MARFRANCISCO, PINAMALAYAN,
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
ORIENTAL MINDORO
043-284-4504
Junior High Abada College Basic Education Department
ABADA COLLEGE School
GRADE 7 SCIENCE
Self-Learning Module
Reproduction
QUARTERTime2Frame:
MODULE 4
Submission:
CONTENT STANDARD: The Learners demonstrate understanding of the different levels
of BiologicalOrganisms which include humans, animals and plants reproduce as a law of nature,
Organization.
a means of ensuring the survival of the species and in the context of evaluation. There
Learning Objectives
are two major classifications of reproduction: sexual and asexual reproduction.
Differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction in terms of:
Number of individual’s involvement
Similarities of offspring to the parents
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Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction spans a variety of methods. The simplest single-celled
organisms such as archaea and bacteria, reproduce binary fission. In this
process, the cells simply divided in half creating a clone of parent. This
method also holds the benefit of being very quick and energy-efficient. For
example, bacteria that produce binary fission can give rise to progeny every
few hours. Multiple fission also exists in which, an organism’s splits into more than one
offspring. Certain species of algae and protozoans exhibit multiple fission.
A Mode of Asexual Reproduction I Leaves
A Mode of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
A Mode of Asexual Reproduction I
Budding
While in multicellular organisms, a similar method called fragmentation is observing.
In this process, small pieces break off and grow into new organisms. Another method
involves budding, which produces a completely new adult by remaining attached to the
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original body. A common thread in all this is that the offspring is direct clone of the parent.
The purpose of reproduction as we’re well aware, is to propagate one’s own genes.
Evolutionary, asexually can produce about twice as fast one that reproduces sexually.
Sexual reproduction is the combination of reproductive cells from two
individuals to for a third unique offspring. Sexual reproduction produces
offspring with a different combination of genes.
One must understand that sexual
reproduction is a lot more complex that asexual
reproduction. T includes the production of
gametes, which have half the number of
chromosomes of all other cells in the organism
and the process of meiosis which produces haploid
cells from diploid cells which could lead to the
possibility of two copies of a single chromosomes
crossing over to create a completely new
chromosome that contains a new combination of
genes. You see, switching from chromosomes to
chromosome is a good way to ensure that the
genes will keep active in a given population.
Besides these, factors like gestation period also
play an important role in sexual reproduction. The
gestation period is the timeframe it requires for the fetus to fully develop either internally
(like the mother’s womb or externally like egg).
COMPARISON OF ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
1. Occurs in lower invertebrate, lower 1. Occurs almost in all types of
chordates and prokaryotic multicellular organisms including
microorganism and in some eukaryotic humans, animals and higher plants.
single-celled and multicellular
organisms.
2. It is uniparental 2. It is usually bi-parental
3. Gametes are not formed 3. Gametes are formed
4. Somatic cells of parents are involve 4. Germ cells of parents are involved
5. No fertilization occur 5. Fertilization takes place
6. The absence of reproductive organs 6. Presence of fully developed reproductive
organ
7. Only mitosis type of cell division occur 7. Both meiosis and mitosis type of cell
division occurs
8. Original parent disappears after the 8. Original parents remain alive after the
process of reproduction process of reproduction.
9. The progeny and the parent will be 9. The progenies will be identically
genetically identical different from the parents.
10. Characteristics of only one parent are 10. Characteristics of booth parents re
inherited inherited
11. The genes and genetic material are 11. The genetic material undergoes
just multiplied and passed on the new intermissing from both parents to form
organisms from the parent a new set of genetic material
12. Multiplication is very rapid and takes 12. Multiplication is not so rapid and
less time takes the longest time to complete.
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13. No evolutionary significance 13. Has evolutionary significance in the
population
14. Bacterial fission, fragmentation, 14. The genetic material undergoes
spore formation, budding of hydra are intermissing from both parents to form
different types of asexual reproduction. a new of genetic material
15. Multiplication is very rapid and takes 15. Multiplication is not so rapid and
less time takes the longest time to complete.
16. The number of offspring 16. The number of offspring produced are
produced may vary from two to many comparatively lower.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Natural Vegetative Propagation
Natural vegetative propagation is common among herbaceous and woody plants. It involves
structural modifications of any plant parts (leaf, stem, or root) that can contribute to the
survival and expansion in the population of the plant species. The new plants that emerged
by this method are clones of the original plant. Natural means of vegetative propagation
includes:
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Runners/Stolons - slender prostate branch with nodes and internodes that grow above the
ground. The nodes develop roots and buds that grow into a new plant. Examples are
strawberry and grass plants.
Suckers - new stems grow from the root base of the existing plant. This new stem develops
into a new plant. Examples are banana, dandelion, and rose plants.
Tubers - swollen parts of an underground stem with pits or "eyes" where buds grow and
develop into new plants. Examples are potato and tubers that may also come from swollen
roots (called root tubers), sweet potato, yam, carrot, and cassava.
Corms - short, vertical underground stems with nodes and internodes where buds grow
and develop into new plants. Examples are taro, cocoyam, and arrowhead.
Rhizomes - long, horizontal underground stems with nodes and internodes. An example is
ginger.
Bulbs - short, underground stems with fleshy leaves (called scales) that store food.
Examples are tulip and onion.
Notches-The structures found at the margins of some leaves where new tiny buds emerge.
buds develop into new plants that detach from the notch and live an independent
existence.
Examples are begonia and bryophyllum (also called kalanchoe).
Figure 4: Runners from strawberry Figure 5: Sucker from banana plant
Figure 16: Tubers (potato)
Figure 27: Bulb (onion)
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Figure 9:: Notches
Figure 8: Corm
Figure 9: Rhizome (Ginger)
PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fertilization is the union of the male and
female gametes to produce a fertilized egg called
zygote. It is considered as the defining process in
sexual reproduction. There are two mechanisms by
which fertilization can take place: external and
internal fertilizations. In external fertilization, a
watery or moist environment is needed so the
gametes will not dry out. Both the male and the
female cluster into the same area to simultaneously
release their gametes into the surrounding. This
Figure Spawning frogs process is called spawning.
Sometimes, the process is initiated by the release of Figure 3. Spawning frog
a chemical by a mate, and this stimulates other
mates to release their gametes. Amphibians, frogs and toads, and fishes are examples of
animals that exhibit external fertilization.
External fertilization is advantageous since it results in the production of a large
number of offspring. The disadvantage is that exposure to environmental hazards greatly
reduce the chance of the zygote to survive and reach adulthood.
In internal fertilization, the egg is
fertilized within the female reproductive tract in
a process called copulation (also called sexual
intercourse or mating). Development of the
fertilized egg or zygote happens in many different
ways. The hoverflies in Figure 4.8 exhibit
internal fertilization and external development.
The zygote becomes enclosed in a structure
called egg. The eggs are laid and the zygote
develops outside the mother's womb. The frogs in
Figure 1 exhibit external fertilization and
Figure 4: Mating Hoverflies 6
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external development. The female lays its egg in a suitable place, then the male fertilizes
the egg and the zygotes undergo development on their own.
Mammals, including humans, exhibit internal fertilization and internal development.
The sperm is introduced and left within the female reproductive tract. The young develop
inside the mother's womb and is borne alive. Internal development is a protective
mechanism that ensures and increases the chances of the zygote's survival since the
mother supplies everything that the zygote needs for its development.
Figure 3 shows the events in the process of fertilization in a human female.
Figure 5: Events in the process of fertilization in human female
During fertilization, the haploid sperm and haploid egg unite. The zygote that is formed is
diploid organisms just like its parents. Thus, the offspring produced by this union will have
the characteristics of both parents, but will not be identical to either of them.
ACTIVITY
Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: ________________
Section: _________________________________ Teacher: ____________________________
Part 1: Checkpoint
Instruction: Analyze the question below. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. How do the offspring of asexual and sexual reproduction differ from each other?
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2. How do the the following organisms reproduce?
a. Brittle stars: _________________________________________________________________
b. Salmonella: __________________________________________________________________
c. Cactus: ______________________________________________________________________
d. Sunflower: ___________________________________________________________________
e. Garden strawberry: ___________________________________________________________
f. Grizzly bear: __________________________________________________________________
Part 2. Revisit
(I) Instruction: Share your thoughts on the question below.
a. Why do organisms reproduce?
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b. What is the result of reproduction?
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c. What would happen to a species if every individual from that species suddenly
lost the ability to reproduce?
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(II). Instruction. Complete a sematic mapping task. Draw a map on a sheet of paper like
the example below and list down as many dot points as you can which relate to the
following headings.
One parent Two parents
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Reproduction
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Plants Animas
Bacteria, Fungi
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