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To the presentation on Bearings

Bearings – an introduction

S.Kulanji
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Bearing- a definition

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative

motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction
between moving parts.

Their main functions are

 Reduce friction and make rotation more smooth
 Protect the part that supports the rotation
 Maintain the correct position for the rotating shaft
 They transmit the load from a rotating member to a
stationary member known as frame or housing.
Motions permitted by bearings

 Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation

 Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed,
drawer in the table
 spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint
 Hinge motion e.g. door
Rolling Friction Vs. Sliding Friction

Sliding friction is also known as dynamic or kinetic friction.

Rolling Friction (roller slides left to right)

Broad Classification of Bearing

Sliding contact bearing

In this type of bearings, the surface of the shaft slides over the
surface of the bush. To prevent friction, both surfaces are separated
by a thin film of lubricating oil. Generally, Bush is made from bronze
or white metal.
Example: Plain bearing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing

Rolling contact bearing or anti-friction bearing

Here rolling friction comes into play. This bearing is also called anti-
friction bearing as friction is negligible.
Example: Bearings used in automobile axle, gearbox, machine tool
spindles, small electric motor
Sliding Contact Bearings
Plain Bearings
Made from a variety of materials including
bronze, graphite and plastics such as
Nylon, PTFE and poly-acetal. some plain
bearings require outside lubrication while
others are self lubricating.
Sleeve bearings
Consist of a metal, plastic or fiber-reinforced
composite sleeves that reduce vibrations and
noise by absorbing friction between two
moving parts using a sliding motion. Sleeve
bearings usually contain PTFE and are self-
lubricating.
Journal Bearings
Journal Bearing Lubrication
 Journal Bearing Babbitt

Common compositions for Babbitt alloys:

90% tin (Sn) - 10% copper (Cu)

89% tin (Sn) - 7% antimony (Sb) - 4% copper (Cu)
80% lead (Pb) - 15% antimony (Sb) - 5% tin (Sn)
 Rolling Contact bearing

A bearing consists of

 Two rings, one associated with a fixed element, the

other with the moving element and featuring raceways

 Rolling elements allowing relative displacement of

the two rings with minimum friction

 A cage separating the rolling elements

 Major Classification

 Ball bearings, allowing high speeds of rotation

and where the ball-raceway interface is
theoretically point contact

 Roller bearings, where the roller-raceway

interface is theoretically line contact. Roller
bearings can withstand higher radial loads
than ball bearings
Rolling elements Types & Contacts
Bearing Nomenclature
Bearing Nomenclature
Bearing Nomenclature
Ball Bearing Classifications
Roller Bearing Classifications
 Types of Ball bearings

Four point contact bearing

 Angular contact ball bearings unite point of contact of the inner ring, ball
and the outer ring runs at a certain angle (contact angle).
 Angular contact ball bearings can support an axial load, but cannot be
used as single bearing because of the contact angle.
 They must instead be used in pairs or in combinations.
 Deep Groove Ball bearing

 Deep groove ball bearings are widely used in a variety of fields.

 Deep groove ball bearings include shield & sealed bearings with grease.
 Deep groove ball bearings also include bearings with a locating snap-ring to facilitate
positioning when mounting the outer ring.
 These type of bearings supports radial load on both directions.
 Deep groove ball bearings are also classified into Thin series, Light series, Medium
series and Heavy series ball bearings.
 Application of Ball Bearings

Household Items: Bicycles, Skateboards, Sewing Machines, Washing

Machines, Tumble Driers, Food Processors, Hair Dryers, DVD Players, Fishing
Rods.

Office Equipment: Photocopiers, Fax Machines, Hard-Drives, Fans, Air-

Conditioners
Industries: Elevators, Assembly Lines, Escalators, Medical and Dental
Equipment, High-speed Machine Tooling Equipment, Paper Making
Machinery, Chain Saws, Power Tools, Pumps / Compressors. Toy
Manufacturing, Trains, Wind Turbines.

Automotive: Engines, Steering, Driveshaft and Driveline, Electric Motors,

Gear Boxes, Transmissions
Roller Bearing types
 Cylindrical roller bearings

Cylindrical roller bearings use rollers for rolling elements, and therefore has a high
load capacity.
The inner and outer rings can be separated to facilitate assembly. Cylindrical roller
bearings are of different types, like N, NU, NJ, NUP, NF depending upon the
construction of inner and outer rings.
These bearings are suitable for heavy radial and impact loading and are appropriate
for high speed applications
Cylindrical Roller bearing Types
 Tappered roller bearings

 Tapper roller bearings are designed such that the outer ring, inner ring and the
rollers have tapered surfaces whose apexes converge at a common point on the
bearing axis.
 Tapper rollers are available in metric as well as inch dimensions most commonly
called as metric series and inch series .
 Tapper rollers are available in Single, Double and four row, these type of bearings
are suitable for Heavy and Impact load application and can take both radial and
axial load simultaneously.
 Spherical roller bearings

 Spherical roller bearings are equipped with an outer ring with a spherical
raceway surface and an inner ring which holds two rows of barrel shaped rolling
elements, spherical roller bearings are able to adjust center alignment to handle
inclination of the axle or shaft.
 The bearing can easily be mounted on a shaft by means of an adapter or sleeve
 The bearing is capable of supporting heavy loads, and is therefore often used in
industrial machinery.
Applications:Tapered & Spherical Roller Bearings

Tapered Roller Bearings

Agriculture, construction and mining equipment, sports robot combat,
axle systems, gearbox, engine motors and reducers, propeller shaft,
railroad axle-box, differential, wind turbines, etc.

Spherical Roller Bearings

Gearboxes, wind turbines, continuous casting machines, material
handling, pumps, mechanical fans and blowers, mining and construction
equipment, pulp and paper processing equipment, marine propulsion
and offshore drilling, off-road vehicles.
 Needle Roller Bearings

• Needle Roller Bearings are bearings for rotary motion that use needle-shaped thin
rollers as rolling elements.
• Compared to ball bearings, they have low sectional height and large load capacity.
• As a machine part, they help save space by making the whole machine compact.
• They play an important role in a wide range of products such as automobiles,
motorcycles, printing machines, industrial robots and construction machinery.
 Applications:
Cylindrical & Needle Roller Bearings

Cylindrical Roller Bearings: Mining, petroleum production, power

generation, power transmission, cement processing, aggregate crushing,
and metal recycling, Briquetting machines, rubber mixing equipment,
rolling mills, rotary dryers, or pulp and paper machinery, construction
equipment, crushers, electric motors, blowers and fans, gears and drives,
plastics machinery, machine tools and traction motors and pumps.

Needle Roller Bearings

Needle bearings are heavily used in automobile components such as rocker
arm pivots, pumps, gearboxes, automotive power transmission systems,
two and four stroke engines, planetary gear sets and air compressors.
 Ball Thrust Bearing

 Thrust bearings are classified in accordance to the rolling elements they

contain and generally the allowable rotational speed is very low.
 Thrust ball bearing with single row is called as single direction Thrust ball
bearings and can take axial load in one direction.
 Thrust ball bearing with double row is called as double direction Thrust ball
bearings and can take axial load from both directions.
 Spherical Roller Thrust Bearing

Thrust bearings with rollers as rolling element can accommodate a certain amount of
radial load along with axial loads.
Needle Roller Thrust Bearing

These bearings consist of a cage made from a

steel plate, which is precisely press formed and
surface-hardened, and needle rollers with a
diameter variation within 2μm.

They have a rigid structure and a high

lubricant-retaining capacity.

As they have the lowest sectional height

compared with other thrust bearings, they can
be used instead of conventional thrust washers
and can withstand high-speed rotations with a
low coefficient of friction
 Applications: Thrust Ball & Plain Bearings

Thrust Ball Bearings

Thrust bearings are commonly used in automotive, marine, and aerospace
applications. They are also used in the main and tail rotor blade grips of
RC (radio controlled) helicopters, forward gears in modern car gearboxes,
radio antenna masts to reduce the load on an antenna rotator, in an
automobile the clutch “throw out” bearing, sometimes called the clutch
release bearing.
Plain Bearings
Turbo-machines, such as power plant steam turbines, compressors
operating in critical pipeline applications, ship propeller shafts, etc.
 Magnetic Bearing

Magnetic bearings
Magnetic bearing supports moving
shaft without physical contact. This
is done by Magnetic levitation

Applications: Magnetic bearings are used in several

industrial applications such as petroleum refinement,
machine tool operation and natural gas handling. They are
also used in the centrifuge, for uranium enrichment and in
turbo-molecular pumps, where oil-lubricated bearings
would be a source of contamination.
 Shield & Seals of Bearings

shield Low Friction seal Contact Seal Non-Contact Seal

Load on the bearings
 Loads on bearing

Rolling element
Ball Roller

Direction in Perpendicular to the

Radial ball bearing Radial roller bearing
which force shaft (radial load)
is mostly The same direction as
applied Thrust ball bearing Thrust roller bearing
the shaft (axial load)
Contact angle
Contact angle of Various bearings
Bearing Characteristics- Typical
Type of Lubrication
 Lubrication of Bearings

Coefficient of friction 0.05-0.2 0.004-0.1 0.002-0.01

 Bearing Lubrication Selection
Lubrication method selection

Oil is used for other purpose

No Need for Heat removal by the lubricant Yes
Other needs require oil lubrication

Main Grease selection criteria

 Temperature range
 Consistency grade Main Oil selection criteria
 Base oil viscosity  Temperature range
 Additives  Base oil viscosity
 Miscibility  Additives
 Miscibility

Relubrication interval too short

Yes
Grease consumption too high

No Oil Lubrication

Grease Lubrication
Bearing Fits
Speed Limits for baerings
Loading Capability of Bearings
Bearing Internal Clearances
Bearing Internal Clearances
Internal Clearance of Bearing
Self aligning Bearings
 Bearing Failure Causes
• Improper lubrication
• Cage damage
• Contamination and corrosion
• Electric arcing
• Poor fitting
• Fatigue
• Brinelling
• Misalignment
• Path patterns
• Seal selection
• Overload
• Inadequate internal clearances
• Improper handling & storage
 Bearing Damage Mechanism
 Excessive loads
 Over heating
 True brinelling
 False brinelling
 Normal fatigue failure
 Reverse loading
 Contamination
 Lubricant failure
 Corrosion
 Misaligned bearings
 Loose fits
 Tight fits
 Bearing Damage Mechanism

Excessive Load Overheating Flaking/Spalling

True brinelling Flase brinelling Contamination

 Bearing Damage Mechanism

Corrosion Misalignment
Reverse Loading

Lubricant Failure Loose Fit Tight Fit

Bearing Life required
Bearing Selection
Bearing Identification
Standards and organizations for bearings

JIS : Japanese Industrial Standard

BAS : The Japan Bearing Industrial Association Standard
ISO : International Organization for Standardization
ANSI : American National Standards Institute, Inc.
ABMA : American Bearing Manufactures Association
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung
BS : British Standards Institution
NF : Association Francaise de Normalisation +
IS: Indian Standards
 Thank you
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