Phone: 800.567.0791 / 810.222.

4525
Email: [email protected]
CONSULAB.COM

A ConsuLab Presentation

AIR CONDITIONING UPDATES

Class Instructor Handout

DICK KRIEGER – VERSION 2015-3
[email protected]
 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

INTRODUCTION
The material in this handout is designed to accompany the Power Point for the Air Conditioning Update class. It is
intended to provide additional resources for the use of instructors and students.

NATEF AND ITS IMPACT ON TEACHING HVAC

Taken from NATEF 2013 Program Standards handbook: (page 37)

6. All MLR instructors must be ASE certified in G1, A4, A5, and A6.
All AST and MAST instructors must hold current ASE certification in G1, A6 and in
the automobile area(s) (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, and A8) they teach.
All MAST instructors teaching Engine Performance must also be ASE certified in L1
– Advanced Engine Performance.
“Instructors that are ASE Master Certified Technicians, but do not currently hold G1 ASE certification will
be required to obtain that certification (G1) at the recertification of their ASE Technician certification(s)
credentials.”

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These are the NATEF tasks required for the MLR level and do not require the purchase of any special tools or
equipment for schools to teach this unit.

NATEF REQUIRED TOOLS & ADAPTERS FOR HVAC

MLR – NO SPECIAL TOOLS ARE REQUIRED FOR THIS LEVEL
AST – A/C COMPRESSOR CLUTCH SERVICE TOOLS
A/C SERVICE PORT ADAPTER SET
DYE INJECTION KIT
HYGROMETER
LEAK DETECTOR (to meet current industry standard)
MANIFOLD GAUGE SET or equivalent to meet industry standard)
REFRIGERANT CHARGING STATION (meet industry standard)
REFRIGERANT RECOVERY/RECYCLING MACHINE (industry standard)
THERMOMETER(s) (digital)
SEALANT DETECTOR KIT
MAST – REFRIGERANT IDENTIFIER EQUIPMENT

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NATEF STANDARDS EVOLUTION

2012 from 2008 (MLR, AST, MAST were established. 1040 hours) They took out some major A/T, HVAC & ENGINE
repair tasks.
2013 - 1200 hours added Auto Trans, Engine and HVAC tasks (that were removed in 2012) were put back in.
Very minor changes in MLR from 2012 to 2013-(added DEF)
2014 - Added academic integration and soft skills (NATEF task sheets are on Halderman’s website – FREE)
www.jameshalderman.com

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
NATEF task sheets for any NATEF area can be downloaded from: www.pearsonhighered.com
If you do not have a registered user name and password, you can request one from Pearson and after validation
of you and your school. It will be sent to you free of charge. Once you receive this information, you will be able to
access and download the following resources for ANY of Halderman books regardless if you use them or not.
1. Chapter Images (huge downloads)
2. Instructor Manual (all correct answers to chapter questions and quizzes)
3. Chapter Power Points and Lesson Plans
4. A customized Test Bank where you can use 1,000’s of existing questions or you can add and customized
your own.
5. NATEF Task Sheets for all nine NATEF areas. These are ready for printing and use by students.
Basic instructions for use of Pearson’s website:
1. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com
2. From the TOP tool bar click on “Browse by discipline”
3. Under Professional & Career, click on Trades & Technology
4. From the list, click on Automotive Technology
5. Choose the book you wish to download resources from:
6. In this example, we will use “Heating & Air Conditioning (A7)
7. Click on the cover image of “Automotive Heating & Air Conditioning, 7/E”
8. From upper right-hand corner, click on “Download resources”
9. You will see the following information:
a- Image Bank (3 large files)
b- Instructors Manual
c- NATEF Task Sheets
d- Lecture Note Power Points
e- Test Bank
f- Additional resources can be added later due to this being a new title
10. If you click on any of the “blue” resource link, a Sign In permission box will pop up asking you for your User
name and Password. If you have this information, enter it now. If you do not, click on “Request Access” and
fill out the necessary information.
11. If you are a teaching at a 2 or 4 year college, you can also contact your Pearson rep from the home page of
Pearson (Step 2)
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Go to: www.jameshalderman.com
1. From the top tool bar choose from the following options:
a- Home
b- Jim’s Books
c- NATEF / ASE
d- Classroom Content
e- Jim’s Stuff
f- Pearson
NOTE: There is an instructional video link at the bottom of the home page that describes how to use the website.
Halderman’s website is totally “free” to anyone wishing to use the information. One main resource missing from his website are
NATEF Task Sheets. These are available from Pearson only. (see above)

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REFRIGERANTS
REFRIGERANTS

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, RULES AND MANDATES:

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, RULES AND MANDATES:
OZONE DEPLETION – Most of the newest refrigerants and the accompanying rules are the result of worldwide
concernsOZONE
about DEPLETION
the atmospheric
– Mostdepletion of the protective
of the newest layerand
refrigerants of the
ozone. It is believedrules
accompanying that are
onethe
of biggest
result ofcontrib-
utors to worldwide
this phenomenon wasabout
concerns the use
theofatmospheric
chlorofluoro-carbons
depletion(CFCs) and hydrofluoro-carbons
of the protective layer of ozone.(HCFCs) especially
It is believed
in refrigerants.
that one In of
1978, the U.S.
biggest banned to
contributors thethis
usephenomenon
of HFC’s as aerosol
was thepropellants. It was noticed that(CFCs)
use of chlorofluoro-carbons the “ozone
and
hydrofluoro-carbons
hole” in Antarctica was growing (HCFCs)
in size.especially
In 1987, the Montreal Protocol
in refrigerants. In 1978,was
thesigned
U.S. banned
and thethe
23use of HFC’s
signatory as
nations
aerosol propellants. It was noticed that the “ozone hole” in Antarctica was growing
(U.S. included) committed themselves to a reduction in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. in size. In 1987,
This wasthe Montreal
a “treaty” Protocol
designed was signed
to regulate howand
thethe 23 signatory
chemicals were nations
handled(U.S. included) committed themselves
and used.
to a reduction in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. This was a “treaty” designed
SECTION to 609 of CLEAN
regulate how theAIRchemicals
ACT- In 1990, Presidentand
were handled Bush signed the Clean Air Act that placed certain require-
used.
ments on the mobile vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) service field. The important sections of this action under
Section SECTION
609 requires
609that the following
of CLEAN be In
AIR ACT- initiated:
1990, President Bush signed the Clean Air Act that placed certain
1-1-1992: on the mobile vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) service field. The important sections of
requirements
Effective
this action under Section 609 requires that the following be initiated:
1. All technicians who1-1-1992:
Effective service or repair mobile air conditioning systems must be properly trained and certified. In
addition, they must use
1- All techniciansapproved refrigerant
who service recovery
or repair andairrecycling
mobile equipment.
conditioning systems must be properly
2. All recovery trained
and recycling machines must be approved.
and certified. In addition, they must use approved refrigerant recovery and recycling
3. Each repair equipment.
facility that performs A/C service on vehicles shall provide proof to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
2- All that it usesand
recovery approved
recyclingrecycling
machinesequipment
must beand that only certified and trained technicians are
approved.
3- Each repair
operating this equipment. facility that performs A/C service on vehicles shall provide proof to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that it uses approved recycling equipment and that
Effective 11-15-92:
only certified and trained technicians are operating this equipment.
1. That the sales of small
Effective cans of R12 (less than 20 lbs total) will be restricted for certified technicians only.
11-15-92:
1- That the sales of small cans of R12 (less than 20 lbs total) will be restricted for certified
Effective 11-14-94:
technicians only.
1. MVAC (Mobile Vehicle Air Conditioning) service technicians must be certified to purchase EPA approved
Effective 11-14-94:
blended refrigerants.
1- MVAC (Mobile Vehicle Air Conditioning) service technicians must be certified to purchase
Effective 1-29-98:EPA approved blended refrigerants.
1. EquipmentEffective
used to1-29-98:
recover and/or recycle R134a refrigerant must meet SAE standards.
1- Equipment used to recover and/or recycle R134a refrigerant must meet SAE standards.
2. MVAC service technicians must be certified to handle non-ozone depleting refrigerants including R134a.
2- MVAC service technicians must be certified to handle non-ozone depleting refrigerants
including R134a.

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GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) - The GWP of a refrigerant is its global warming impact relative to the
impact of the same quantity of carbon dioxide over a 100 year period. The chart is based on all refrigerants com-
pared to R744 which has a GWP of 1. It is based on how long it takes the refrigerant to break down after release
into the atmosphere into harmless gases that do not break down the ozone layer.
EUROPEAN PHASE OUT OF R134a – The concern about climate change has caused the European community to
try and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Part of this requirement is to require that refrigerants must have
a GWP of less than 150. Some common refrigerants GWP ratings are:
• R12 – 2,400
• R22 – 1,700 (a previously common household refrigerant)
• R134a – 1,300
• R1234yf – 4
• R744 (carbon dioxide) – 1 (a very common industrial refrigerant)
The rule was originally set to take place in 2011 with the accompanying ban of R134a refrigerant in the manufac-
ture of new vehicles. This the primary reason that U.S. car manufacturers have started to equip their newest ve-
hicles with R1234yf refrigerant in the attempt to meet the European mandates for sales of U.S. vehicles in Europe.
KYOTO PROTOCOL – With continued concern over global warming allegedly caused from leaking refrigerants,
many nations met in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. The result of this meeting was to develop the impact of various refriger-
ants combined with the energy required to perform the desired cooling objective. In the future, it was hoped that
each nation would reduce its negative impact on the total environment to near zero. Many factors concerning emis-
sions and energy use was considered. The U.S. did not sign this agreement.
SNAP PROGRAM – Section 612 of the Clean Air Act set up the Significant New Alternative Policy (SNAP) that
was designed to determine acceptable refrigerant replacements for CFC and HFC refrigerants. SNAP is run by the
EPA and it identifies and approves alternative refrigerants based on many factors such as global warming potential,
flammability and toxicity. This resulted in R134a being approved as a replacement for R12. The policies of an ap-
proved SNAP refrigerant states that:
• All service fittings must be unique and different from any other refrigerant
• Each refrigerant must have a unique color and identifying label
• On systems with a high pressure release device, the system must now have a high-pressure cutoff switch
• All original refrigerant labels must be removed
• With blended refrigerants that contain CFC-22, all system hoses must be replaced with less permeable
hoses
• All original refrigerant must be properly removed before replacing with alternative
• Refrigerants containing R22 or an R22 blend will be phased out
• R1234yf is now a SNAP approved refrigerant

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REFRIGERANTS
HOW ARE REFRIGERANTS NAMED? (more information that you really wanted to know)
The procedure as to how refrigerants are scientifically named is quite complicated and has no value for the HVAC
technician. It is included here just for general information to those who want to know. The system is based on the
actual number of hydrogen, carbon and fluorine atoms in the specific refrigerant molecule. It uses a 4-character de-
sign with letter “a” added to at the end to indicate whether the molecule is with symmetrical or asymmetrical. One
of the most common methods of numbering is the example of: C (minus 1), H (plus 1) and F. Therefore in the case
of R12….R12 has 1C (1-1=0), O H (0+1=1) and 2F (2), to get 012 or 12. The R12 molecule is symmetrical which
indicates both sides are the same.
The R134a molecule is asymmetrical (which is indicated by the “a” in the suffix) which means that the left and right
molecular sides are different, so an “a” is added to it.
Technically, the actual name for R12 should be CFC-12. The CFC indicates that the refrigerant is made of chlorol-
fluorocarbons. , HFC-134a indicates that it is made from hydrofluorocarbon. The HCFC-22 which is a previously
common household refrigerant is made from hydrochlorofluorocarbon.
The actual technical name for R12 should be CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane). This indicates that the molecule
has two (di) chlorine atoms and two fluorine atoms and the suffix methane indicates there is one carbon atom.
In dealing with carbon-based molecules, a single C indicates “methanes”, a double C indicates “ethanes” and a
triple C indicates “propanes”, etc.

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 The R134a molecule is asymmetrical (which is indicated by the “a” in the suffix) which means that the
left and right molecular sides are different, so an “a” is added to it.

Technically, the actual name for R12 should be CFC-12. The CFC indicates that the refrigerant is made
of chlorolfluorocarbons. , HFC-134a indicates that it is made from hydrofluorocarbon. The HCFC-22
which is a previously common household refrigerant is made from hydrochlorofluorocarbon.

The actual technical name for R12 should be CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane). This indicates that the
molecule has two (di) chlorine atoms and two fluorine atoms and the suffix methane indicates there is

A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S
one carbon atom.

In dealing with carbon-based molecules, a single C indicates “methanes”, a double C indicates

“ethanes” and a triple C indicates “propanes”, etc.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Refrigerant storage containers are regulated by the EPA which mandates tank color and Refrigerant storage containers are regulated by the
EPA which mandates tank color and labeling. The
newest refrigerant is R1234yf and the container will
labeling. The newest refrigerant is R1234yf and the container will be white in color with a
be white in color with a red colored band on the
container. There are currently two manufacturers

red colored band on the container. There are currently two manufacturers R1234yf – Dupont
R1234yf – Dupont and Honeywell. Dupont’s brand
Name is “OPTEON” and Honeywell’s is “SOLSTICE”.

and Honeywell. Dupont’s brand Name is “OPTEON” and Honeywell’s is “SOLSTICE”.

Honda Pilot (coming) Toyota Tundra (coming)

BMW I3 & I8 EV (2015)

R134a and R1234yf are very close in temperature/pressure performance

R134a and R1234yf are very close in temperature/pressure performance
There is a large debate currently going on between some vehicle manufacturers and both the European Community
and also the EPA regarding whether or not R1234yf refrigerant is flammable to the point of being dangerous. Some
There is a large debate currently going on between some vehicle manufacturers and both the
OEM’s have conducted their ownand
European Community tests
also to
the“prove” that itwhether
EPA regarding is, while others
or not have
R1234yf conducted
refrigerant teststothat they say prove it
is flammable
the point of being dangerous. Some OEM’s have conducted their
isn’t. The debate continues and hopefully will be brought to a conclusion soon. own tests to “prove” that it is, while
others have conducted tests that they say prove it isn’t. The debate continues and hopefully will be
brought to a conclusion soon.

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This vehicle system is equipped with R744 refrigerant. WARNING – Operating pressures for
R744 systems can be 6-10 times that of R134a. Do not service this type of equipment without
proper training and equipment.

This vehicle system is equipped with R744 refrigerant. WARNING – Operating pressures for
R744 systems can be 6-10 times that of R134a. Do not service this type of equipment without
proper training and equipment.

QUESTION:
Will R134a systems be required to be retrofitted to R1234yf??
ANSWER:
No. There is no current mandate to require the retrofitting of existing R134a systems with R1234yf. If
a vehicle came from the manufacturer with R1234yf, then this refrigerant must be used when servicing
the vehicle. The servicing will require a special Recovery & Recycling machine. R134a is now and will
continue to be the “primary” refrigerant for most vehicles. However, DO NOT try to remove R1234yf
from a system and replace with R134a even though they have similar operating characteristics.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

If a vehicle is equipped with an R744 A/C system, it may have a “secondary” system designed
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/
to keep the carbon dioxide out of the passenger compartment due to the toxicity of CO2 to
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/refrigerants/qa.html
http://www.aa1car.com/library/newac2k.htm
humans. See above drawing. It uses a “HEAT EXCHANGER” to cool passenger compartment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
air. The primary loop is the R744 refrigerant system and the secondary loop is from the heat
http://www.treehugger.com/cars/honeywell-defends-r1234yf-refrigerant-against-daimler.html
exchanger into the passenger compartment.
http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/tag/r1234yf/
http://www.autoindustryinsider.com/?p=5697
http://www.ac4cars.co.uk/r1234yf.html
www.macsw.org

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Some interesting reading about R1234yf, R744 and R152a:

http://articles.sae.org/11667/
http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/tag/r1234yf/
http://www.epa.gov/cpd/mac/152a/FINAL%20HFC%20
152a%2OREPORT.pdf/

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WARNING: What is an HC refrigerant??

A “hydrocarbon” (HC) refrigerant is usually a butane/propane blend that of course, is extremely flammable. It is ac-
could result in a vehicle explosion. Some HC refrigerants are still sold to DIY-ers primarily because it
tually a very efficient refrigerant, but can
should
be usednever
in both be used
R12 and in systems.
R134a a vehicle’s system.
However, Currently,
if it is used, the EPA
it will contaminate and 19 states
the entire
have legally banned flammable refrigerants. A leak in the evaporator could result in a vehicle explosion.asSome HC
system and make repairs more difficult and expensive. BEWARE of refrigerants that are branded
HC-12a or HC refrigerants. Some vehicles in and from Mexico can commonly have HC refrigerants
refrigerants are still sold to DIY-ers primarily because
installed. WARNING- it can
Always use abe used identifier
refrigerant in bothtoR12 anddetermine
accurately R134awhat systems.
type of However, if it
is used, it will contaminate the entire these
system and make repairs more difficult and expensive. BEWARE of refriger-
refrigerant is in the system before servicing or hooking up your equipment to the system. I have seen
refrigerants sold in ALL of the major auto parts retailers. Check it out for yourself.
ants that are branded as HC-12a or HC refrigerants. Some vehicles in and from Mexico can commonly have HC
refrigerants installed.
WARNING- Always use a refrigerant identifier to accurately determine what type of refrigerant is in the system before
servicing or hooking up your equipment to the system. I have seen these refrigerants sold in ALL of the major auto
parts retailers. Check it out for yourself.

REFRIGERANT OILS

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QUESTION:
Will R134a systems be required to be retrofitted to R1234yf??
ANSWER:
No. There is no current mandate to require the retrofitting of existing R134a systems with R1234yf. If a vehicle
came from the manufacturer with R1234yf, then this refrigerant must be used when servicing the vehicle. The
servicing will require a special Recovery & Recycling machine. R134a is now and will continue to be the “primary”
refrigerant for most vehicles. However, DO NOT try to remove R1234yf from a system and replace with R134a
even though they have similar operating characteristics.

QUESTION:
Will I have to have a license to purchase R1234yf refrigerant?
ANSWER:
No, there are currently no restrictions on who can purchase R1234yf. The EPA did not require special certification
for this refrigerant
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/
http://www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/refrigerants/qa.html
http://www.aa1car.com/library/newac2k.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
http://www.treehugger.com/cars/honeywell-defends-r1234yf-refrigerant-against-daimler.html
http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/tag/r1234yf/
http://www.autoindustryinsider.com/?p=5697
http://www.ac4cars.co.uk/r1234yf.html
http://www.macsw.org

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REFRIGERANT OILS

2015-01-21
Refrigerant oils are critical
Refrigerant oils for
are proper A/C
critical for system
proper performance.
A/C system TheyThey
performance. are mixed
are mixedwith
with the refrigerantandand
the refrigerant flowflow through
through the system with it. They are primarily needed to lubricate the A/C compressor and
the system with it. They are primarily needed to lubricate the A/C compressor and any other moving parts such as any other moving
parts such as the TXV (thermal expansion valve). Having the proper amount of oil in the system is also critical.
the TXV (thermal expansion
Too much valve).
oil can cause Having the
performance properand
problems amount of oildamage.
component in the system
Too littleis
oilalso critical.the
can damage TooA/Cmuch oil can
cause performance problems
compressor and component
often requiring damage. Too little oil can damage the A/C compressor often requiring
replacement.
replacement. COMPONENTS - UPDATE
There are many types of different refrigerant oils available for A/C systems today. Older R12 systems used
There are many typesoilof
mineral different
which actuallyrefrigerant
was mixed withoils the
available for and
refrigerant A/Cwas
systems today.
“invisible” whenOlder R12
properly systems
mixed. R134aused mineral
systems commonly used PAG oil. PAG stands for “polyalkylene glycol” Another oil is POE (polyol ester) and is
oil which actually was mixed with the refrigerant and was “invisible” when properly mixed. R134a systems com-
COMPRESSORS
used in “some” R134a system. Both PAG and POE oils are not soluble with R134a and are merely circulated in
monly used PAG oil. PAG
the system stands
by the for “polyalkylene glycol” Another oil is POE (polyol ester) and is used in “some”
refrigerant.
R134a system. Both PAG and POE oils are not soluble with R134a and are merely circulated in the system by the
Refrigerant oils also can vary in viscosity. Common viscosities are 46, 100 and 150. ALWAYS confirm what the
refrigerant. This is one of the primary reasons that sight glasses are no longer used on receiver/driers. A normal
manufacturer recommends as to the type and viscosity of refrigerant oil to use. This information is also
functioning R134a
locatedsystem will display
on the system tag thata lists
foaming flow of oil
the refrigerant andbecause
amount ofitcharge
is notinmixed
ounceswith thegrams.
and/or refrigerant, but is
The specific
“pushed” through theviscosity
oil and system or with it.
manufacturer number will also appear.

Refrigerant oils alsochanging

When can vary A/Cincompressors,
viscosity. Common
evaporatorsviscosities areit46,
or condensers, 100 andto150.
is important ALWAYS
always drain andconfirm
measure what
the the
manufacturer amount
recommends as to the
of oil removed fromtype and viscosity
the component beingof refrigerant
changed. This isoilespecially
to use. true
Thisforinformation
compressorsisand
also located on
the system tagcondensers. Having the right volume of oil in the system is critical to proper system performance.
that lists the refrigerant and amount of charge in ounces and/or grams. The specific oil and viscosity
or manufacturer number will also appear.
When changing A/C compressors, evaporators CONSULAB
or condensers,
EM-101 it is important to always drain and measure the
2015-01-21
amount of oil removed from the component being changed. This is especially true for compressors and condens-
ers. Having the right volume of oil in the system is critical to proper system performance.

Refrigerant Oil Injectors

REFRIGERANT OILS
MINERAL OIL – R12 (NEVER mix this oil with any PAG, POE or
Robinair
other lubricants)
Airsept
PAG OIL – R134a (can vary greatly in viscosity and additives)(46- Mastercool
100 & 150 are common)
POE (esters) – Some R134a & some R12 retrofit systems
CHRYSLER’S PAG OIL (ND-12) is for R1234yf, but is backwards
compatible with R134a. Do not use regular R134a oil in R1234yf Tracerline Viper

systems because it does not contain the acid reduction additives

NEVER ASSUME!! Always check with service information or the

vehicle refrigerant tag for the correct listed refrigerant oil.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wuqvQEn9wQ “What oil to use in my A/C system”

http://www.aa1car.com/library/pagoil.htm “A/C oil application chart”
2015-01-21
2015-01-21
http://www.napaonline.com/Catalog/CatalogItemDetail.aspx/A-C-Refrigerant-Oil-Universal/_/R-
BK_7653512_0006532940 “UNIVERSAL refrigerant oil” Most OEM’s suggest not using this.
http://www.autoactech.com/issues.htm “Which refrigerant oil to use?”
http://www.johnsens.com/uploads/files/regulatory_lubricantguide4.pdf “Oil application chart by vehicle”
Consider
Considerpurchasing
purchasinga “SEALANT
a “SEALANTDETECTOR”
DETECTOR”toto
prevent damage
prevent damagetoto
your
yourrecycling
recyclingmachine…….
machine…….
SEALANT DETECTOR
Consider purchasing a SEALANT DETECTOR to prevent damage to your recycling machine...

Sealant detector kits are invaluable for protecting your expensive recycling/recovery machines. They are relative
inexpensive when considering the cost of replacing or overhauling a recovery machine that is contaminated with
sealant. About $280.00 from Neutronics.
http://shop.refrigerantid.net/product.sc?productId=6&categoryId=2 Website for product
http://www.imcool.com/articles/aircondition/ac_sealants_p1.htm Article on sealants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNKPqmLNI3M Neutronics sealant video link
https://www.youtube.com/user/ntron1/videos Link to many videos from Neutronics on sealants and sealant detection

Consider purchasing a refrigerant filter that will

remove sealants and other contaminates before
it enters the recycling/recovery machine.
There are several products out there designed to
protect machines from contamination. It is sug-
gested that owners consider purchasing them for
their equipment.

http://www.robinair.com/sites/default/files/04-29.pdf

2020 17
consulab.com
 Consider purchasing a refrigerant filter that will remove sealants and other contaminates before it
enters the recycling/recovery machine.
A I R C O NThere
D I TareI Oseveral
N I Nproducts
G U PoutD AT ES
there designed to protect machines from contamination. It is
suggested that owners consider purchasing them for their equipment.

REFRIGERANT CYCLE
REFRIGERANT CYCLE

The“cycle”
The refrigerant refrigerant “cycle” describes
describes the flow the flow of refrigerant
of refrigerant in theintypical
the typical air conditioningsystem
air conditioning system consisting
consisting of a COM-
of a COMPRESSOR, CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR and some type of expansion device which could be an
PRESSOR, CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR and some type of expansion device
ORIFICE TUBE, THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE or TXV H-BLOCK TYPE. It is important to remember which could bethatan ORIFICE TUBE,
THERMAL EXPANSION
the refrigerantVALVE or TXV
boils in the H-BLOCK
evaporator TYPE. Itinistheimportant
and condenses condenser.toAsremember thatboils,
the refrigerant the refrigerant
it boils in
absorbs
the evaporator significant amounts
and condenses in the of latent heat from
condenser. As thetherefrigerant
air blowing across
boils, the evaporator
it absorbs thus cooling
significant the
amounts of latent
inside of the vehicle.
heat from the air blowing across the evaporator thus cooling the inside of the vehicle.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

TXV SYSTEM

The system is divided into two halves- The LOW SIDE is made up of the expansion device (orifice tube or TXV),
The system is divided into two halves- The LOW SIDE is made up of the expansion device (orifice tube or TXV),
the accumulator (if used), the compressor and the connecting lines and hoses. The HIGH SIDE is made up of
thethe
accumulator (if used), the compressor and the connecting lines and hoses. The HIGH SIDE is made up of
expansion device (orifice tube or TXV), the receiver/drier (if used), the condenser, compressor and the
the expansion device (orifice tube or TXV), the receiver/drier (if used), the condenser, compressor and the TXV
SYSTEM connecting lines and hoses. So, the expansion device (orifice tube or TXV) and the compressor are the
beginning and end of the two sides.

ORIFICE TUBE SYSTEM

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A I R C O N D IORIFICE
T I O N ITUBE
N G USYSTEM
P D AT E S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TYPICAL CONDENSER TYPICAL EVAPORATOR

CONSULAB ORIFICE TUBE TRAINER EM-2000-OT

CONSULAB ORIFICE TUBE TRAINER EM-2000-OT

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S
CONSULAB ORIFICE TUBE TRAINER EM-2000-OT

CONSULAB
CONSULAB TXV TRAINER TXV TRAINER EM-2000-TXV
EM-2000-TXV

CONSULAB
CONSULAB TXV-H-BLOCK TXV-H-BLOCK
TRAINER TRAINER EM-2000-HB
EM-2000-HB

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 2015-01-21
A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

COMPONENTS- —
COMPONENTS UPDATE
UPDATE

COMPRESSORS

CONSULAB EM-101

There are several different types of air conditioning compressors used in today’s vehicles. Compressors are
categorized by the internal design of the unit. The older vehicles used a piston type compressor that had a
There are several connecting
crankshaft, different types of air
rod and conditioning
pistons. compressors
York, Tecumseh used in today’s
and Borg-Warner vehicles.
were among theCompressors
most commonare cat-
egorized by the internal design of the unit. The older vehicles used a piston type compressor that had They
manufacturers. Because of their size and weight, they are no longer used for automotive applications. a crankshaft,
connecting rodused
are still andinpistons. York,
industrial Tecumseh and Borg-Warner were among the most common manufacturers.
applications.
REFRIGERANT OILS
Because of their size and weight, they are no longer used for automotive applications. They are still used in indus-
MINERAL OIL – R12 (NEVER mix this oil with any PAG, POE or
trial applications. other lubricants)
PAG OIL – R134a (can vary greatly in viscosity and additives)(46-
100 & 150 are common)
POE (esters) – Some R134a & some R12 retrofit systems
CHRYSLER’S PAG OIL (ND-12) is for R1234yf, but is backwards
compatible with R134a. Do not use regular R134a oil in R1234yf
systems because it does not contain the acid reduction additives

NEVER ASSUME!! Always check with service information or the

vehicle refrigerant tag for the correct listed refrigerant oil.

PISTON TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

The RADIAL compressor was used for years by OEM’s but is now a bit of a rarity.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

RADIAL TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

The RADIAL compressor was used for years by OEM’s but is now a bit of a rarity.

RADIAL TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

SCROLL TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

COAXIAL
As the orbital (moving) scroll moves within(SWASH PLATE)
the stationary TYPE
scroll, A/C (double
it forms pumpingpiston)
chambers/gas pockets that start
COMPRESSOR
at the suction port and forces the refrigerant to the discharge port at the center.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

VANE TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

As the rotor turns in a counterclockwise direction, the vanes move in and out to follow the contour of the housing.
This action forms chambers that get larger at the suction ports and smaller at the discharge ports. Evaporator
pressure fills the chambers as they get larger, and the reducing size forces the refrigerant into the high side.

AXIAL (WOBBLE PLATE) TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

RADIAL TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

COAXIAL (SWASH PLATE) TYPE A/C (double piston)

COAXIAL (SWASH PLATE) TYPE A/C (double piston) AXIAL (WOBBLE PLATE) TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT A/C COMPRESSORS

A variable displacement compressor can change the angle of the wobble plate and piston stroke. This angle is changed
by a control valve that senses evaporator pressure, which in turn changes wobble chamber pressure. Variable displace-
ment A/C compressors are controlled by either a “MANUAL” or “ELECTRONIC” control valve. The manual valve consists
of a diaphragm acted upon by compressor crankcase pressure. As the evaporator outlet temperature (pressure) rises and
falls, the diaphragm causes the crankcase pressure to move the wobble plate in either direction. Increased wobble plate
angle will increase compressor displacement and output and decreased wobble plate angle will decrease compressor dis-
placement (output). MOST MANUAL VALVE VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS WILL HAVE AN ELECTRIC
CLUTCH. The electronic control valve does not have a diaphragm, but instead has a crankcase pressure control valve
that is controlled by a computer (BCM or other module) based on inputs from various temperature and/or pressure sen-
sors. It is duty-cycled to meet the needs of the outlet temperature of the evaporator. Most vehicles today use the electronic
control valve. This is important to know when diagnosing a low pressure problem. The compressor may be completely
capable of creating the required pressure, but the control valve or circuit is not responding to system demands. A simple
pressure or temperature or other sensor could cause this problem. Never replace the compressor until all OEM diagnostic
strategies are followed.

A variable displacement compressor can change the angle of the wobble plate and piston stroke. This angle is
changed by a control valve that senses evaporator pressure, which in turn changes wobble chamber pressure.
When the evaporator cools and low-side pressure drops, the piston stroke of a variable displacement compres-
sor is reduced so that compressor output matches the cooling load. Variable displacement A/C compressors are
controlled by either an internal mechanical control valve or and electronic valve that is pulse-width operated by a
module. The manual valve option is shown here.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

AXIAL (WOBBLE PLATE) VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT TYPE A/C COMPRESSOR

MOST ALL MANUAL VALVE

VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
A/C COMPRESSORS WILL
HAVE AN ELECTROMAGNET
CLUTCH

CONTROL VALVES

MECHANICAL (INTERNAL) ELECTRONIC (EXTERNAL)

MECHANICAL CONTROL VALVES

Mechanical control valves are located inside the compressor and consist of a calibrated diaphragm that is
acted upon by compressor crankcase pressure.
Crankcase pressure is monitored on most variable displacement compressors and is used to adjust angle of the
swash plate through the control valve.
As crankcase pressure is reduced, the angle of the swash plate is increased (by a spring) resulting in higher com-
pressor displacement.
Evaporator outlet temperature (pressure) exerts a pressure on the diaphragm causing it to vent crankcase
pressure to the suction side which causes the swash plate to become more angled (more output).
ELECTRONIC CONTROL VALVES
Electronic control valves use PWM signals to control compressor output. Uses temperature, RPM, load and pres-
sure sensors to input to control valve. Duty cycle controlled by either a module or PCM. Also uses various feed-
back circuits from sensors to confirm proper operation.
Much more “sensitive” and accurate than mechanical valves. Most use electronic today especially with clutch-less
compressors.
Some vehicles allow scan tool control of compressor during diagnosis and testing.
PCM, HVAC module or other electronic modules can receive sensor inputs and control duty cycle of control valve.
High duty cycle equals a high cooling load and more compressor output. Some electronic control valve variable
displacement compressors do not use an electro-magnetic clutch, but are “clutch-less” and run constantly.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

CLUTCHLESS A/C COMPRESSORS

in
Some A/C compressors on today’s vehicles do not have an electric clutch to drive the compressor. The
compressor runs all the time through a one-piece damper drive. It can contain shear devices to prevent
Some A/C compressors on today’s vehicles do not have an electric clutch to drive the compressor. The compressor
damage in the event of a compressor lockup.

runs all the time through a one-piece damper drive. It can contain shear devices to prevent damage in the event of
a compressor lockup.

DAMPER DRIVE, CLUTCHLESS PULLEY

This tag on the service port indicates a damper-drive compressor that can be damaged if the engine is
runinwithout refrigerant in the system.
Some A/C compressors on today’s vehicles do not have an electric clutch to drive the compressor. The
compressor runs all the time through a one-piece damper drive. It can contain shear devices to prevent
damage in the event of a compressor lockup.

This tag on the service This

porttagindicates a port
on the service damper-drive compressor
indicates a damper-drive
run without refrigerant in the system.
that that
compressor cancanbebedamaged if engine
damaged if the the engine
is is run without
refrigerant in the system.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

Many vehicles today use “stretch-to-fit” belts that have no means of adjustment. They are cut to be removed
Many vehicles today use “stretch-to-fit” belts that have no means of adjustment. They are cut to be removed and
and usually a special installation tool is used to install.
usually a special installation tool is used to install.

When replacing a compressor, it is critical to drain and measure the oil from old and new compressor. Then
compare with specifications and fill new compressor with proper amount.

When replacing a compressor, it is critical to drain and measure the oil from old and new compressor. Then com-
pare with specifications and fill new compressor with proper amount.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

TYPICAL HYBRID VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT ELECTRIC COMPRESSOR

Hybrid A/C compressors operate from high voltage supplied by the vehicles HV battery. Extreme caution must be
observed when servicing the compressor to prevent injury or death. Be sure to follow all vehicle service procedures
regarding the proper method of putting the vehicle in “service mode” which disconnects the high voltage to these
components. Always follow OEM service information when working on any vehicle component.

Some hybrid A/C compressors can be both belt and electric motor driven. The electric motor often operates when
the vehicle is in “stealth” or pure hybrid mode without the internal combustion engine operating. Be sure to always
follow OEM service information when servicing any vehicle component. NEVER ASSUME!!!

Be sure to always check with OEM service information for the proper oil used with hybrid compressors.

consulab.com 29
 A variable displacement compressor can change the angle of the wobble plate and piston stroke. This angle is
changed by a control valve that senses evaporator pressure, which in turn changes wobble chamber pressure.
When the evaporator cools and low-side pressure drops, the piston stroke of a variable displacement compressor
is reduced so that compressor output matches the cooling load. Variable displacement A/C compressors are
controlled by either an internal mechanical control valve or and electronic valve that is pulse-width operated by a
A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S
module. The manual valve option is shown here

CONTROL DEVICES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONTROL DEVICES
ORIFICE TUBE
ORIFICE TUBE:

The orifice tube was the most common restriction device used on automotive air conditioning systems
for many years. Although it offered generally satisfactory performance, because it was a fixed orifice,
The orifice tube was the most common restriction device used on automotive air conditioning systems for many
it was engineered as a compromise of the correct amount of refrigerant needed in the evaporator,
years. Although
especially itduring
offered generally
extreme satisfactory
conditions. Orificeperformance,
tubes are made because it was
different a fixed
by the orifice,
size of it was engineered as
the restriction
a compromise
hole inside. Larger diameter holes are used for larger vehicles requiring more refrigerant andextreme
of the correct amount of refrigerant needed in the evaporator, especially during a higher conditions.
Orifice cooling
tubes are
load.made different
Some orifice by theare
tubes sizeidentified
of the restriction
by a colorholecoded inside.
stripeLarger
on thediameter
tube whileholes
others areuse
used for larger
specific part numbers. When installing orifice tubes, it is important to identify the proper
vehicles requiring more refrigerant and a higher cooling load. Some orifice tubes are identified by a color coded flow of
refrigerant
stripe on the tubedirection.
while othersMostuseorifice tubes
specific arenumbers.
part installed with
When theinstalling
longer screen
orificetowards
tubes, the
it is condenser.
important to identify the
Some have a directional arrow pointing in the direction of refrigerant flow. Other tubes have a flow
proper arrow
flow ofstamped
refrigerant direction. Most orifice tubes are installed with the longer screen towards the condenser.
on the tube to indicate proper installation direction.
Some have a directional arrow pointing in the direction of refrigerant flow. Other tubes have a flow arrow stamped
on the tube to indicate proper installation direction.

nOrifice tubes are generally located in the liquid

Orifice tubes are generally located in the liquid Special
Orificentubes are generally located in the liquid line exit- Special
Special orifice tube
orifice tuberemoving
tools aretools
removing areare
tools toavailable to to
available
line exitinglinethe condenser
exiting and and
the condenser heading toward
heading toward orifice tube removing available
assist
thethe
theingevaporator.
the condenser andfor
Look
the evaporator. heading
a for
Look dimpledtoward the
or or
a dimpled evaporator.
crimped
crimped
assist
assist theremoval
removal
removal ofespecially
of tubes
oftubes
tubes especially
those that those
especially have that have
those that have
been contaminated with system deposits commonly
been contaminated with system deposits commonly
Look
area forarea
next to anext
a dimpledto aor
threaded threaded
crimped connection.
area next
connection. TheThe
to a threaded been
called
called contaminated
“black death”.
“black with
Black death
death”. system
Blackis death deposits
normallyisthe result commonly
normally the result
dimples indicate the probable location of the
dimples indicate
connection. Thethe probable
dimples location
indicate of the location
the probable of acalled
of
defective
a “blackcompressor
death”. Black
compressor
defective
and the death
deposits
and the
fromis normally
severe
deposits fromthe result
severe
orifice. Always refer to OEM service information wear are filtered out by the orifice tube which in turn
orifice. Always
of the orifice. refer
when replacing to OEM
Always orifice service
refer totubes. information
OEM service information of aexcessive
wear
causes defective
are filtered compressor
out or
restriction bycomplete andblockage.
the orificethe deposits
tube which from severe
in turn
when
whenreplacing
replacingorifice
orificetubes.
tubes. wear are
causes filteredrestriction
excessive out by theororifice tubeblockage.
complete which in turn
H-BLOCK TXV (THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE) causes excessive restriction or complete blockage.
H-BLOCK TXV (THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE)
consulab.com 30
 nOrifice tubes are generally located in the liquid Special orifice tube removing tools are available t
line exiting the condenser and heading toward
assist the removal of tubes especially those that h
the evaporator. Look for a dimpled or crimped
been contaminated with system deposits commo
area next to a threaded connection. The called “black death”. Black death is normally the
AIR C O N D I T I Odimples
N I N Gindicate
U P D AT
theEprobable
S location of the of a defective compressor and the deposits from
orifice. Always refer to OEM service information wear are filtered out by the orifice tube which in
when replacing orifice tubes. causes excessive restriction or complete blockage
H-BLOCK TXV (THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE)
H-BLOCK TXV (THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE)

The H-Block TXV is becoming the most common method of controlling the refrigerant flow into the evaporator. It is
popular because it isThe
ableH-Block
to adjustTXV is becoming
to varying the most
conditions common
and can method
accurately of controlling
control the refrigerant
refrigerant flow flow into the
during all driv-
evaporator. It is popular because it is able to adjust to varying conditions and can accurately control
ing and A/C load demands.
refrigerant flow during all driving and A/C load demands.
The H-Block is normally located on or near the vehicle firewall close to the evaporator. It will have four refrigerant
lines connected to it. The smallest diameter line comes from the receiver/drier and the condenser. This is the liquid
line. The liquid line enters the lower portion of the H-Block. The other end of this line connects to the inlet of the
evaporator. Between the inlet and outlet of the H-Block is a pintle or ball type valve that controls how much refriger-
ant flows through the H-Block and thus into the evaporator.
The two larger lines on the upper section of the H-Block come from the evaporator outlet and after leaving the
H-Block, flows on to the compressor. The flow of refrigerant leaving the evaporator is directed across a sensing
element that measures the temperature of the refrigerant. Because temperature and pressure are directly related,
the sensing element controls the pintle or ball valve below it. Thus, if the evaporator outlet temperature is high, the
sensing element will hold the pintle or ball valve open longer to admit more refrigerant into the evaporator. As the
temperature drops, the sensing element will begin to close the pintle or ball valve to reduce the amount of refriger-
ant flowing into the evaporator. The refrigerant is constantly monitored and controlled by the H-Block.

consulab.com 31
 temperature is high, the sensing element will hold the pintle or ball valve open longer to admit more
refrigerant into the evaporator. As the temperature drops, the sensing element will begin to close the p
or ball valve to reduce the amount of refrigerant flowing into the evaporator. The refrigerant is constan
monitored and controlled by the H-Block.
A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM SERVICE AND REPAIR:
SYSTEM SERVICE AND REPAIR

The R-R-R machine youThe are R-R-R

using machine
MUST match the refrigerant
you are using MUST that is installed
match in the system.
the refrigerant that isAlways useinan
installed theidenti-
system. Always u
fier PRIOR to installing your R-R-R machine to avoid expensive contamination of the machine from refrigerant
identifier PRIOR to installing your R-R-R machine to avoid expensive contamination of the machine from
blends, sealants and hydrocarbon
refrigerant refrigerant.
blends or hydrocarbon refrigerant.

consulab.com 32
 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

Conduct a “feel
Conduct test” test”
a “feel at different parts of
at different theofrestriction devicedevice
(TXV, Orifice Tube or H-Block). If theseIf these
is a change
Conduct a “feel test” at different partsparts
Conduct ofa “feel the
test”restriction
the restriction deviceparts
at different (TXV,(TXV,
of Orifice
Orifice TubeTube or H-Block).
ordevice
theorrestriction H-Block).
(TXV, If theseTube
Orifice is H-Block).
is a or a If these is a
in temperature
change in at another
temperature location
change in temperature at anotherat in
another the system,
location
location init indicates
the
in the system, system, a restriction
it indicates
it indicates a partial blockage
restriction
a restriction or of
partial
or itpartial
some type.
blockage
blockage
A
of digital
of or partial blockage of
change in temperature at another location in the system, indicates a restriction
infrared
somesomethermometer
type.
type. A digital can be
A digital
infrared athermometer
valuable
infrared
some toolAwhen
thermometer
type. can can
be
digital performing
be
ainfrared
valuable this
tooltest.
a valuable tool
thermometerwhen when performing
performing
can be this when
this tool
a valuable test.test. performing this test.

The smart technician will always check for stored DTC’s with a scan tool. Be sure to access the proper area and in
many cases only a OEM type scan tool or enhanced global tool can access HVAC DTC’s or datastream.

consulab.com 33
 The smart technician will always check for stored DTC’s with a scan tool. Be sure to access the proper area
AIR Cand
O NinD Imany
The cases
T I Osmart
N only
U Pa DOEM
I N Gtechnician Etype
ATwill scancheck
Salways tool orfor
enhanced global
stored DTC’s toola can
with scanaccess HVAC
tool. Be sureDTC’s or datastream.
to access the proper
and in many cases only a OEM type scan tool or enhanced global tool can access HVAC DTC’s or datas

TYPICAL
TYPICAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE GAUGE
GAUGE READINGS
READINGS FORFORA NORMALLY
A NORMALLY OPERATING
OPERATING SYSTEM
SYSTEM
TYPICAL PRESSURE GAUGE READINGS FOR A NORMALLY OPERATING SYSTEM
When performance testing an A/Ctesting
When performance system,analways take notealways
A/C system, of the pressure
take notegauge readings
of the andgauge
pressure compare with and compare
readings
OEM specifications.
with OEM When
Above performance testing
is a listing ofAbove
specifications. “normal” aanlisting
A/C system,
is pressure readings
of always takecommon
and pressure
“normal” some note ofcauses
the and
readings pressure
ofsome gauge
abnormal readings
read-
common and
causes ofcom
ings. abnormal with OEM specifications. Above is a listing of “normal” pressure readings and some common cause
readings.
abnormal readings.

Temperature and humidityand

Temperature affecthumidity
the systems performance.
affect Theperformance.
the systems chart above gives
Theachart
general set ofgives
above pressure read- set of pressu
a general
ings basedreadings Temperature
on different temperaturesand humidity
and humidityaffect the systems performance.
values.and humidity values. The chart above gives a general set of
based on different temperatures
readings based on different temperatures and humidity values.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ABNORMAL PRESSURE GAUGE READINGS

Generally speaking the following statements can be the cause of abnormal pressure gauge readings:
• If both LOW and HIGH side readings are low, the system is probably low on refrigerant charge
• If both LOW and HIGH side readings are high, the system is probably overcharged with refrigerant
ABNORMAL PRESSURE GAUGE READINGS:
• ABNORMAL
If the HIGH sidePRESSURE
reading GAUGE
is high READINGS:
and the LOW side is higher than normal, a restricted air flow across the
Generally speaking the following statements can be the cause of abnormal pressure gauge readings:
condenser can be indicated.
Generally speaking the following statements can be the cause of abnormal pressure gauge readings:
 If both LOW and HIGH side readings are low, the system is probably low on refrigerant charge
• Pulsating gauge
 IfLOW
 If both bothand
needle
LOWHIGH
readings
and side
HIGHreadings
canarebehigh,
side readings
caused
arethe
by defective
low,system
the system
check
is probably
is probably
valves inwith
the refrigerant
compressor
low on refrigerant
overcharged charge
When per-
formance
 If the testing
If
 HIGH anreading
bothside
LOW A/C
and system,
HIGH side
is high always
readings
and take
the LOW note
areside
high, of the
the pressure
system
is higher than isnormal,gauge
probably readings
overcharged
a restricted andacross
with
air flow compare with OEM
refrigerant
specifications.
If theAbove
the condenserHIGH is aindicated.
canside
be listingisofhigh
reading “normal”
and thepressure
LOW side readings andnormal,
is higher than some common
a restrictedcauses
air flowofacross
abnormal

readings. the
Pulsating condenser
gauge can
needle be indicated.
readings can be caused by defective check valves in the compressor
 Pulsating gauge needle readings can be caused by defective check valves in the compressor

Spraying the evaporator with a mold and mildew treatment prior to the installation of a new evaporator can
Spraying the
be good evaporator
Spraying the to
insurance with a mold
evaporator
prevent with and
future mildew
aodors
mold treatment
and mildew
coming prior prior
fromtreatment
the HVAC to theto installation
system. of aofnew
the installation evaporator
a new evaporatorcan
can be good
insurance to
beprevent future to
good insurance odors coming
prevent futurefrom thecoming
odors HVACfromsystem.
the HVAC system.

Be sure to always use an accurate refrigerant identifier PRIOR to installing the R-R-R machine.
Be sure to always use an accurate refrigerant identifier PRIOR to installing the R-R-R machine.
Be sure to always use an accurate refrigerant identifier PRIOR to installing the R-R-R machine.

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS – MOTOR’S
http://www.searchautoparts.com/motorage/technicians/electrical/c-compressors-look-different-technicians-
remember

MACS ARTICLE ON VARIABLE COMPRESSORS

http://macsworldwide.wordpress.com/2013/05/29/variable-displacement-ac-compressor/

VARIABLE COMPRESSORS
http://www.freeasestudyguides.com/variable-displacement-compressors.html

SANDEN COMPRESSOR SITE – GOOD INFORMATION ON ALL COMPRESSORS

http://www.sanden.com.sg/opencms/opencms/sites/default/Sanden/_configuration/Catelogue/Catelogue.
jsp?ptid=1004

DENSO COMPRESSOR SITE – GOOD INFORMATION ON ALL COMPRESSORS

http://globaldensoproducts.com/climate-control/car-air-conditioning-system/compressor/externally-con-
trolled-variable-displacement-compressor/

GOOD EXPLANATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTROLLED VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COM-
PRESSORS
http://rhinoguerrero.hubpages.com/hub/Variable-Displacement-Compressors

BMW VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR

http://www.underhoodservice.com/bmw-feature-understanding-variable-capacity-a-c-compressors/

GREAT RESOURCES, BUT NOT IN ENGLISH

https://hvactutorial.wordpress.com/air-conditioning-system/automotive-air-conditioning-system/variable-
displacement-compressor/

MACS EXPLANATION OF VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS WITH PROBLEMS IN DIAGNOSIS

http://www.macs-tech.com/eng/board.php/?board=maha41&page=1&sort=hit&command=body&no=26

DELMAR EXPLANATION OF COMPRESSORS & VARIABLE DISP.

http://cf.linnbenton.edu/eit/auto/buckm/upload/AC_Heating_CM_SM_Ch_08.pdf

TEXTBOOK ON COMPRESSORS & VARIABLE DISP.

https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr_Zm07ipB8C&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=variable+displacement
+air+conditioning+compressor&source=bl&ots=Dii4Suv59X&sig=pCz50fix4LWr5nZ0xUmM0qrE5-U&h
l=en&sa=X&ei=VeadVIWiB8-vyATwsYCoAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=variable%20dis-
placement%20air%20conditioning%20compressor&f=false

DENSO TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

http://densoautoparts.com/sites/default/files/tech-tips/DENSO%20AC%20troubleshooting%20tips.pdf

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ARTICLE ON VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSOR CONTROL

http://www.vintageair.com/2012catalog/2012%20VintageAir%20Catalog%20Final%20WEB%20
%28Page%2006%29.pdf

TODAY’S TECHNICIAN ARTICLE ON VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS

https://books.google.com/books?id=gRsKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT288&lpg=PT288&dq=variable+displacem
ent+air+conditioning+compressor&source=bl&ots=Iykvt-EaGu&sig=09FeLoZmUM74sjDcXJBZezB3yrk
&hl=en&sa=X&ei=quidVKHHOo31yATL-YCgAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=variable%20
displacement%20air%20conditioning%20compressor&f=false

CONTROL VALVES FOR VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS

(GOOD RESOURCE AND PICTURES)
http://latticetech.com/automotive_ac_parts/control_valve.html

COMPREHENSIVE ARTICLE ON NEWER A/C SYSTEMS BY FOUR SEASONS

(GOOD RESOURCE)
http://www.4s.com/upload/Four%20Seasons/Documents/Air%20Conditioning%20Diagnosis%20Ser-
vice%20and%20Repair%20V2.pdf

USE OF FORD A/C DISCONNECT TOOLS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKgQJ-RinXc&index=5&list=PLq9yYUGT3voLPieB-Ys3rcK-
MzJC1Grm3i

FLUSHING PROCEDURE
http://www.hecatinc.com/flushing_tech_article.htm

FLUSHING COMPOUND
http://www.hecatinc.com/pdf/SAFE-FLUSH%20AC%20flyer.pdf

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 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ANIMATIONS AND VIDEOS

(www.jameshalderman.com)
To access: Choose link with curser, then click on CTRL+ CLICK (left mouse button)
NOTE: The Halderman Rating system is 4 = BEST, 3= BETTER, 2 = GOOD, 1 = FAIR
NOTE: Some links may not be available at a later date. VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS – MOTOR’S

A
WEB BRIEF HALDERMAN
# or RUN TIME
LINK DESCRIPTION RATING
V
A7 HVAC — AIR CONDITIONING
1 http://tinyurl.com/849juau A/C hose inspection V 3 1.26
2 http://tinyurl.com/72sszbg A/C compressor inspection V 3 1.30
3 http://tinyurl.com/7ucybuj A/C condenser inspection V 3 1.32
4 http://tinyurl.com/78mo782 A/C system inspection V 3 1.44
5 http://youtu.be/5jG0sCko6Js A/C leak detection V 3 1.27
6 http://youtu.be/RTVHm5q_e4s Low pressure sensor testing A 3 2.50
7 http://youtu.be/JXWqWt1qotg High pressure sensor testing A 3 2.32
8 http://youtu.be/_xSyhv6pWT0 Pressure sensors A 3 1.46
9 http://youtu.be/UW1GDiOa0kE A/C diagnosis V 3 9.16
10 http://youtu.be/IhzH7ehkerY Compressor installation V 3 8.08
11 http://youtu.be/Lnu8hA9F9S4 A/C system flush V 3 7.06
12 http://youtu.be/vKtldluR8D8 Leak detection V 3 2.48
13 http://youtu.be/0_2SrBuKzrw A/C repair V 3 8.24
14 http://youtu.be/Q1q3IEfptJk Leak detection V 2 1.01
15 http://youtu.be/pRaTseSkyZw A/C operation V 3 1.04
16 http://youtu.be/i9yv0euT7xA Pressure testing V 3 5.25
17 http://youtu.be/zhTiH7217CA TXV V 3 1.00
18 http://youtu.be/HMv5Uj-vrK4 A/C oil V 3 0.34
19 http://youtu.be/ae3zQQOhkDY Orifice tube V 3 0.56
20 http://youtu.be/UT06QUfqf9o Pressure switches V 3 0.48
21 http://youtu.be/JR3KCRDQF2U Compressor operation V 3 0.52
22 http://youtu.be/HBydwfKt7d8 A/C operation A 4 0.55
23 http://youtu.be/ZPZZNupyMUY Refrigerant operation V 4 2.53
24 http://youtu.be/aapZXcZfO90 Dryer operation A 4 0.24
25 http://youtu.be/RTVHm5q_e4s Low pressure switch A 2 2.50
26 http://youtu.be/RFFeZcDqCcA Clutch circuit A 2 2.23
27 http://youtu.be/hmqY1VaiMS4 A/C system V 3 2.37
28 http://youtu.be/1xdauNpKoVA Hybrid A/C System V 3 2.24
29 http://youtu.be/gV4lJ0wjuEo A/C retrofit V 3 2.41

consulab.com 38
 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ANIMATIONS AND VIDEOS

(www.jameshalderman.com)
To access: Choose link with curser, then click on CTRL+ CLICK (left mouse button)
NOTE: The Halderman Rating system is 4 = BEST, 3= BETTER, 2 = GOOD, 1 = FAIR
NOTE: Some links may not be available at a later date. VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS – MOTOR’S

A
WEB BRIEF HALDERMAN
# or RUN TIME
LINK DESCRIPTION RATING
V
A7 HVAC — AIR CONDITIONING
30 http://youtu.be/Y4CIuWuA6ns System flush V 2 0.25
31 http://youtu.be/USQT5aSdck8 System evacuation V 2 0.42
32 http://youtu.be/8ZI-WV5s_SM System evacuation V 3 8.58
33 http://youtu.be/S8sYR0r8PDQ Expansion valve V 3 2.38
34 http://youtu.be/oT9g_3ealSo Receiver dryer V 3 5.48
35 http://youtu.be/dHMEL0urLww Condenser replacement V 3 9.30
36 http://youtu.be/PMM80xlon3U A/C troubleshooting part 1 V 3 9.11
37 http://youtu.be/T3o1l4r_ERE A/C troubleshooting part 2 V 3 6.59
38 http://youtu.be/w17DpGCcRj8 A/C basics A 3 6.12
39 http://youtu.be/valm2BoffGs A/C diagnosis V 4 10.31
40 http://youtu.be/0ayGTFR9gHs HVAC mode door V 3 17.07
41 http://youtu.be/tMi3VDkPdCo A/C switches V 3 19.55
42 http://youtu.be/Z2h3ewDYB2o Rear A/C V 3 4.24
43 http://youtu.be/3c2kV-y6LIM A/C leak detection V 3 2,16
44 http://youtu.be/1NdfHUPsDf4 A/C recharge V 3 1.09
45 http://youtu.be/Fde9N_ajJro Evacuating the system V 3 0.43
46 http://youtu.be/YaaJSU26gf4 Orifice tube installation V 3 0.26
47 http://youtu.be/4bWj8Ls7D_8 Compressor installation V 3 0.57
48 http://youtu.be/2znnniYUnf4 A/C flush V 3 0.25
49 http://youtu.be/Vvj_gnzIJ4k A/C oil V 3 1.10
50 http://youtu.be/UBXti-M82Xc A/C dryer and orifice tube V 3 1.52
51 http://youtu.be/X5uNe0f5J7M Compressor removal V 3 0.55
52 http://youtu.be/TnLoI94LB_o A/C kit installation V 3 1.24
53 http://youtu.be/uRbWx23Tgsw A/C temperature testing V 3 6.30
54 http://youtu.be/URqFd3KkSRY Compressor clutch replacement V 3 5.17
55 http://youtu.be/0c7QXLNqgBU Compressor reseal V 3 16.20
56 http://youtu.be/Zn9N5sypuME Pulley bearing replacement V 3 4.33
57 http://youtu.be/ZVMEtrZhtyg A/C hose repair V 3 7.56
58 http://youtu.be/1xdauNpKoVA Hybrid A/C V 3 2.24

consulab.com 39
 A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G U P D AT E S

ANIMATIONS AND VIDEOS

(www.jameshalderman.com)
To access: Choose link with curser, then click on CTRL+ CLICK (left mouse button)
NOTE: The Halderman Rating system is 4 = BEST, 3= BETTER, 2 = GOOD, 1 = FAIR
NOTE: Some links may not be available at a later date. VARIABLE DISP. COMPRESSORS – MOTOR’S

A
WEB BRIEF HALDERMAN
# or RUN TIME
LINK DESCRIPTION RATING
V
A7 HVAC — AIR CONDITIONING
59 http://youtu.be/t3VaGxUfb6o Refrigerant identifier V 3 4.46
60 http://youtu.be/qcEZ1OGPkUw A/C drain V 3 5.33
61 http://youtu.be/huluLg5H7aw A/C fan V 2 3.37
62 http://youtu.be/EtNQrfYP3OY A/C dye V 2 5.13
63 http://youtu.be/ICPdsNmwhE8 Expansion valve V 2 7.14
64 http://youtu.be/B-cK93n2hqM A/C compressor V 2 3.26
65 http://youtu.be/ENDOG2gq0kE Condenser V 3 10.45
66 http://youtu.be/1wuqvQEn9wQ Which oil to use V 3 1.08
67 http://youtu.be/WlMr26JjxhQ HVAC Scan Tool Data V 3 1.08
68 http://youtu.be/dn6Q3SRyNTQ Filtering A/C System V 3 12.52
69 http://youtu.be/iOcqyj_Ilpo Evaporator Removal V 3 1.53
70 http://youtu.be/wEiXedgPbn4 Cleaning Stinky Evaporator V 3 5.33
71 http://youtu.be/8oABiyuHZT8 Refrigerant Recycling V 3 9.12
72 http://youtu.be/EhXMcLsbl70 Refrigerant Recovery V 3 9.08

Phone: 800-567-0791 / 810-222-4525

Fax: 418-843-3444
Email: info@consulab
Internet: www.consulab.com

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