 Rizal was considering a revolution by the end of his life

 Vision for revolution is not the same as Bonifacio’s

 Appreciating Filipino Language
 In 2019, historians discovered that “Sa Akin Mga Kababata” was a poem NOT
MADE by Rizal
 1st poem: Memories of my Hometown
o Written during first weeks in Ateneo
 Rizal perfected German language (Ferdinand Bluementritt)
 Rizal hardly spoke Tagalog
 Remains of Rizal  Rizal monument
 Used fountain pen to write his novels
 Found medicinal education in PH inadequate
 FINAL PROJECT: Critical essay based on an essay to be given 2 weeks before
finals
o English or Filipino
 40% - quizzes (5)
o Essay quizzes
o Put citations (APA)
o 2-3 pages
o Can use first person
 35% - attendance, activities (10%), recitation (15%)
 25% - final exam/critical essay
 ASSIGNMENT
o Who is Jose Rizal?
o How do we know Jose Rizal?

 Ginagawang summary yung mga akda ni Rizal isa mga schools

 Minsan tinatanggal ang pagtira sa Catholic Church
 No one listens to Rizal
 Kung pinakinggan, the elites and politicians would have more compassion
 Exposing the truth in a creative way to enlighten the people of the problems in
our society
 Constantly fight for the country, no matter who you are

 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

 June 19, 1861 (Calamba, Laguna)
 Father: Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercadr y Alejandro
 Mother: Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos
 School
o Ateneo Municipal de Manila (Sining)
o University of Santo Tomas (Medicine)
o Universidad Central de Madrid
o University of Paris & Heidelberg
  22 languages
 Established La Liga Filipina (1892)
o Initiated the revolution led by Bonifacio

ANG BUHAY NG ISANG BAYANI

 17 years old (Notebook)
o Name: P. Jacinto
 Ang batang si Moy Mercado
 Mother: Donya Lolay
o First teacher
 Father: Francisco Mercado (kikoy)
 Umalis sa family at the age of 9 to study in Binan
 Inaresto si Donya Lolay at nakulong ng 2.5 years
 11 years old – Ateneo de Municipal
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez: teacher
 Tumalas sa wikang Espanyol
 Pinaaral ng pilosopiya sa UST
 After one year, nagaral na lang ng medisina matapos malaman na nabubulag
ang nanay niya
 Nakilala ang unang pag-ibig sa university– Segunda Katikbak
 Ngunit pinauwi si Segunda para magalaga ng kapatid
 Nagdecide na magaral sa spain with the help of Paciano– (lihim sa pamilya)
 Binigyan ng 365 pesos pagalis niya
 Went to spain at 20 years old
 Barcelona, Spain
 Nagsulat ng articles para sa Dyaryong Tagalog led by Marcelo del Pilar]
 Nagrequest na in tagalog ang letters para hindi niya malimutan
 Letters from Paciano, Neneng
 Nagdamdam si Leonor sa pagalis ni Rizal
 Barcelona  Madrid
 Graciano Lopez
 Gregorio El Cianco
 Sumama sa samahan ng mga Circulo Espano Filipino
o Namatay dahil sa kulang na pondo
 Consuelo Ortega – niligawan ni Rizal
o Pinili si Eduardo Delete na nagging lihim na kaaway ni Rizal
 Nagkaroon ng kamalayang political
 Nagibgay ng talumpati sa pagkapanalo ni Juan Luna at Felix Hidalgo
 Hindi na muna pinauwi ng family at pumunta sa Paris upang magsanay sa
Opthalmology
 Binigyan ng per ani jual luna
 Pumunta sa Heidelberg at nagsanay ng aleman
 Nagsimula sa sulat ang friendship ni rizal at Ferdinand blumetritt
 Patapos na ang Noli ngunit kulang ng pondo
 Maximo viola – inabonohan ang pagprint sa noli
 Nagbigay ng kopya ng noli kay blumentritt
 Bumalik si Rizal sa Pilipinas
o Sinusuri pa lamang ng mga prayle ang Noli
 Pinatawag sa malacanang dahil sa reklamo sa Noli
 Pinatigil na pagrelease ng Noli
 Gusto ng mga prayle na ipakulong si Rizal, pinayuhan si Rizal ng ama na
umalis sa bansa
 Hong Kong  Macau  Japan
 Nagustuhan si Oseisan
 Japan  USA  England
 Antonio Morga
o Tagapayo ng gob heneral
 Ilimbag ang aklat ni Morga  kinopya ang buong dokumento
 Naging aktibo sa La Solidaridad
 Theme: pagtatanggol sa kultura at pagkatao ng mga Pilipino
 Nagsulat sa mga Karapatan ng dapt mayroon ang mga Pilipino
 Liham sa mga babae ng malolos
 Pinalayas ang mga magsasaka sa calamba
 Sulat ni Leonor –
o Magpapakasal sa isang English citizen
 Pumunta sa Biarittz, France upang ayusin ang El Fili
 Umibig kay Nelly Bousted
 Went to Belgium para ipalimbag ang El Fili ngunit kulang ang pondo
 Valentin Venture – nagbigay ng pera para sa nobela
 Jose Basa – nagbigay ng pamasahe pamuntang Hong Kong
 Nakasama ang pamilya sa Hong Kong
 Nagbukas siya ng clinic
 Liga Filipina
o Himukin ang Pilipino upang gumawa ng pagbabago sa bayan
 Ipinatapon sa dapitan
 Nakabili ng lupain sa Talisay pagkatapos Manalo sa lotto
 Nakilala si Josephine Bracken sa kanyang clinic
 Umalis na sa dapitan ngunit pinabalik sa pilipinas dahil sa paratang ng korte
ng rebelyon
 Nilagay sa Fort Santiago
 Hinatulan ng kamatayan
 Unang pumunta ang nanay  kapatid na babae
o Trining  lampara na may huling tula “Mi Ultimo Adios”

 Small stories
o Ampon daw si Teodora Alonzo (still not sure)
 o Paciano never married but he lived together with a woman in Los
Banos (live in)
o Pciano had 2 children with _____ Decena which Rizal Family found hard
to accept kasi hindi sila kasal
 Lasted for 10 years (friendship with blumentritt), met only once
 More than a hundred letters
 May nakita pang letters sa old house ni blumentritt with rizal and other
Filipinos
 Laging tinetake against rizal is yung pagsama sa Spanish military
o Suggestion of blumentritt para makaalis sa dapitan
 Rizal was against a bloody revolution
 Teodora: pag mas maraming alam, mas mataas ang chance na mamatay
 Rizal did not leave his country until the age of 20
 Basis of pag-aapi: personal experiences ni rizal
 Saan ba talaga nagsimula na marealized ni rizal na may pagkakamali sa
bayan?
 Rizal almost got married in Europe (proposal na) – Nelly Bousted
o Daughter of an English businessman & Singaporean (servant)
o Met in paris; heartbroken kay Leonor
o Nelly was a protestant and wanted Rizal to convert
o Rizal did not want to convert
 Contrary sa sinasabing tumiwalag si Rizal sa catholic church
o Nelly’s father’s business went down and left paris

 Had a tough life,

 being away from his family
 made him even stronger as a person
 Humanga po ako dahil he continued to fight for his country sa pamamagitan
ng mga akda despite the financial difficulties and emotional problems

THE WORLD OF JOSE RIZAL (HOW RIZAL BECAME RIZAL?)

 We always focused on his life and writings but not learning the world lived in
 Mataas yung literacy during his times dahil nauso yung printing press
 Travel became more frequent because ships became better
 Childhood years (1861)
o House: near chapel  nasunog during Japanese occupation
o Calamba was not a town but a hacienda of the Dominicans
o People living there are tenants of Dominicans
o Rizal Family – upper-middle or middle-middle class (not poo)
o Has their own house but the land was not theirs
o Rizal Family refused to pay rent then the Dominicans brought them to
court  the tenants lost so pinalayas sila including Rizal Family
o Meron pang 2 houses sa Manila  nilipatan after umalis sa Calamba
  Nasunog during war
o Binan  first education of Rizal under Maestro Justiniano Cruz

o
o Finished elementary in Binan, Laguna
o Finished HS in Manila because it is the place to go to (mayaman kasi)
 Education was a status symbol (best school is in Manila)
o Manila – Intramuros (center of trade and industry, and education)
o Spent a lot of time in Manila  Spain  Manila (di na nakabalik sa
Calamba)
o Old Ateneo (burned)  Robinsons Ermita (street in front is Padre Faura
 teacher in Ateneo)
 The Church and Education in the Philippines
o 3 levels
 Elementary
 Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Religion
 Taught by friars because walang budget ang spain
o Wala na sweldo for friars kasi charity work na
 Charac: Public & Catholic
 Result of special relationship bet. Church and
 Secondary (HS)
 Privately-owned
 Under religious orders
 Once graduated, may bachelors na
 Most students are boys
o Topics: grammar & philosopy
 Lessons in girls school: home economics
 Lessons are questioned by rizal: bakit walang science
lessons even if we are agricultural country
o Compared by rizal to the education in spain
 In 1865, reformatted by Spanish govt
o Classified into public & private
 Belief: if a holder of bachelor’s degree did not become a
lawyer, physician, then you are regarded as a failure
 University
 Like taking an MA or Doctoral
 Courses: law, medicine, sciences, priesthood
  Only UST is the university
 4 – 5 years
 When rizal transferred from UST  Madrid, narecognize
lahat ng grades niya from UST so hindi na nagentrance
exam
o Ateneo de Manila (1872 – 1877)
 Secondary Educ of Rizal (Bachelor of Arts)
 4 years of school pero Rizal took a vocational course for a year
 Took up extracurricular courses (poetry & sculpting)
 Received excellent grades
 Rizal was not really a genius since maraming classmates niya
ang may high grades din
 Teaching style: ratio studiorum = what you know, I will add
 Living in Manila
o Lived in a boarding house (Casa Tomasina) owned by parents of
Leonor Rivera (Antonio Rivera & Silvestra Bauzon)
 University of Santo Tomas (1877 – 1881)
o Burned down during war
o Correcting a Fiction


 Admission records in UST showed Rizal’s name as Jose R.
Mercado
 Rizal’s grade at UST: Aprovado = Very good
 Anatomy = Good
 Baka nanibago sa system of education in PH
 Rizal was already enrolled in UST habang natatake ng vocational
course in Ateneo
 Rizal’s First year = Bueno = Good
 Rizal’s Second year = Bueno = Good
 Rizal’s Third year = Sobresaliente = excellent
 Enrolled in Fourth year but he did not complete it because he left
for Spain
  He wanted to study literature first in UST but eventually enrolled
in medicine
 Maybe because it was a status symbol
 Left for spain at 20
 After Spain
o Return to PH in 1896 as a prisoner of spanish
o Accused of being part of PH revolution
o Trial was held in cuartel de espana (now PLM)
o Lived and confined in fort Santiago
o Controversial retraction statement of Rizal
 Statement of eyewitness signed a retraction at the night of Dec
29, 1896
o Alcohol stove or food warmer
 Inside the fuel tank is where he hid the last poem
o Rizal;s grave at Paco cemetery after his body was exhumed and placed
in the rizal monument
o No coffin when he was buried
o Narecover: hat & shoes, some bones
 Pero nawawala na yung hat & shoes
o Bones – in rizal house in binondo
 Rizal Family after 1896
o Teodora never attended church anymore
o Francisco died after some years
o Teodora died in 1911
o Trinidad kept the alcohol stove – died in 1958 (last sister to die)
o Paciano settled in los banos, lived in
 Died of tuberculosis in 1930
 Rizal Monument
o “Motto Stella” by Richard Kissling
 Constructed in Switzerland, 1911
o Remains of rizal were transferred in the base of monument

REMINDER:
 After rizal law, give question for first quiz

RIZAL LAW
 Only law which requires specific literary works of a local authors by school
 End of World War II
o Shattered economy
o Massive structural damages
o Destroyed industrial and agricultural economy
o Limited production
 Neocolonialism
o Economic domination
o The domination by a powerful, usually western nation of another nation
that is politically independent but has a weak economy greatly
dependent on trade with the powerful nation
 Philippine Rehabilitation Plan
o By Sen. Millard Tydings
o $620 to PH government
 July 4, 1946  independence recognized by US
o Recognize not granted
o Means that the US knew the PH was independent
 Diosdado Macapagal
o Changed the independence day to June 12
 Bell Trade Act (1946)
o Also known as Philippine Trade Act fo 1946
o Introduced by Cong. Jasper Bell
o Passed by American Congress and approved by Philippine Congress
o Controversies
 Imposed on Ph sovereignty especially on prity rights issue
 Tied with Tydings Rehabilitations Act — No Trade Act, No Money
for Rehabilitation
 Inipit ng mga Americans
 Was called as a political manuever — manipulative democracy
 Rise of Asian Nationalism
o Slowly reliving from colonial powers
o India
o Britain left Malaysia
o

o China become communist

o Vietnam won over French
o Indonesia became independence
 o

o Philippines
 Made Chinese schools under DepEd
 Ramon Magsaysay
 Suppressed communist rebellion
 Rise of Nationalism
 Claro M. Recto  economic independence
 Senate Bill 438


 Against yung church
 
 Objections of the Church
o There were passages against Catholic dogma and morals
o There were passages which disparage divine worship
 Laurel introduced amendments to the senate bill
o Made it compulsory to read the literary works of Rizal


 US was monitoring the development of Rizal Law

 Reading on Rizal as Humanist

 6 works
 Definition of what a humanist is

RIZAL AS A HUMANIST
Humanist  rational mind (use of human reason), freedom of thinking,
 science is always related to knowledge


Education Gives Luster to the Motherland

 Education is what builds up a country which allows it to rise above the rest
 We are constantly learning, education does not stop, endlessly flows
 With education, we are aware and informed of the right and wrongs in our
society; thus, we can do something to change it
 Education can resolve problems related to criminality, poverty, unemployment
 An educated man can pass his knowledge to future generations and becomes
a good role model to the youth
 Education can cure ignorance which is a great problem in our society
 Education is a very powerful tool to achieve progress and bring glory in our
nation because it allows us to see the problems in our society and gives us
the capabilities to do something about it
 Motherland = Philippines as a colony of Spain

Memories of My Town
 One of his earliest poems
 Wrote the poem in Ateneo in 1876 (15 years old)
 Rizal was about to graduate
 When he took up a vocational course in Ateneo, he was already enrolled in
UST at that time (taking 2 courses at the same time)
 Rizal did not mention Calamba in this poem
 Saying goodbye to being young
 Poem talks about growing up and maturity
 Recalling the face of his infancy, innocence, childhood
 Missing his hometown, family, simple life
 Shows the activities that Rizal did during his childhood days

The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education

 Ivy & Elm – education & religion can be interchangeable
 Rizal – galit sa mga prayle, hindi sa simbahang katoliko
 Education must come hand in hand with religion. It is not enough that we are
just properly educated but we must also have the values, virtues, and morals
that will allows us to use our knowledge and skills to good and moral
purposes.
 A properly educated man must apply his knowledge on a spiritual view
 Without religion, human education may result to chaos and disorder in any
civilized nation
 Through religion, people will value freedom, respect, humility, dignity, more
virtues
To the Filipino Youth
 First parts: youth is described as timid, silent, not yet open
 Encourages the youth to appreciate their talents and skills that would make
their country proud
 Wanted the youth to follow his ideals in loving their own country
 Challenges the youth that in their journey in achieving their goals, they may
humble the Spanish colonials
 Believes that Filipino youth are as brilliant as those in other nations


Memories of a Student in Manila

 Shows that Rizal is just a normal human being like us
 Lived a normal life

Sa Aking Mga Kabata

 Found to be not written by Rizal
 Questionable content
 Rizal did not know the word “Kalayaan”
o Learned the word at the age of 21
 The poem contains the word “Kalayaan”

RIZAL AS REFORMIST
 Rizal thought: Philippine as a colony of Spain
 Imagined Motherland is Spain
 When he went to Spain, he saw that the treatment of people in Spain is equal
in contrast with the situation in the Philippines
 In Spain, if you talk about the government, you will not be arrested
 Philippines = conservative Spain
 Love of country

Nationalism and the Emergence of a Filipino Nation

 Nationalism
o Product of political, economic, social, and intellectual factors at a
certain stage of history
o A condition of mind, feeling, or sentiment of a group of people living in
a well-defined geographical area, speaking a common language,
possessing a literature that expresses the aspirations if the nation, has
its heroes and a common religion
o Necessary that all of these are present for the manifestation of
nationalism
 Filipino = national language
o Lingua franca = Tagalog
 o Regional dialects
o Foreign words
 Rise of Philippine Nationalism
o 1. Opening of Philippines to World Trade
 Manila-Acapulo galleon trade – only menas of intl trade of Spain
 Opening of Suez Canal – faster route to Asia
 Filipinos had opportunities to invest in the market & eventually
become rich
 Created middle-class Filipinos that sent their children abroad for
education
o 2. The Coming of Liberalism
 The age of reason in the 17th & 18th century saw the coming of
new thinking by philosophers (John Locke & Jean Rosseau)
 The voice of people is dominant in the governance; they can
chose their king
 They believe that God chooses the King before so why is still the
church existing
 Catholic church banned any liberal philosophy in the Philippines
 PH remained conservative
o 3. Racial Prejudice
 Since liberal philosophy reiterates that “men are created equal”
 Racial prejudice became an unaccepted norm in society
o 4. Secularization Issue
 Filipino priests questioned the authority of friars and colonial
govt
 Centered on the capacity of the Filipino priests to handle
parishes in PH
 Underwent training
 The secularization of parishes to be handled by Filipino priests
led to protests by friars
 Most parishes were sources of income for religious
orders so friars did not want to let go of the parishes
 Led to death of GOMBURZA (leaders of secularization
movement)
o Members of Propaganda Movement were exiled from PH after 1872
incident
o Rizal saw Spain as a modernizing country with a constitutional govt
o Constitution of 1876 (Lower & Upper House)
 To declare all Spanish territories in the world as province of
Spain
 Still classified PH as colony
  Reformists wanted to be reclassified as a province to be
considered as Spanish citizens and receive the rights of Spanish
citizens
 No clamor for independence since they believed that Filipinos
would be better off as Spanish citizens with all its rights and
privileges since Spain is also prosperous at that time
 Propagandists Aims
o Representation of PH is Sanish Cortes
o Secularization of the clergy
o Equality of Spanish and Filipinos
o Creation of public school system
o Abolition of polo and vandala (forced sale)
o Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association
o All of these resulted to the thought of reform in the country
 La Solidaridad
o Official newspaper of the Propaganda movement
o First issue – Feb 15, 1889
o Size – short bond paper
o Articles exposing the colonial conditions in the PH so reforms can be
instituted
 Failure of Propaganda Movement
o Difference of the political conditions in the PH and Spain due to
physical distance
 Unable to spread the ideas to people due to the colonial govt
blocking propaganda materials
o Lack of funds
o Propagandists were divided among themselves due to petty jealousies
which weakened their ties
 In 1892, they decided to elect a leader (3 times) (Del pilar, Del
pilar, Rizal)
 In 1892, Rizal left Spain and when to PH and founded La Liga
Filipina
 La Liga Filipina
o After a few weeks, he was arrested and exiled to Dapitan
 Katipunan
o Organized by Andres Bonifacio to advocate for independence
o Bonifacio was formerly a member of La Liga Filipina

LOVE OF COUNTRY
 Marcelo Del Pilar (editor of Diariong Tagalog) requested Rizal to write the
essay
 Wrote in Barcelona in 1882, which is far from the city life, culture, politics
(backwater)
  Still no school in Spain
 Wrote when he was still a few months in Spain
 Talks about Motherland = Philippines
 Spain was panget >.< (cold, people do not care about each other)
 Looking at the PH from the outsider’s perspective and realizes that there
was something valuable in the PH
 Starting to see why his elders would say that they love the PH because they
see something in the country looking at the outside perspective
 First step to be patriotic: love your country
 Develop love of country from a diff perspectives rather than only living in it to
improve our impressions

 The people of different occupation devoted their talents and skills for their
country
 Rizal said that the Filipinos in foreign lands will offer and serve their
Motherland or the Philippines
 The more they are far away from the Motherland, the more that they idolize or
love it since they spent their childhood in the PH
 They see in the PH a family who remembers, awaits, thinks, and worry about
them
 They love their Motherland whatever form, status, situation it may be since it
is like loving our mothers under any kind of situation
 Love of country will always be present in their hearts until they die in their own
tombs
 Rizal said that love of country is the most heroic, the greatest and most
disinterested
 People in history have done a lot of sacrifices for their motherlands without
expecting something in return
 Tells the reader to love our country always and wish nothing but her welfare
 Tells the people who have lost ambitions, love, someone worthy to love; they
have the motherland to love
 The main message of his work is that our Motherland is worth loving and we
should love her no matter what form or situation she is in.

SPEECH OF RIZAL FOR LUNA & HIDALGO

 June 25, 1884 in Restaurant Ingles, Madrid
 To honor Juan Luna & Felix Resureccion Hidalgo
 The Spolarium by Juan Luna (Gold Medal) 1 out of 5 gold medals
 The Christian Virgins Being Exposed to the Populace by Hildalgo (Silver
Medal) 1 out of 15 medals
 Contest: Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Exhibition of Fine Arts)
 Impromptu speech
 Dapat si Pedro Paterno but backed out hours before the event
  Spaniards got mad after the speech kasi they felt na may mali silang
ginagawa
 Rizal wants to push on the reforms
 Among the guests were reporters; one took down the speech and reaction of
people then published it
 May branch yung newspaper in PH so nabasa ng mga prayle
 Opened the eyes of other Filipinos in Spain about the struggles of Filipinos in
PH and made them active to create a change or reform
 Wants to have equality on education
 Talking about cultural equality since the Spanish consider PH as barbarians/
no culture

MESSAGES AS REFORMIST
 Love of country to start reforms
 Cultural equality to initiate changes in the society that looks down on
Filipinos

 Luna & Hidalgo’s achievements illuminated the two extremes of the globe
(Orient & Occident) (Spain & Philippines)
 In Luna’s Spolarium
o Cry of slaves, sobs or orphans
o With force and realism
o Shades, contrasts, fading lights, mysterious and terrible
 In Hidalgo’s work
o Feelings of purest kind
o Expression of melancholy, beauty, and weakness – victims of brute
force
o Light, color, harmony, clearness
 Both are fundamentally one, even if seems different
 Spain, as a mother of PH, teaches her Spanish language to the Filipinos
 Compared Spain to sickly, corrupt nurses who oppose the progress of the
Filipinos?
 Wants equality for the Spaniards and Filipinos
 Directed the message to the Spaniards in the place for them to realize that
Filipinos are worthy to receive equal treatment given their talents and
potentials
 Main agenda: urge and gather support from the Spanish politicians to help
them in making PH a province of Spain
 Directed the message to fellow Filipinos to inform them of the current
condition of the PH under the Spanish rule

TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG

  Wrote on April 24, 1886 in Germany when he wanted to take up
ophthalmology
 Inspired to write when he saw the flowers in the river of Neckar
 Name of the eye disease: Noli Me Tangere
 Talks about appreciation of flower
 At the last part of poem, the flower faded but it’s still a flower
 Trying to understand the necessity of reform to the PH
 Rizal was afraid of something that happen to him
 If the flowers symbolize Rizal,
 Talking about change
 Rizal changed from when he went to Spain; he had new ideas and changed
because of his experiences in Spain
 Rizal transformed from the innocent man with the idea of love for Spain but
realized that it’s more worth it for the PH
 In order to initiate reforms, you yourself must change first
 Maturity or transformation

LETTERS OF RIZAL & BLUMENTRITT

 First letter – July 13/31, 1886
o Sent a book of arithmetic written in Tagalog
 Blumentritt responded with 2 books (aug 16, 1886)
 Rizal wrote about his search for Filipiniana and efforts at translating German
works in the PH
 Blumentritt sent his own ethnographic studies & letters of introduction of
German scholars
 In the early letters, they addressed each other as “Esteemed Sir”, but after five
months, they began addressing each other as “Esteemed friend”
 After Rizal’s visit to Bluementritt in 1887, they addressed each other as “Dear
Friend”
 By late 1889 to Rizal’s death in Dec 1896, they addressed each other as “Dear
Brother”
 Blumentritt was a master teacher at Leitmeritz and already published
scholarly writings on Philippine laguanges
 Blumentritt became Rizal’s mentor, closest confidants
 Rizal was the Filipino but he was learning about the PH from a foreigner that
have not been in the PH
 In order to initiate reform to a country, you must know something about it
o Learned through Blumentritt
o Knowledge of one’s own country

RIZAL AS A REVOLUTIONARY
 Quite controversial because it was said that Rizal rejected the revolution
  Revolution  radical change
 In order to change the system, we should introduce something new, non-
traditional
 What was the new idea that Rizal introduced?

LETTER TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS

 Written in London upon the request of Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 In Dec 12, 1888, a group of 20 young women petitioned Governor-General
Weyler for permission to open a night school that they might study Spanish
under Teodoro Sandiko
o Some belong to upper-middle class; Chinese mestizas
 Fr. Felipe Garcia objected the plan  the governor also rejected the petition
 The women still continued the petition and they succeeded the approval under
the condition that Senorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher
o Classes should be in day time
o They should finish their work before they go to the school
 The school only lasted for 3 months
 Del Pilar (Barcelona) wrote to Rizal (London) to send a letter in Tagalog to the
women on Feb 17, 1889
 Rizal sent the letter to Del Pilar on Feb 22, 1889

CONTENT
 Taking about women empowerment
 Women has an important role in the society and they should be respected
 In 1920, women petitioned for their right to vote
 Then women wanted to be part of politics  first women senator was elected

 Rizal sees a ray of hope in restoring the Filipino women’s dignity and worth
 Emphasized the importance of Filipino mothers
 Whatever the mother shows to her children is what the children will also
become
 Women must be given the same opportunity to education as men
 "To the Women of Malolos" centers around five salient points (Zaide &Zaide,
1999):
o Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country and
fellowmen.
o Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers, to
offer their sons in defense of their country.
o Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor.
o Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their
good racial values.
 o Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is
living the real Christian way with good morals and manners.

INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS

 Published in 5 installments from July 15 – Sept 15, 1890 in La Solidaridad
 To explain the alleged laziness of Filipinos during the Spanish colonization
 Reasons for indolence
o Defects of training and limited education
o Lack of national sentiment
 A man in the Philippines is only an individual; he is not a member
of a nation. He is forbidden the right to association, and is;
therefore, weak and sluggish
 Before the arrival of Spaniards, Filipinos were hardworking, active, and honest
in trading
 Love of work disappeared due to forced labor
 Spain did not protect the people from invaders and pirates
o Filipinos became nomads and lost interest in cultivating their lands
 Gambling became popular (cockfights)
 Indolence is more deeply rooted from abuse, discrimination, inaction of
government, corruption, wrong church doctrines
o All led to the deterioration of Filipino values
 Education and liberty are the cure to Filipino indolence
 Economic essay
 New idea: Filipinos are self-reliant (we can survive w/ little help from
Spaniards)
 There is misinterpretation of our culture by Spaniards

THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY WITHIN

 Wrote to forecast the future of the country within a hundred years
 Lowering population and poverty happened due to the military policies of
Spain
 Deterioration of indigenous Filipino culture
o Filipinos loss their culture and heritage, preservation of race
 Filipinos became submissive and passive under the Spanish friars
 Importance of history in determining national identity
 Realized that revolution might be an answer, but not a bloody revolution
 In El Fili, maybe it is not his generation to solve the situation in PH
 This became the foundation of Rizal as a revolutionary
 Mentioned 2 kinds of revolution that may happen

MORGA: ANNOTATING COLONIAL HISTORIES

 Rizal was disturbed by Antonio De Morga’s “______”
  Copied the book word per word and annotated it to correct the beliefs of
Europeans about PH culture
 Ex. Morga wrote that Filipinos eat rotten food
o Rizal corrected that we use methods of preservation given our tropical
climate (ex. Bagoong)
 May 25, 1888  Rizal arrived in City on London
o Spent 10 months in London
o Arrived to write a history of PH
 Recognizing the PH identity
 Morga arrived in PH when the Filipinos are still practicing pre-hispanic norms
and culture
 Morga wrote the book as defense on his failure in leading the PH
 Rizal realized that we had our own civilization even before Spaniards arrived
 New idea: Rizal was not looking at equality but has the idea that we are better
than Spaniards
o Looking at the original Filipino that is unique, using our historical
background
 Trying to make Filipinos believe that they were something else
 Q: “Ano ang kalagayan ng mga Filipino noon?”
 Q: “Ano ang kalagayan ng mga Filipino ngayon?”
 Filipinos had an original culture

A LA JUVENTUD DE FILIBUSTEROS
 Knew that a revolution can have a positive outcome if executed well
 El Fili is NOT about anti-revolution but provides a solution to PH colonial
society

 OG idea of Rizal: through his works, Spaniards can know that there is culture
in PH even before they came in PH