𝑖 = 0.57 ∗ 0.95 ∗ = 13 𝑚𝑚
30000
Sand is relatively incompressible
(also = 2B)
qnet=241 kPa
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝐿
∆𝑃 =
(𝐵 + 𝑧)(𝐿 + 𝑧)
(Use 2:1 approximation)
Layer no Thickness,H (m) ΔP
1 1.4 158
2 1.4 83.4
3 1.4 51.3
4 1.4 34.8
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Note that:
P= vertical stress due to qnet at the mid-point of each sublayer
Soed=mv..H
Soed=1x10-4x1.4x(158+83.4+51.3+34.8)=4.585x10-2m=45.85mm
Apply Skempton-Bjerrum factor =0.5
Sc = Soed 45.85x0.5 22.9mm
Stotal = SI + Sc = 13+22.9 = 35.9mm
P7) Raft Foundation on Deep Clay Layer
A 16-storey apartment block is to be constructed at a site. The soil profile consists of a deep clay
layer. The ground water table is at 4m depth. The base of the raft under the building is 8m deep
from the ground surface. The profile and the soil properties are shown in the figure below.
The dimensions of the building and the raft are the same (15mx30m). Total weight of the building
(dead+live+raft) is 90 000 kN.
Find the net foundation pressure and check the factor of safety against bearing capacity and
calculate the total settlement of the building.
No secondary settlements are expected. Take the Skempton-Bjerrum correction factor =0.75.
Consider the compressions of the soil within 20m distance from the foundation level. The
G.W.T. is at the “Stage 2” level prior to construction, lowered to “Stage1” level during the
construction and rises back to “Stage 2” level in the long term.
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Solution:
Total weight of the building (dead+live+raft)=Qgross=90000 kN
qgross= 90000/(15x30) = 200 kPa
Stage 1 (GWT is lowered to the foundation level)
Uplift = 0
𝜎0′ = 4𝑥18 + 4(20 − 9.8) = 112.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
qnet=(200-0)-112.8 = 87.2 kPa (net foundation pressure)
Stage 2 (GWT is raised to its original position)
Uplift= 4x9.8= 39.2 kPa
𝜎0′ = 4𝑥18 + 4(20 − 9.8) = 112.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
qnet=(200-39.2)-112.8 = 48 kPa
qnet= 87.2 kPa is MORE CRITICAL
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CE366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
2018-2019 Spring Department of Civil Engineering
Net bearing capacity of the foundation : qnf = qf - D=cuNc+D-D=cuNc
cu = 40 kPa
Df/B=8/15=0.53 (Nc)square=7.1
(Nc)rect.=(Nc)square (0.84+0.16B/L) = 7.1(0.84+0.16x15/30) = 6.5
qnf = 6.5x40 = 260 kPa
𝑞 260
Safety factor against shear: 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑞 𝑛𝑓 = 87.2 = 3.0 → 𝑂𝐾
𝑛𝑒𝑡
Settlement:
Total settlement= St= SI + Sc
Consider the compressions of the soil within 20m distance from the foundation level.
- Initial settlement:
𝑞𝐵 87.2 ∗ 15
𝑆𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝜇1 = 0.95 ∗ 0.5 ∗ = 3.1 𝑐𝑚
𝐸𝑢 20000
- Consolidation Settlement : Sc = mv H
For consolidation settlement, consider 5m thick sublayers.
= 4qIr
qnet = 48 kPa since consolıdatıon is a LONG TERM situation
n=B/z m=L/z Ir ∆𝜎 = 4𝑞𝐼𝑟 𝑚𝑣 (𝑚2 /𝑘𝑁)
7.5/2.5 15/2.5 0.245 47 0.025*10-2
7.5/7.5 15/7.5 0.2 38.4 0.025*10-2
7.5/12.5 15/12.5 0.145 27.8 0.015*10-2
7.5/17.5 15/17.5 0.102 19.6 0.015*10-2
Sc = 0.025x10-2x47x5 + 0.025x10-2x38.4x5 + 0.015x10-2x27.8x5 + 0.015x10-2x19.6x5
Sc = 0.142m=14.2cm
=0.75 (Skempton-Bjerrum)
Sc = 14.2x0.75= 10.7cm
St = 3.1+10.7 = 13.8 cm
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