PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1

3 2
1
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit…

Dear Jesus,
I do not know what's ahead of me.
But knowing that you're ahead of me,
is enough to give me great confidence
to believe that all will turn out very well.
Today, let me praise and glorify you,
for accompanying me in my journey.
The future threatens my peaceful heart,
but I put all my care in your loving hands.
Today, let me thank and exalt your name,
for pouring out in me your graces.
I don't deserve these wonderful blessings,
I am awed and my spirit is filled with joy.
Dear God, my enemies are still there, the
challenges seem so huge and wide, and the
wounds are still fresh and painful, but I placed all
my hope and trust in you.

AMEN.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 WHAT IS THIS SUBJECT ABOUT?
This subject develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through qualitative research.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN FROM THIS SUBJECT?

This subject is asking what you know and think. It helps us to
inquire on the right information. It is of great importance to man in
everyday life. The quality of man’s life is improved through
research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1. How does research help my own community?
2. How does becoming an inquisitive person pave my way to
become an efficient channel in speaking truths about God?
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING
Education requires an understanding that inspires you to create,
construct, or produce things for the betterment of one’s life and
others.

smcc.edu.ph/pr1-quarter/3
QUARTER

3
LEARNING AREA GOALS
After going through this module, you
are expected to be able to:
1. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of
research MODULE
2. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
3. provide examples of research in areas of interest TWO
(arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture
and fisheries, information and communication WEEK
technology, and social inquiry)
PCSS Defining Characteristics: Distinguished by a 2
Culture of Excellence

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

Welcome back young researchers to Practical Research 1 – Qualitative Research! Good job on
your first module. I hope we can sustain the fun and interest in all the modules that you are going
to get from this subject. BUT FIRST, remove the mindset that it is hard. You can do this!

Research is a process, thus follows steps

WARM-UP ACTIVITY and it should be organized. How do we
keep things in order when conducting
research? Create your own rulebook in
research.

smcc.edu.ph/pr1-quarter/3

10 RULES IN
RESEARCH

This is Phoebe. She’s having research for lunch.

She’s hesitant to eat it though because she’s
MOTIVATION clueless of the food. Help her by describing as to
how it should look, how it should be made (process),
what should be the ingredients (components), and
how it should taste (characteristics). Draw bubble
thoughts above her head, to help her what to think.

RESEARCH

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 The following are the major
LESSON NOTES characteristics of research:

Research is based on direct

CHARACTERISTICS ONE experience or observation by

the researcher. Takes into
OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH EMPIRICAL account direct experiences
rather than the researcher’s
RESEARCH
speculation.

Research is a
cyclical process
THREE
Research is based on valid
procedures and principles. LOGICAL CYCLICAL
because it starts
with a problem
TWO and ends with a
problem.
Research utilizes proven
analytical procedures in
gathering the data,
whether historical, FOUR
descriptive, and
experimental and case ANALYTICAL CRITICAL Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
study. Includes critical FIVE
analysis to have no error
in the researcher’s
interpretations. The research
design and
procedures are
Research is based on valid
procedures and principles. SIX REPLICABILITY
replicated or
repeated to enable
METHODICAL the researcher to
SEVEN arrive at valid and
conclusive results

RE
Define and develop your quantitative research) (Data Gathering
STEP 1 topic (Research Activities).
Problem).

SE
Factors to Consider in Selecting a STEP 5 Process and analyze
Research Problem data using thematic
1. Researcher‘s area of interest analysis (for qualitative research) and
2. Availability of funds statistical tools (for quantitative

AR
3. Investigator‘s ability and training research).

STEP 2 Find background STEP 6 Formulate new insights

CH
information about your gained (for qualitative
chosen topic (Review of Related research) conclusions (for quantitative
Literature). research) and recommendations.

STEP 3 Plan your research STEP 7 Define new problem.

PROCESS design including your

sample (Methodology).
Research processes are considered
and selected, based on the following
STEP 4 Gather necessary data
factors: (1) validity and
using open ended
appropriateness to the research topic;
questions (for qualitative research)
(2) manageability including time
and closed-ended questionnaire or
reserved; (3) safety and ethical
paper pencil test questionnaire (for
matters.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan
 ETHICS are available. Participation to the study will be
completely voluntary.

in Research
Honesty. It reports data, results, methods
2 and procedures, and publication status. Do
To be ethical, a research project needs to be not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the
designed to create valid outcomes if it is believed data.
to be pursuing truth. Research that is Objectivity. Avoid bias in experimental
untrustworthy is unethical, because it is of no 3 design, data analysis, data interpretation,
benefit in developing in society’s knowledge base peer review, personnel decisions, grant
and will only waste the resources of both the writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
researchers and the participants. research.
Integrity. Keep your promises and
Research ethics involves application of 4 agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
fundamental ethical principles to a variety of consistency of thought and action.
topics involving research. Research ethics serves Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and
as guidelines for the responsible conduct of 5 negligence; carefully and critically examine
research which educates and monitors your work and the work of peers. Keep good
researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes records of research activities.
the aim of research, such as expanding Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools
knowledge and supports the values required for 6 and resources. Be open to criticism and new
collaborative work, such as mutual respect and ideas.
fairness. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor
7 patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade
Ethics in research refers to the standards on what secrets and other forms of intellectual
is morally right or wrong. A set of five basic ethical property. Do not use published or unpublished
principles was specified by Burnham, Gilland, data, methods, or results without permission. Give
Grant and Layton-Henry (2004) to guide the credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize,
conduct of research: fabricate and falsify.
Confidentiality. Protect confidential
Beneficence or the avoidance of harm
Ethical obligation to maximize benefit and to
8 communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records,
minimize harm. trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Veracity or the avoidance of deception Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate,
Researchers ought to tell the truth and keep 9 mentor, and advise others. Promote their
promises. welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.
Privacy or autonomy
Responsible Publication. Publish in order to
Individuals have a right to limit access to 10 advance research and scholarship, not to
information about themselves. advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and
Confidentiality duplicative publication.
Closely related to the notion of privacy, the Respect for Colleagues. Respect your
right to control the use of information about 11 colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do
themselves. not outsmart others.
Consent Social responsibility. Strive to promote
The notion of informed consent is often
12 social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
recommended as an operational principle for social harms through research, public
the conduct of research. Ethical procedures education, and advocacy.
can be clarified by consulting ethical guidelines Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination
of professional associations putting emphasis
13 against colleagues or students on the basis
on informed consent. of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that
are not related to their scientific competence and
What are these ethics in research? integrity.
Informed Consent. This is required to Competence. Maintain and improve your
1 secure in order protect the rights of the 14 own professional competence and expertise
participants in your study. Inform your through lifelong education and learning; take
participants about the criteria set for choosing steps to promote competence in science as a
them as informants and the schedule of one- whole.
on-one interview at the convenient time they
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan
 Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and
15 institutional and government policies.
Six | Privacy
One’s right to keep his personal matters and
Animal Care. Show proper respect and relationships a secret. It is the ability of an
16 care for animals when using them in individual to seclude him/her from
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or disturbance of any research activity.
poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects protection. When Ethical Considerations in
17 conducting a research on human subjects, Qualitative Research
minimize harms and risks and maximize Let us consider ethical issues that may be
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and inherent in qualitative research.
anonymity. 1. The kind of information obtained from
Rights of Research Participants qualitative inquiry is lengthy and personal,
which could uncover issue/s that may not be
Human RightsRights
One | Human acceptable. The researcher is obliged to
report practices of child abuse, drug use,
Moral principles or norms that describe abusive teachers and the like.
certain standards of human behavior and are 2. The researcher is expected to act
regularly protected as natural and legal professionally, maintaining respect towards
rights. They constitute a set of rights and participants.
duties necessary for the protection of human 3. Anonymity and confidentiality are to be
dignity, inherent to all human beings. observed.
Two | Intellectual Property 4. False names or code names are used to
conceal the identities of respondents in a
Protects creations of the mind, which have sensitive research.
both a moral and a commercial value. 5. A letter is written to seek for permission to
Three | Copyright Infringement conduct the research.

Use or production of copyright-protected Ethical Standards in Research Writing

material without permission of the copyright
Research Misconduct includes:
holder. This means that the rights accorded
a. Fabrication
to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive
b. Falsification, or
use of a work for a set period of time, are
c. Plagiarism
breached by a third party. Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music The act of using another person’s
without proper payment for use. ideas, works, processes, and results
b. Recording movies in a theatre without giving due credit. It should not
c. Using others’ photographs for a be tolerated as the unauthorized use of
blog without permission original works, a violation of intellectual
d. Copying software code without property rights.
giving proper credit This below list, from Plagiarism.org, identifies
e. Creating videos with unlicensed some specific forms of plagiarism:
music clips • turning in someone else's work as your own
• copying words or ideas from someone else
Four | Voluntary Participation without giving credit
• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
The prospective research participants must • giving incorrect information about the source of a
be informed about the procedures and risks quotation
involved in research and must give their • changing words but copying the sentence
consent to participate. They must not be structure of a source without giving credit
coerced into participating in research • copying so many words or ideas from a source
process. that it makes up the majority of your work,
whether you give credit or not"
Five | Anonymity
Take good notes
Protection of people’s identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing their Avoid Cite correctly
identity. It is a situation in data gathering
activities in which informant’s name is not plagiarism. Use quotes effectively

given nor known. Paraphrase correctly

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

Kinds of Research across Fields Mathematics Research
Provides mathematics mastery topics
The examples of research in areas of interest
and helps develops confidence and
will lead you to choose specific topic of your
interest to solve more mathematical
research study which you will be exploring to
problems. It may also assist to find new
create new knowledge.
methods to simplify calculations.
Arts-Based Research Example:
Personal expression in various art forms is use 1.Student Difficulties in General Mathematics:
as a primary mode of inquiry. Remediation and Interventions
Example: 2.A Systemic Approach to Changing Classroom
1.The Role of Arts in Student Achievement in Reading Practices for Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes
2.How Classroom Artistic Structure Motivates Learning
Agriculture Research
Improves productivity and quality of
Research in Humanities crops irrigation, storage methods,
Deals with human culture such as philosophy, effective farm management and
religion, literature, linguistics and history. It marketing of agricultural resources.
includes ancient and modern languages, Agriculture is the backbone of the
human geography, laws, politics and other economic system providing food, raw
social sciences. material and employment opportunities.
Example: Example:
1. Values Education in the Public Schools: Practices and 1.Green Space in School: Social and Environment
Challenges Perspective
2. Children In-Conflict with the Law: A Resolution 2. Is Urban Gardening as a Source of Well-Being?
and Intervention

Fisheries Research
Sports Research Increase the productivity and
Intended for athletes to endure their health management of fishery resources to
and wellness goals through proven high provide food: protect and maintain
quality products. It helps the coaches and different bodies of water for sustainable
athletes to access information and apply it to supply of aquatic resources.
develop programs and techniques in sports. Example:
Example: 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining Inland Fishery
1. Student Involvement in Athletics and their Academic 2.Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy in the
Performance Philippines
2.Sports and Fitness Support on Students in Private
Schools
Information and Communication
Science Research Technology (ICT) Research
Aim to adapt current technology
Discover laws, postulates theories that can
advancement which enhances
explain natural or social phenomena.
development of resources.
Applies systematic and constructed scientific
Example:
method to obtain, analyze and interpret data. A
1.The Role of ICT in the New Normal
strong and testable hypothesis is the
Education
fundamental part of the scientific research.
2.Exploring the Interactive Computer Simulation
Example:
in Private Schools
1.Utilization of Garbage and other Waste Resources as
Cleaning Materials
2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out of Heat Transfer Business Research
Acquire information in business to
maximize the sales and profit. It aids
Social Science Research business companies regulates which
Finds solutions for human behavior gathering product or service is most profitable or in
information about people and societies. demand.
Example: Example:
1.The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment 1.Developing a Framework for Small Scale
Opportunities Business
2. Implementation of Enhanced Community 2.Business Practices and Strategies of Small
Quarantined in Low Risk Area of Catbalogan City Enterprises at SM Mall

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 QUALITATIVE
versus
QUANTITATIVE
The table below provides common contrasts between qualitative and quantitative research.

Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Purpose To understand and interpret To test hypotheses, look at
social interactions cause and effect, and make
predictions
Group studied Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly selected
selected
Variables Study of the whole, not Specific variables studied
variables
Type of Data Collected Words, images, or objects Numbers and statistics
Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as open- Quantitative data based on
ended responses, interviews, precise measurements using
participant observations, field structured and validated data-
notes, and reflections collection instruments
Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, Identify statistical relationships
themes
Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected Objectivity is critical
Role of Researcher Researcher and their biases Researcher and their biases
may be known to participants in are not known to participants in
the study, and participant the study, and participant
characteristics may be known characteristics are deliberately
to the researcher hidden from the researcher
(double blind studies)
Results Particular or specialized Generalizable findings that can
findings that is less be applied to other populations
generalizable
Scientific Method Exploratory or bottom-up: the Confirmatory or top-down: the
researcher generates a new researcher tests the hypothesis
hypothesis and theory from the and theory with the data
data collected
View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social and Regular and predictable
persona;
Most Common Research Explore, discover, and Describe, explain, and predict
Objectives construct
Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the Narrow-angle lens; tests
breadth and depth of specific hypotheses
phenomena
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural Study behavior under
environment controlled; isolate causal
effects
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective Single-reality; objective
Final Report Narrative report with contextual Statistical report with
description and direct correlations, comparisons of
quotations from research means, and statistical
participants significance of findings

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE
Here are some comparisons between qualitative and quantitative research.
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and
in giving solutions to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.

Research Designs
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the
following statements. Shade the circle that corresponds the letter of the
correct answer.
1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
o Responsible Publication
o Non-discrimination
o Respect for colleagues
o Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the
research and its results.
o Care
o Human subjects protection
o Respect for colleagues
o Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
o Voluntary participation
o Informed consent
o Risk of harm
o Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should be done.
o Objectivity 24
o Legality
o Care
o Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study.
o Confidentiality
o Competence
o Legality
o Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
o Honesty
o Objectivity
o Competence
o Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
o Integrity
o Legality
o Social Responsibility
o Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
o Openness
o Respect for intellectual property
o Non-discrimination
o Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
o Talking to him or her privately
o Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
o Writing him or her a letter
o Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
o Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
o Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
o Introducing himself or herself in an interview
o Taking his or her picture

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 Direction: Getting Ethical. Identify the ethical principle or guideline that is associated with each of
the following items listed below.

1. Individuals have a right to limit access to information about themselves.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Includes quoting directly without acknowledging the sources, paraphrasing without acknowledging
the source.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Closely related to the notion of privacy, the right to control the use of information about
themselves.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. When subjects are not competent to agree, they obtain consent through this manner.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Giving information about the research which is relevant to subjects’ decisions whether to
participate.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Essay: How can I apply ethical principles and guidelines when I do research?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Direction: Identify which of the following items on the list below are qualitative or quantitative
studies. Write AYE if it is qualitative, and NAY if it is quantitative study on the second column.
Defend your answer on the third column.
Study’s Description AYE or NAY Defense
1. A survey of voter’s preferences in the May 2022 elections

2. Single parents’ perceptions and experiences regarding

their children’s difficulties
3. A comparative study between male and female
professionals’ time usage of social media
4. The relative policy impact of women legislators on
policymaking
5. The relationship between gender and smoking habits (e.g.
number of cigarette packs per day)
6. A political detainee’s ordeal inside his or her prison cell

7. The correlation between height and IQ level

8. Discriminatory immigration policies of some countries.

9. Population density and environmental degradation.

10. Whether a plant grows faster indoors or outdoors.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
Direction: Draw your own Venn Diagram and illustrate the differences and
similarities between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by filling in
completely the Venn diagram.

Direction: Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing each type in the
correct column.
A. Digital Age
B. Child in
Conflict with
the Law
C. Classroom
Environment
D. Herbal
Medicines
E. Financial
Management

Direction: Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on. Keep in mind
what you have learned from this lesson to justify the specific research type for each chosen topic.
In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the topic you want to pursue.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

I KNEW YOU CAN DO IT!
Well done, Ignacian-Marian.
Congratulations for completing
your module! Don’t forget to fill up
this part to assess your learning.

REFLECTION

THIS WEEK’S LEARNING GOAL HOW IS THIS LEARNING

AND WHAT I LEARNED: IMPORTANT IN MY DAILY LIFE?

THIS WAS EASY: THIS WAS HARD:

I PLAN TO…

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan

Closing Prayer

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Spirit...

God of mercy,
thank you for this community of learning.
Bless the work we have already begun
in this class,
make good its defects,
and let us finish it in a way
that pleases You.

We offer this prayer in the name of Jesus

Christ our Lord.

Amen.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 | Ms. Aura Anne Rose B. Tan