EXERCISE I
In the following, unless otherwise stated, A denotes an m × n real
matrix, N = AT A, M = AAT and S an n × n real symmetric matrix
1. If x, y are any two vectors in Rn show that
(a) kx + yk2 + kx − yk2 = 2 {kxk2 + kyk2 } (Parallellogram Law)
(b) kx + yk2 − kx − yk2 = 4(x, y)
2. If u, v are linearly independent vectors Rn which of the following sets
of vectors are linearly independent
(a) S = u, u + v
(b) S = u + v, u − v
(c) u + v, u + 2v
(d) u + 2v, 2u + 4v
3. Let S be the set of vectors in R4 given by
1 1
1 1
u1 =
u2 =
1 2
0 0
1 1
1 −1
u3 = ,
u4 =
0 0
0 0
Answer the following:
(a) Show that S is linearly dependent
(b) Find a basis for L[S]
1
(c) Use Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization on the above basis to get
an orthonormal basis for L[S]
4. Which of the following subsets of R4 form a subspace of R4 ?:
x1
x2
(a) W = x = : x1 , x2 ∈ R
x1 + x2
x 1 − x2
x1
0
(b) W = x=
: x1 , x2 ∈ R
x2
x1 − x2
x1
x2
(c) W = x=
: x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R
x3
1
5. In the above example for each of the subsets forming a subspace find
the following:
(a) A Basis for W
(b) dimension of W
(c) dimension of W ⊥
(d) An orthonormal basis for W
(e) An orthonormal basis for W ⊥
(f) Decomposition of the vector
1
1
x=
1
1
2
as the sum of a vector in W and a vector in W ⊥
6. Let A be a 3 × 4 real matrix. The following data is known about A:
(a) The vectors
1 1
1 0 1 0
u1 = √ ,
u2 = √
1 −1
2 2
0 0
is an orthonormal basis for RAT ,
(b) The vectors
0 0
1 1 1 1
ϕ1 = √ ,
ϕ2 = √
0 0
2 2
1 −1
is an orthonormal basis for NA ,
(c) The vectors
1 1
1 1
v1 = √ 0 , v 2 = √ 0
2 1 2 −1
is an orthonormal basis for RA ,
(d) The vector
0
1
ψ1 =
0
is an onb for NAT , and
(e) u1 , u2 and v1 , v2 are such that
Au1 = 2v1
Au2 = 4v2
3
Answer the following questions with respect to this matrix:
(a) What is the Rank of A?
(b) What is the Rank of AT ?
(c) What is the nullity of A?
(d) What is the nullity of AT ?
(e) What is the Rank of N where N = AT A?
(f) What is the Rank of M where M = AAT ?
(g) What is the nullity of N ?
(h) What is the nullity of M ?
(i) Does the system Ax = b where
1
b= 0
3
have a solution? If so
(j) Is the solution unique? If not
(k) what is the general solution?, and
(l) what is the optimal solution?
(m) What is the orthogonal projection of the vector
1
b= 2
4
onto RA ?
(n) What is the orthogonal projection of the vector
1
b= 2
3
onto NAT ?
(o) Decompose the vector b above as the sum of a vector in RA and
a vector in NAT
(p) Find the vector in RA that approximates the above vector b with
least square error
(q) Find the vector in NAT that approximates the above vector b with
least square error
(r) Does the sytem Ax = b have a solution, where
1
b= 2
3
If yes then find the general solution and if No, give reasons
7. Show that NS = NS 2
8. Is RS 2 = RS ?
9. Is ρS = ρS 2 ?
10. Is NS 3 = NS
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11. Is RS 3 = RS ?
12. Is NS r = NS for any positive even integer r?
13. Is NS r = NS for any positive odd even integer r?
14. Is RS r = RS for any positive integer r?
15. Is Rank of AT AAT A same as the Rank of A?
16. Which of the following statements are TRUE and which are FALSE?
(a) The matrices A and AT have the same Range
(b) The matrices A and N have the same Range
(c) The matrices A and M have the same Range
(d) The matrices AT and N have the same Range
(e) The matrices A and N have same Null space
(f) The matrices AT and N have same Null space
(g) The matrices A and M have same Null space
(h) The matrices A and N have same Null space
(i) The matrices AT and N have same Null space
(j) The matrices AT and M have same Null space
6
(k) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M have the same rank and same
nullity
(l) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M have the same rank but all need
not the have same nullity
(m) All the matrices A, AT , N, and M need not have the same rank
but all have same nullity
17. If S is a 10 × 10 real symmetric matrix whose characteristic polynomial
is cS (λ) = (λ − 1)3 (λ + 1)2 (λ − 5)4 (λ + 5) then
(a) dimension of Null Space of (S − I) =
(b) dimension of Null Space of (S + I) =
(c) dimension of Null Space of (S − 5I) =
(d) dimension of Null Space of (S + 5I) =
18. For each statement below determine if it is TRUE OR FALSE (GIVE
REASONS)
(a) We can construct a 10 × 6 real matrix A such that the character-
istic polynomial of N = AT A is cN (λ) = (λ − 2)2 (λ − 3)2 (λ + 1)2
(b) We can construct a 10 × 6 real matrix A such that the character-
istic polynomial of N = AT A is cN (λ) = (λ − 2)2 (λ − 3i)2 (λ + 3i)2
19. For each statement below determine if it is TRUE OR FALSE (GIVE
REASONS)
(a) The matrices M and N have the same positive eigenvalues but
may have different multiplicities
7
(b) The matrices M and N have the same eigenvalues and same eigen-
vectors
(c) The matrices M and N have the same Null Spaces
(d) The matrices M and N have the same Range
(e) We can find a vector x ∈ Rm such that
(M x, x) = −12
20. Consider the system
3x + 6y = 5
4x + 8y = 10
Show that all the least square solutions for the above system lie on the
line
11
x + 2y =
5
21. Consider the system
α(ax + by) = b1
β(ax + by) = b2
where αb2 6= βb1 .
Show that all the least square solutions for the above system lie on the
line
αb1 + βb2
ax + by =
α2 + β 2
