ROTC REVIEWER

LEGAL BASIS
Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) for the tertiary level students, amending for the purpose of Republic Act
No. 7077, Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.
Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163
Sec 2. R. A 9163 hereby affirms the prime duty of the government to serve and
protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend
security of the state and in the fulfillment thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal, military or civil services.
Sec. 4. R. A. 9163 there is hereby established a National Training Service Training
Program (NSTP), which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree
courses and at of least two (2) year technical – vocational courses and is a
requisite for graduation, consisting of the following service components.
The Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made optional and
voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act.
The Literacy Training Services (LTS); and
The Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)
Sec. 15(4) of Batas Pambansa Bilang 323 likewise provides that it is the duty and
responsibility of students to participate actively in civic affairs and be involved in
the promotion of the general welfare of the people particularly in the social,
economic and cultural development of the community and in the attainment of a
just, compassionate and orderly society.
Pursuant to Section 12 Republic Act No. 9163 otherwise known as the National
Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001, CHED, TESDA, and DND in
consultation with concerned government agencies, the Philippine Association of
State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private
Educational Association of the Philippines (COCOPEA), NGOs, promulgate the
following IRR to implement the provisions of this Act.
Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding Principle). While the prime duty of the
government to serve and protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the responsibility of
all citizens to defend the security of the state, and in the fulfillment thereof, the
government may require each citizen to render personal military or civil service.

Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 ( Role of the Youth)

1. In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building, the state shall
promote civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical,
 moral, spiritual, intellectual and social being. It shall inculcate the ideals of
patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs
2. As the most valuable resources of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained,
organized and involved in military literacy, civic welfare programs and other
similar endeavors in the service of the nation.
Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Coverage)
1. All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY)
2002 –2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year Technical
– Vocational or associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP
component of their choice as a graduation requirement.
2. All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must offer at least one
(1) of the NSTP components
a. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), shall offer the ROTC Program and
at least one (1) other NSTP component.
b. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy (PMMA), Philippine national Police Academy (PNPA), and other
SUCs of similar nature, in view of the special character of these institutions,
are exempted from the NSTP.
c. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350
students cadets, may offer the ROTC Program and consequently
establish/maintain a Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST),
subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP).

Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding Principle). While the prime duty of the government
to serve and protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend
the security of the state, and in the fulfillment thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal military or civil service.
A one (1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be
designed, formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA, subject
to the capability of the school and the AFP to handle the same.

Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Organization of NSTP Graduates):

1. Graduates of the ROTC components of the NSTP shall belong to the
National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be tapped by the
state for literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of
DND, CHED and TESDA, in coordination with DILG, DSWD and other
concerned agencies/ associations.
 2. The CHED, TESDA and DND, in consultation with other concerned
government agencies, shall issue the necessary guidelines for the
establishment, organization, maintenance and utilization of the
National Reserve Corps.
3. Graduates of the ROTC program shall form part of the Citizen Armed
Force, pursuant to R. A. 7077, subject to the requirements of DND

Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Transitory Provisions):

1. Students who are currently enrolled but have not taken any of the
Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) or Law
Enforcement Service (LES) programs shall be covered by the
NSTP law.
2. Students who have completed two (2) semesters of the
Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC. National Service Training Program)
are deemed to have complied with the NSTP law.
3. Students who are not covered by Section 13 of this Rule and have
taken only one (1) semester or Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/ NSTP,
shall be take one more semester of any NSTP components to
qualify for graduation purposes.
AFP ORGANIZATION
- The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the Constitution of the
Republic as the legitimate expression of the people’s will. It is mandated to serve
and protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity to
its national territory from internal and external threats, adheres to the principle of
supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold
and defend the Constitution.
- The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino people’s historical struggles for freedom
and justice and their vigilance against any attempt to violate the country’s
integrity and sovereignty.
- The AFP as the embodiment of the cherished martial values and traditions of the
Filipino people, traces its roots to certain historical events foremost of which is
the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledge
father of the AFP, first signaled` our love for freedom.
- The Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the Muslim resistance and other similar
uprisings against Spanish colonialism, the founding of the Katipunan on
07 July 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, considered as the father of the
Philippine Army, the Tejeros convention on 22 March 1897 which proclaimed
officially our desire for complete independence and thereafter gave birth to the
Philippine Army. Subsequently, the Philippine Navy was created on 20 May
1898.
- On 12 June 1898, the Philippine Independence was declared at Kawit,
Cavite, and for the first time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled by General
 Emilio Aguinaldo and our National Hymn was played. The Filipino-American
hostilities between 1898 and 1899 further demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s best
in terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and solidarity despite the overwhelming
superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten the Philippine campaign on peace and
order, the Philippine Military Academy was organized on 25 October 1898. By
virtue of the National Defense Act enacted officially on 21 December 1935, The
Armed Forces of the Philippines was created.
MISSION OF THE AFP
- TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE AND SECURE THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE
STATE AND THE INTEGRITY OF THE NATIONAL TERRITORY.

CHAIN OF COMMAND
PRESIDENT (Commander-in-Chief) - Exercises strategic direction
( PRES RODRIGO R DUTERTE)
Secretary of National Defense- Executive supervision over the AFP
(HON DELFIN H LORENZANA)
Chief of Staff AFP - Executes policies of C-in-C and commands to the
AFP (GEN FELIMON T SANTOS JR PA)

- The President is the Commander-In-Chief of the AFP. He/She exercises

strategic direction over the personnel and the resources of the military
establishments through the Secretary of the Department of National
Defense, who also represents his/her in the executive function and in the
supervision of the Defense Program of the country.
- The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the command functions of the President
in relation to strategy, tactics and operations. He is also the immediate
adviser of the Secretary of National Defense Program as prescribed by
the Secretary of National Defense. The Chief of Staff has command and
control over all the elements of the AFP.
 AFP COMPOSITION
Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of the Regular Force
and Reserve Force components. The Regular Force is the permanent
military organization which is maintained in time of peace and war. The
Reserve Force is the military organization that will come up physical
existence only upon mobilization as may be called upon by the
Commander-In-Chief due to state of national emergency such as war or
widespread disorder.
AFP MAJOR SERVICE
PHIL ARMY MISSION -“To develop, organize, train, equip, support
and sustain ground forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained
operations to accomplish the AFP mission.”
PHIL AIR FORCE MISSION- “ To conduct prompt and sustained air
operations in support of the AFP mission.”
PHIL NAVY MISSION - ”To organize, train, equip, deploy and
maintain forces for prompt and sustained naval and maritime
operations in support of the AFP mission.”
MAJOR SERVICE RESERVE COMMAND
AFP RESERVE COMMAND- Was organized as an AFP-wide support and
separate unit on 01 April 1993 pur to General Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated
02 March 1993 and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise known as the Armed
Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act as a base for the rapid expansion of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines in times of emergency.
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND- Is premised on a dedication to service, faced
with the challenge of being in a constant state of readiness and
responsiveness if it is to back up the regular army.
AIR FORCE RESERVE COMMAND- Is actively involved in the administration
and utilization of the Air Force reservist.
NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND- Tasked to oversee and administer all Naval
Reservists in our country, in order to provide the Navy not only a base for
expansion in the event of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and calamity
relief but also to assist in socio-economic development of the country.

8 NAVAL RESERVE CENTER

Naval Reserve Center Northern Luzon - (Naval Detachment Bonuan,
Dagupan City)
Naval Reserve Center National Capital Region- (Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City)
Naval Reserve Center Southern Luzon- Legaspi City
Naval Reserve Center West - (Palawan)
 Naval Reserve Center Eastern Visayas - (Cebu City) entire Visayas, Leyte.
Samar
Naval Reserve Center Western Visayas - (Ilo-ilo)
Naval Reserve Center Western Mindanao - (Zamboanga City ) Mindanao
Areas
Naval Reserve Center Eastern Mindanao- (Davao City) Davao up to
Sarangani

MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

- Discipline is the quality of being able to behave and work in a controlled way
which involves obeying particular rules or standards.
Military Courtesy - the written, officially prescribed code of department (responsibility)
for members of the military establishments
Morale - the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit.
Necessity for Discipline
Military discipline - is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action,
commonly known as teamwork.
Teamwork - is particularly important in military operations where its presence or
lack of it may very well spell the difference between victory or defeat.
- With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of obligation to himself and to
his comrades; to his commander and the entire organizations.
- The ultimate objective of military discipline, is unit efficiency in battle –
to ensure that a unit performs its role correctly; that it reaches its
objectives, accomplishes its assigned mission and helps other units to
accomplish their mission.
Creating a Climate of Discipline
We find ready application of discipline in all aspects of military life. We often
hear of “supply discipline”, water discipline”.
Training - a soldier learns to work with other soldier; learn to unify their
actions into a single effort in order to accomplish the group mission and
develops the habit of prompt obedience to all orders.
Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - the best kind of discipline is
that which exacts obedience by appealing to reason and which makes use
of the so called “positive incentives” – reward.
Instilling a Sense of Confidence and Responsibility - a confident and
responsible soldier realizes that he has an obligation not only to himself but
to the other soldier in the organization.
Military Courtesy In The Service
Military Courtesy -the act of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in
the military organization accord to one another.
Salute – the most important and most common form of all military courtesy.
Saluting - one of the most common and basic forms of military courtesy. It
is basically an exchange of greetings between military and/or uniformed
services personnel.
How to Salute? Salute is normally given with the right hand; when right hand
is encumbered, left hand could be used.
-The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not.
- Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand salute when carrying a rifle.
Who are entitled to the salute?
The National Flag and National Anthem.
Commissioned Officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Civilian high officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered
for them.
Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey and the Public Service
when they are serving with the AFP.

When to salute?
- When men seated in boats in which there is no officer, the petty officer in
charge of the boat, rises and salute all officers passing near or within the
boat
- In Navy building, the same general rules of saluting apply as on board
navy ship. Salute all officers senior to you on all occasions, salute all
other officers on first meeting during the day. The salute also rendered
indoors during ceremonies, honoring the flag and in court martial.
- When in company with a senior, you always walk on his left or put him on
your right. This also applies aboard in any vehicle
- If officers and enlisted men are standing together not in formation and a
senior approaches, the first to perceive him shouts “ATTENTION” and all
faces him and salute.
- When in formation, the officer in charge cautions his unit to attention
before executing the appropriate salute.
- Overtake and pass a senior officer only upon his permission. When it
become necessary to walk pass a senior officer, pass on his left side,
salute when you are abreast and ask, “BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?” When the
officer returns the salute you can continue pass him.
 - When reporting on deck or outdoors ashore, covered and salute
accordingly. If reporting to an officer, salute and state your business.
- An enlisted man being seated and without particular occupation rises
upon the approach of an officer, faces him and salutes. If both remain in
the same vicinity, the salute need not be repeated.
- If seniority is unknown, the safest way and the best rule is to salute
mutually and without say.
- Sentries at gangway salute all officers going or coming over the side and
when passing or being passed by officers close aboard in boats.
- Officers and enlisted personnel both salute a senior officers riding in a
vehicle. A driver of a vehicle is required to salute if the vehicle is at halt.
Who are entitled to the salute?
- When boarding a navy ship in which the national Flag is flying, all persons
in the naval service upon reaching the upper platform of the
accommodation ladder or shipboard end of the prow, face the national
flag, and salute, then salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD).
- When leaving the ship, salute first the OOD and then the national
Flag.
When not to render salute?
✓ When troops are at work.
✓ Indoors, except when reporting to an officer.
✓ When carrying articles with both hands, or being so occupied as to make
saluting impracticable.
✓ When serving as a military prisoner.
Terminologies
Rank – is the combined rate and rating of an individual.
Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a term used to identify an individual who
has not yet been classified for a particular rating. His rank would carry an
initial (UN). Ex: ASN(UN)
Rating – is a term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that
is based on aptitude, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an
individual.
Rate – is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise
within the individual’s rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a
rating.
Striker – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E1 to E3.
Petty Officer – a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E4 to E7
INTERIOR GUARD DUTIES
✓ An interior guard duty system is installed to preserve order, protect
property, and enforce military regulations. Security is part of the
commander’s responsibility,
✓ Countersign - Consist of a secret challenge and reply to aid the
guards/sentinels in the scrutiny of persons who apply to pass the lines or it
may be defined as a secret challenge and the secret password.
✓ Challenge - The command, “HALT, WHO IS THERE?” given by a sentry is
used to cause an unidentified person or party to halt and be identified.
✓ Password - Word or a distinctive sound used to answer a challenge,
identifies the person or party desiring to enter or pass and is always a secret.
✓ Interior Guard - The guard detailed by a commander to preserve order,
protect property and enforce regulations within the jurisdiction of the
command.
✓ Relief -Those members of the guard who, under the supervision of and
including a corporal of the guard, have the same watch; the procedure
whereby posted member of the guard.
✓ Sentry - An enlisted man assigned to duty as member of the guard, to keep
watch, maintain order, protect person or property, or warn of any attack, a
sentinel.
✓ Watch - A period of time during which a member of a guard performs the
prescribed duties, beginning from when he is posted and the termination
when he is relieved by proper authority.
✓ Relieve- To direct any member of the guard to cease performance duties.
✓ Post -The place or area where a sentry is stationed or the place where a
member of the guard other than the sentry is required to be when not
performing duties elsewhere.
✓ Patrol Post - A post within a sentry prescribed his own route, within specified
limits, or has his route prescribed for him.
✓ Fixed Post - A post within the limits of which a sentry is not required to more
about appreciable for the performance of this duty.
✓ Guardhouse - A building, tent or other location designated as the
headquarters of the guard.
✓ Detain - The action of any person so authorized used to secure the custody
of an illegal offender until proper authority may be noticed.
✓ Field Officer of the Day(FOD)
FOD - A field grade officer detailed as FOD is the Commanding Officer’s
personal representative. His primary concern is the proper supervision in
the performance of duty of the interior guards.
✓ Officer of the Day (OOD)
OOD - The OOD is responsible for the proper performance of duty by the
main guards. He is charged with executing all orders of the commanding
officer relating to interior duty guard.
 ✓ Commander of the Guard (COG)
COG - He is responsible for the instruction, discipline, and performance of
the guards.
✓ Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)
SOG - The SOG is the overall supervisor over the other NCO and sentinel of
the guards. He takes over as commander of the guards in case no one else
is detailed as such.
✓ Relief Commander - Instruct his relief as to their orders and duties and make
certain that each sentinel understand
✓ Sentinel of the Guards – They must memorize, understand, and comply with
the general orders for sentinel and comply with the specific orders
applicable to their particular posts including the use of countersigns if they
are in effect.

General Orders No. 1 To take charge of my post and all government property
in view.
General Orders No. 2 To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always
on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or
hearing.
General Orders No. 3 To report all violations of orders I am instructed to
enforce.
General Orders No. 4 To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the
guardhouse than my own.
General Orders No. 5 To quit my post only when properly relieved.
General Orders No. 6 To receive, obey and pass to the sentinel who relieves
me all orders from the Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day,
Commissioned and Non - Commissioned Officers of the guard only.
General Orders No. 7 To talk to no one except in line of duty.
General Orders No. 8 To give an alarm in case of fire and disorders.
General Orders No. 9 To call the Commander of the Guard in any case not
covered by instructions.
General Orders No. 10 To salute all Officers and all Colors and Standard not
cased.
General Orders No. 11 To be especially watchful at night during the time for
challenging and to challenge all persons on or near my post and to allow no
one to pass without proper authority.

MILITARY JUSTICE
- The military justice system was meant to enable commanders to
disposed personnel problems in their units in the most expeditious
 manner. Speedy disposition of cases preserves discipline, promotes
justice and enhances the attainment of the Commander’s mission.
In concept, the military justice system is designed to enforce discipline and
administer justice in the military service, and it is composed of four (4)
components:
1. Investigation - is the process of looking into the circumstances of a case
for the purpose of verifying and establishing the facts.
2. Prosecution - the accusation of a crime before a legal tribunal.
3. Trial or adjudication - a legal action before a judge and jury.
4. Judgment or decision - punishment given to the accused who committed
such crime.

These same components permeate (fill) two distinct division of the system,
namely:

1. Administrative cases - are those that result in decisions not involving

penal sanctions and may take such mild disciplinary or instructive forms
as admonition, reprimand and the like.
2. Punitive cases - are those that result in judgments of fine, hard labor,
deprivation of liberty or combination of these whenever guilt of those
involved are proven.
The type of evidence and degree of proof required are also different for these
two categories.
- Punitive cases require guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt while
Administrative cases require only preponderance (occurrence) of
evidence to gain positive adjudication.
SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW
- Articles of War are set of laws, known as Commonwealth Act No. 408, was
enacted by the Philippine National Assembly on 14 September 1938.
Among others, the Articles of War defines the offenses punishable under
the law and prescribes the corresponding punishment.
- Rules governing the conduct of military personnel and providing for a
method by which persons be punished are contained in the Articles of
War.
- Military jurisdiction emanates from several sources among which are
the constitution of the Philippines and International Law. Military
jurisdiction are carried out by the following agencies.
 MILITARY JURISDICTION
Court-Martial - General, Special and Summary
Commanding Officers in exercising their disciplinary powers under AW
105.
Court of Inquiry
Military Tribunals or Commission
As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over-all persons
subject to military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive articles of
war. To be more specific, the term “persons subject to military law” refers to the
following:
1. All officers and enlisted personnel in the regular force of the AFP.
2. All reservists from the date of their call to active duty and while on such
active duty.
3. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying School, and Probationary
Lieutenants on actual training.
4. All trainees undergoing military instructions.
5. Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the AFP
in the field in time of war or when martial law is declared.
6. All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial or military
tribunal.
7. All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial or military
tribunal.

Articles of war were promulgated effective September 14, 1938

when the unicameral Philippine National Assembly enacted
Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the basic law that
gave the guidance and operations of the country’s Armed
Forces, there are 120 Articles, most of which are lifted from US
Uniform Code of Military Justice.
It is for this reason that our articles of war had the same
substance as the American Military Code of 1928 which was
found applicable to Philippine conditions.
ARTICLES OF WAR
1. Article 54 - Fraudulent enlistment
2. Article 55 - Officer making unlawfulmenlistment
3. Article 56 - False muster
4. Article 57 - False returns or omission to render returns
5. Article 58 - Acts to constitute desertion
6. Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion
7. Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another to Desert
8. Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter
9. Article 62 - Absence Without Leave
10. Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the President, Vice President,
Prime Minister, Chairman of the National Assembly or Minister of National
Defense
11. Article 64 - Disrespect toward Superior Officer
12. Article 65 - Assaulting or willfully disobeying Superior Officer
13. Article 66 - Insubordinate conduct toward Non-Commissioned
Officer
14. Article 67 - Mutiny or sedition
15. Article 68 - Failure to suppress mutiny or sedition
16. Article 69 - Quarrels, frays & disorders
17. Article 70 - Arrest or confinement
18. Article 71 - Charges, action upon
19. Article 72 - Refusal or receive and keep prisoners
20. Article 73 - Report of prisoners received
21. Article 74 - Releasing prisoner without proper authority
22. Article 75 - Delivery of offenders to Civil Authorities
23. Article 76 - Misbehavior before the enemy
24. Article 77 - Subordinate compelling Commander to surrender
25. Article 78 - Improper use of countersign
26. Article 79 - Forcing a safeguard
27. Article 80 - Captured property to be secured for public service
28. Article 81 - Dealing in captured or abandoned property
29. Article 82 - Relieving, corresponding with or aiding the enemy
30. Article 83 - Spies
31. Article 84 - Military property, willful or negligent loss
32. Article 85 - Waste or unlawful disposition of military
property issued to soldiers
33. Article 86 - Drunk on duty
34. Article 87 - Misbehavior of sentinel
35. Article 88 - Personal interest in sale of provisions
36. Article 88A – Unlawfully influencing action of court
37. Article 89 - Intimidating of persons bringing provisions
38. Article 90 - Good order to be maintained and wrong redressed
Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist commanders in
the administration of military justice. Specifically they are established to enforce
discipline in the military establishment and to serve as deterrents to military crimes
and offenses.
TYPES OF COURT MARTIAL
A. General Court Martial
Consist of any number of members not less than five (5) and by whom may be
appointed by the following: the President, Chief of Staff of the AFP and when
empowered by the President, the Commanding Officers of major commands or task
forces, division regional commands, the Superintendent of the Philippine Military
Academy, Commanding Officers of separate brigades or body of troops
B. Special Court Martial
Consist of any number of members not less than three (3). The following may
appoint special court martial: Commanding Officers of major commands, task
forces, regional commands or divisions and when empowered by the President,
Commanding Officer of a garrison, camp, brigade, regiment, detached battalion or
other detached command or commissioned vessel.
C. Summary Court Martial
An entirely different case would be the trial by a summary court martial
where its proceedings are much faster. Since it has at least one member who sits
as president, trial judge advocate (TJA) and defense council at the same time, and
since its jurisdiction as to person, offense, and punishment is limited. A summary
court martial can dispose of a certain case in the most expeditious manner.

MILITARY COMMISSION OR TRIBUNAL

- The commission or tribunal play the same role as court-martial. During
martial law, which was in effect throughout the country from 1972 to 1981,
these commissions or tribunals tried cases referred to them in the same
expeditious way. Even civilians who committed offenses not triable by
courts martial fell under the jurisdiction of these special bodies whose
proceedings were in accordance with procedural law.
- A valid example of this case is that of a Chinese national who was
accused of drug pushing and distribution and was found guilty by a
military commission and meted out the death penalty thru musketry.
 HUMAN RIGHTS
- Man has the basic rights to life, dignity and self-development
- Society has the basic rights to survive, self-determination and right to
develop as a society.
- The government is created by the society or by the people, for the people
and of the people
- The Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law
as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality,
justice, freedom, cooperation and amity with all nations.
PROVISIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS,
Constitutional Guarantees To Human Rights
Sec. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process
of law nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Sec. 2 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable.
Sec. 3 The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable
except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires
otherwise as prescribed by law.
Sec. 4 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or
of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.
Sec. 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession
and worship without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
Sec. 6 The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed
by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall
the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Sec. 7 The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized.
Sec. 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law
shall not be abridged.
Sec. 9 Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Sec. 10 No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Sec. 11 Free access to the court and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Sec.12 Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice.
Sec. 13 All persons except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong shall, before conviction, be boilable by
sureties or be released on recognizance as maybe provided by law.
Sec. 14 No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
Sec.15 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except
in case of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Sec. 16 All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative bodies.
Sec. 17 No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Sec. 18 (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs
and (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment
for a crime.
Sec. 19 Excessive fines shall not be imposed nor cruel, degrading or in human
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed.
Sec. 20 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Sec. 21 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense.

BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

- Signals are used to transmit commands or information when radio and other
means of communication are not available or during instances when silence
must be maintained.
- The use of signals is particularly useful during conduct of patrols or during
the thick of firefight where verbal commands are difficult to understand.
- The use of signals are generally embodied in a unit ‘s Standing Operating
Procedures (SOP) and all members are expected to know them by heart.
Five (5) Means of Communication
1. The whistle is an excellent signal device used by small unit leaders. It
has, however, some disadvantages. The sound of whistles from
 adjacent units may confuse the men and its effectivity as a means of
communication may be adversely affected by normal noise that exists
in the battle field. Nevertheless, the whistle may be an effective means
of transmitting instant messages to a large group of men. Remember
when you intend to use a whistle as a signal, be sure that it is pre-
arranged and that all the men understand what every whistle sound
means.
2. Semaphore flag signaling is rarely used today except in the Navy where
such method of communication is still being used as a back-up
communication means between ships at sea.
3. Morse Code is an internationally known communication code used as
an alternate to voice-radio communication. Transmission is much
slower than voice-radio communication, but it is as reliable. Morse code
messages may be relayed through dots and dashes on the telephone or
through short and long flashes on signal lights.
4. Special signals consist of all special methods and devices used to
transmit commands or information. These may take the form of taps on
the helmet or rifle stock to signal “halt”, “danger”, “move forward” or
“assemble here”. Necessity and common sense usually dictate the
appropriate special signal to be used in communicating with the men.
Nevertheless, these signals must be clearly understood and properly
rehearsed by the unit before they are used. Various pyrotechnic and
smoke signals may also be effective to signal the time to attack, to
withdraw or to commence performing a specific task, such as to cease
or shift supporting fires.
5. Arm and hand signal are often made a part of a unit’s SOP and it may
vary from one unit to another. This silent means of relaying commands
to the men are usually used during patrols or infiltration missions when
silence is extremely important. Following are the standard arm and
hand signals. However, you may device your own for your unit, but be
sure your men understand their meanings before you use them.
STANDARD ARM AND HAND SIGNAL
Decrease Speed. Extend your arm horizontally sideward with your palm to
the front. Then wave your arm downward several times keeping your arm
straight. Do not move your arm above the horizontal.
Increase Speed or Double Time. Carry your hand to your shoulder with your
fist closed. Rapidly thrust your fist upward vertically to the full extent of your
arm and back to your shoulder for several times.
Change Direction or Column (Right or Left). Extend your left or right arm
horizontally to the side with palm facing to the front.
Enemy in Sight. Hold your rifle horizontally with the butt in your shoulder
and the muzzle pointing in the direction of the enemy.
Commence Firing. Extend your arm in front of your body, hip high with your
palm down. Move it through a wide horizontal arc several times.
Commence fire. Extend the arm in front of the body, hip high, palm down
Fire Faster. Execute rapidly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine
gunner, this signal means change to a higher rate of fire.
Fire Faster - execute the Commences Fire signal rapidly.
Fire Slower. Execute slowly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine
gunner, this signal means to slow-down rate of fire. To slow the rate of fire,
move the arm slower.
Cease Firing. Raise your hand in front of the forehead with your palm facing
to the front. Then swing your hand and forearm up and down several times
in front of your face.
Assemble. Raise your hand vertically to the full extent of your arm with your
fingers extended and joined with palm facing to the front. Then wave in large
horizontal circles with your arm and hand.
Form into Column. Raise either of your arm to the vertical position. Drop
your arm to the rear, describing complete circles in a vertical plane, parallel
to your body. This signal may be used to form troop or vehicular columns.
Form into Echelon (Right or Left). Face the unit being signaled and extend
one arm 45 degrees above and your other arm 45 degrees below the
horizontal with your palm facing to the front. Your lower arm shall indicate
the direction of the echelon. Supplementary commands may be given to
ensure prompt and proper execution.
Form into Skirmishers (Fire Team). Raise your both arms laterally until
they are horizontal. Keep your arms and hands extended with the palms
down. If it is necessary to indicate a direction, move in the desired direction
at the same time you execute the signal. This signal is also used to
command a squad to form into a line formation.
Form into Wedge. Extend your both arms downward and to your side at an
angle of 45 degrees below the horizontal with your palms facing to the front.
Form into Vee. Extend your arms at an angle of 45 degrees above the
horizontal and form the letter “V” with your arms and torso.
Platoon. Extend both arms forward with your palms down towards the leader
or the unit whom your signal is intended. Then describe large vertical circles
with your hands.
Squad. Extend your hand and arm with your palm down, towards the squad
leader of the squad you are addressing. Then distinctly move your hand up
and down several times from the wrist, keeping your arm steady
Fire Team. Bring your right arm diagonally across your chest.
Close Up. Start your signal with your both arms extended sideward and
palms forward. Then bring your palms together in front of your body
momentarily. When repetition of this signal is necessary, bring your arms
back to the starting position by a movement along the front of your body.
 Open Up or Extend. Start your signal with your arms extended in front of
your body and palms together. Then bring arms to the horizontal position
of your sides with palms facing forward. When repetition of this signal is
necessary, return your arms along the front of your body as in the starting
position. You may repeat the signal until you are understood.
Disperse. Extend your either arm vertically overhead. Wave the hand and
arm to the front, left, right and rear with your palm facing towards the
direction of each movement.
Forward, Advance to the Right (Left). This signal is always used when
starting from a halt. Face and move in the desired direction of the march
and at the same time extend your arm horizontally to the rear. Then swing it
overhead and forward in the direction of the movement until it is horizontal
with your palms down.
Halt. Carry your hand to your shoulder with your palm facing to the front.
Then thrust the hand upward vertically to the full extent of your arm and hold
it in that position until the signal is understood.
Freeze. Make the signal for “halt” and clinch your hand into a fist.
Down and Take Cover. Extend your arm sideward at an angle of 45 degrees
above the horizontal with your palm down. Then lower your hand to your
side. You may use both arms in giving this signal. Repeat the signal until
understood.
Hasty Ambush Right (Left). Raise your fist to your shoulder level and thrust
it several times in the desired direction.
Rally Point.Touch your belt with one hand and point to desired spot on the
ground you want to designate as your unit’s rally point.

SIGNALS FOR COMBAT FORMATIONS AND BATTLE DRILLS

Leaders of dismounted units use arm-and-hand signals to control the
movement of individuals, teams, and squads. These signals are used by
infantry and also by combat support and combat service support elements
organized for infantry missions.

ASSEMBLE/RALLY FOLLOW ME, OR

COME FORWARD
FIX BAYONET DOUBLE TIME
RADIO EQUIPMENT, CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS
The major disadvantage of the use of radio is that it is the least secured
means of communication. Since the radio operates on the principle of
transmitting electromagnetic waves. The enemy with his own radio set and
a little knowledge of the types of radio government forces use, could easily
intercept our transmissions. It is on this regard that you should observe
radio discipline at all times. You should therefore, always assume that the
enemy is listening whenever you use the radio.
Guidelines For Radio Transmission:
Always plan or write down your message before transmitting.
Always listen before starting to talk so as not to interrupt other
conversations. When about to talk, press down the button on the side of the
hand set and do not talk until the hissing sound ceases.
Speak distinctly and enunciate each word in normal tone. If the receiving
operator must write down your transmission, allow him time for copying.
Follow the standard voice-radio procedures when transmitting.
Release the push-to-talk button immediately after the completion of your
transmission.
Camouflage your radio set when carrying it on you back. Bend the whip
antennae slightly downward and to the rear to make it inconspicuous to the
enemy. Several radio men became casualties because they failed to take
this measure.
Radio Telephone Procedures
Radio Telephone procedures refer to the system of transmission through the
use of voice and formalized language to simplify radio communications.
Included in this system are a call signs authorized to be used by radio
stations and short procedure words (prowords) and phrases that a radio
operator uses to establish communication with another station. The
rationale behind the use of prowords is to prevent misunderstanding
between radio operators and repetition of transmissions.
To preclude the possibility of committing errors in the transmission of
messages thereby giving rise to confusion between radio operators, the
phonetic alphabet, which is of universal applications is used.
Since words have similar sounds, confusion may develop and this can be
eliminated by the use of the phonetic alphabet.
Procedure words or phrases that have been assigned meanings are used as
substitutes for long sentences for the purpose of expediting message
handling.
This is one way of keeping voice transmission as short and clear as possible.
For instance, the prowords “out” means “This is the end of my transmission
to you and no answer is required or expected”.

This brings us to the purposes behind the use of phonetic alphabet which
are as follows:
a. To prevent the radio operator from getting confused when confronted with
words having similar sounds.
b. To spell out words that are difficult to pronounce

Call signs are used to identify each station within a radio net. This is one
security aspect of radio communication that prevents the entry of an
unauthorized entity into the net. The improper use of call signs may signify
that a violation is already committed.

PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING

OVER- My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

OUT- My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you.
ROGER - I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.
WILCO - I will comply to your instruction.
QUERRY- These are prowords used before a /INTERROGATIVE
question. Example: INTERROGATIVE MY SIGNAL –How do you
receive my transmission?
LIMA CHARLIE -I received your message Loud (LIMA) andClear (CHARLIE)
SAY AGAIN - I did not understand your transmission.
Request repeat your transmission
I SAY AGAIN -I am repeating the transmission or portion thereof as indicated
REPEAT ALL AFTER - Request repeat all your transmission after the word.
WAIT ONE- Request that you wait for about one minute.
BREAK . . BREAK Emergency, stop your conversation and allow me to use
this net for a very urgent transmission
Basic intelligence
Intelligence - knowledge acquired by the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information concerning an enemy,
whether actual or potential.
Counter-intelligence - all active and passive measures taken to ensure the
safeguarding of information, personnel and materials from espionage, subversion
and sabotage.
Intelligence cycle - it is a continuous process. It is a repetition of what has
transpired or become known. Therefore, there is no first nor last phase – hence a
cycle.
5 Phases in Intelligence Cycle
A. Planning or direction of the collection effort.
B. Collection of information Processing or production of intelligence.
D. Analysis and production of information
E. Dissemination & use of the resulting intelligence
A. Planning or direction the collection effort
1. Definition - is a crucial phase in the production of intelligence for it is here that
we determine the intelligence requirements to support the commander’s mission.
- It is here also that we determine which collection agencies are to exploit which
source.
Steps to consider in planning:
1. Determining the intelligence requirements-guidelines/consideration
A. Enemy capabilities - these refer to enemy strengths which would affect the
accomplishment of the mission.
B. Enemy vulnerabilities - these refer to enemy weaknesses or that which render
the enemy to damage, deception and defeat.
C. Weather and terrain - weather information may be required to determine its
effect on the enemy and the terrain. Terrain data includes cross-country traffic
ability, obstacles, roads and rail conditions and susceptibility to flooding.
D. Order of battle - when the enemy situation is vague, and for purposes of long
range planning, order of battle factors maybe the basis for intelligence
requirements.
E. Next major decision - future operations are considered. If the intelligence does
not plan ahead, the commander, will find himself ready to continue the work /attack,
but the information of intelligence needed.
F. Preventing surprise of the command - required in order to avoid tactical
surprise.
G. Information needs of higher or adjacent units - each level of command will
normally be assigned collection mission by higher, lower & adjacent
headquarters.
2. Determining the intelligence priorities. There are two requirement priorities
namely:
A) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEIS)
1. Commander’s highest priority requirements
2.Obtained items of information and or intelligence needed by the commander in
making a decision with an acceptable degree of confidence.
3. Information about the enemy and the aoo that the commander must have to
arrive at a reasonably sound decision during a particular phase of an operation.
B) OTHER INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS (OIRS)
-Information needed by the Commander but are not his highest priority.
1. Collection worksheet - either written or oral, whereby an intelligence officer
takes the intelligence requirements as announced by the commander.
2) Collection agency - it is an individual or unit which systematically exploits the
source of information in order to gain the desired information.
Categories of collection agencies:
1) Intelligence Specialists - individuals trained in the specialized aspects of
intelligence. Organic to the military organization. Ex: ob specialist; interrogators;
photo interpreters
2) Troops - soldiers and their units.ex: battalion; div corps; field army
3) Special Units - units dealing in the collection of information.
Collection of information
1.Definition- the systematic extraction of the information from source.
2. Primary consideration:
A. Source of information - the actual origin of the information. (Person, things,
detectable enemy activity)
 B. Collection agencies - this topic has been discussed under planning
collection effort.
C. Processing or production of information into intelligence.
1. Definition: Information is recorded, evaluated and interpreted. The end result of
which becomes intelligence.
2. Three (3) parts of processing:
A) Recording - mechanical process whereby all collected information recognized
in a ready usable form. Reduces all available info, making interpretation easier and
more accurate.
Tools used in recording:
a. Intelligence journal
b. Intelligence worksheet
c. Enemy situation map
d. Intelligence files
B) Evaluation - the examination of information to determine its pertinence or value
in the production of intelligence, the reliability of its source or agency and, its
credibility or accuracy.
Evaluation rating Reliability of source and agency
Probable Accuracy
A - completely reliable 1 - confirmed
B - usually reliable 2 - probably true
C - fairly reliable 3 - possibly true
D - not usually reliable 4 - doubtfully reliable
E - unreliable 5 - improbable
F - judge 6 - truth cannot be judge
C. Interpretation - determining the significance of information with respect to
information and intelligence already at hand and the drawing of conclusions as to
the probable meaning of the evaluated information.
Three (3) Components of Interpretation:
1. Analysis - the examination of information with selected emphasis in the light of
what has been previously known. Taking apart an information to critically examine
each component
2. Integration - the combining of selected data to form a pattern which will have
meaning and establish a basis for deduction or conclusion.
3. Deduction - is simply the formation of conclusion concerning the effect of the
evaluated information on the current situation.
D. Dissemination and use of intelligence
1. Definition - the process of transmitting information and intelligence to higher,
lower, and adjacent units for the possible use.
2. Criteria or consideration in dissemination:
A. Timeliness - for dissemination to be timely.
B. Propriety - for information and intelligence to be disseminated properly, they
must be:
sent to the correct ultimate users.
presented in a form that lends itself for immediate use
distributed through the most effective means of communications
appropriate to both time and securing requirements.
adequate and accurate
3. Methods of dissemination:
A) by personal contacts which include staff visits, telephone calls and
conferences.
B. By messages which include spot report.
C. By intelligence documents, which include intelligence estimates, intelligence
summary, periodic intelligence reports, intelligence annex to an operation order,
and tactical study of weather and terrain.

BASIC SURVIVAL training

Survival - Is the action of staying alive in the field with limited resources. You must
try to survive when you become separated from your unit, evading the enemy or
during the time you are a prisoner. Survival requires a knowledge of how to live off
the land & take care of yourself.
S- ize up the situation I-mprovise
U- ndue haste make waste V-alue living
R- emember where you are A-ct like the natives
V- anquish fear and panic L-ive by your wits
SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES
Important pointers that you should remember when you find yourself and your men in a
life-threatening situation. Best remembered by the acronym: SURVIVAL.
1. SIZE UP THE SITUATION
- By considering your own capability as an individual, your surroundings and the
totality of the situation you are in, your equipment and available supplies.
2. UNDUE HASTE MAKES WASTE.
- Remember that if you will not deliberately plan your moves you are bound to waste a
lot of your energies and resources.
- Keep yourself calm, take stock of the resources available to you and plan how you are
going to utilize them to survive.
- Do not be too eager to move.
3. REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE.
- Carefully plan all your movements so that you will not get lost.
- Always remember where you are in relation to the enemy controlled areas and the
location of friendly units and controlled areas.
- You should also know the location of local water sources.
4. VANQUISH FEAR AND PANIC
- Take control of your fears and do not panic.
- You can reduce the adverse effects of fear by hoping for the best but expecting and
preparing for the worst eventuality.
- Maintain your optimistic attitude and learn to accept the fact that the situation may
further turn to worst.
5. IMPROVISE
- Be resourceful and try to make do with available materials in the area to improve your
living conditions.
- Learn to subsist and live with unpleasant conditions that you may encounter.
- Improvise a shelter
6.VALUE LIVING
- Never lose hope and remain a true fighter.
- Preserve your health and Conserve your strength.
- Think of your loved ones who are concerned and are praying for your safe return.
- Never forget your goal to “get out alive”.
7. ACT LIKE THE NATIVES
- Learn the methods and techniques that are used to survive by the indigenous people
living in the area.
- Befriend to them that they may help you survive in their natural environment.
- Know when, where and how they get their food and where they get their water.
8. LEARN BASIC SURVIVAL SKILLS
- Learn from the local residents in the area some basic survival skills on how to catch
wild animals for food.
- Build shelter from available materials for your protection against the harsh elements.
- Live by your wits to constantly improve your chances of survival.
B. Jungle Survival
1. Jungle survival techniques- With training and your “will to survive’, you will find you
can overcome the obstacles you may face.
Pointers on how to survive in tropical jungle:
▪ Prepare for bed early while there is still light.
▪ Be ready for sudden drops of temperature
▪ Protect yourself against insects.
▪ Use your clothing to protect you against scratches.
▪ Do not be bothered by the strange & unknown sounds
▪ Avoid making camp on depressions and low areas.
2. OBTAINING FOODN- Food is necessary for survival since the nutrients they provide
keep the body organs functions.
A) Plant Food. There is a wide variety of edible plants, however, you must be
knowledgeable in choosing which plants, or which of its parts are edible.
B) Animal Food. Animal food contains the most food value per unit weight. Generally
anything that swims, flies, crawls or creeps is a possible source of food.
3. SETTING TRAPS AND SNARES- An unarmed survivor or an evader who would
rather not use his rifle in order not to be discovered by the enemy, trapping or snaring
wild game is a good way to obtain needed animal food.
4. MAKING TRAPS & SNARES - A snare is a noose that will slip and strangle or hold
any animal caught.
5. PRESERVING ANIMAL FOOD - If the situation and time allow, you should preserve
the extra meat for later use.
6. LOCATING SOURCE OF WATER. - Water is one of your most urgent needs in a
survival situation.
a) Purify Contaminated Water
b) Collect Rain Water
c) Locate Sites for Wells
d) Look for Water-rich Plant
e) Construct Survival Water Still
7. BUILDING SHELTERS. - You need a shelter to protect you from the sun, insects,
wind, rain, hot or cold temperatures and enemy observation.
Selecting Shelter Location.
First, you have to decide where your shelter site should be. The site should be :
Safe from flooding
Erosion
Provides pleasant atmosphere to live in
Near your source of water.
8. BUILDING FIRE - A fire can fulfill several needs:
Keep you warm
It can keep you dry
To cook food
Purify water
Signal

BASIC MAP READING

- Maps and their substitutes are of particular value to the military establishment. It is
necessary to identify ridges, valleys, routes of movement and other characteristics of a
section of terrain that can not be reconnoitered in advance.
Map - is a geographical representation of the earth surface drawn to a scale in a flat
plane.
Importance of map:
A) Used for strategic, tactical planning in all command.
B) Used to show the relative position on a certain given area.
 C) Used to show accurate distance, location, best routes and key terrain
features.
D) Used to avoid lost & keep alive.
Care of map:
A) Proper folding by: accordion fold or slit fold.
B) Carry maps in a waterproof pocket and use acetate to cover the map.
C) Avoid drawing or improper marking to avoid confusion.
Security of maps:
A) Maps must not fail into unauthorized hand.
B) When in danger, destroy the map.
C) Avoid indication of plans or area of interest in the map.
Categories and uses of military maps:
The term military map includes all maps designed for use of military authorities except
aeronautics & hydrographic charts.
Scale - is expressed as a fraction and gives the ratio of map distance to ground
distance.
A) Small scale - scale of 1:600,000 and smaller (used for general panning for strategic
studies at the high echelon).
B) Medium scale - larger than 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 (for planning
operations, including the movement and concentration of troops and supplies).
C) Large scale - scale of 1:75,000 and larger (for tactical technical and administrative
needs of field units.)
Types of maps:
A) Plainmetric map - showing only the horizontal (flat) position of features.
B) Topographic map - a two dimensional map which represents the horizontal (flat and
vertical relief) positions of features represented.
C) Plastic relief map – a topographic map reprinted on plastic material and formed by
heat and vacuum over a reproductive positive mold thus giving the same information as
contained on topographic map.
D) Photo map - a reproduction of photograph upon grid lines, marginal data, place,
names and boundaries may be added.
E) Joint operation map – used for ground and air operations. The maps are published in
a ground and air edition.
 F) Pictomap – it is a map on which the photographic imaginary of a standard photomap
has been converted into interpretable colors and symbols.
G) Photomosaic - an assembly of aerial photograph to form a complete picture.
H) Military city map - a large scale of topographic map of a city or town and the standard
scale is 1:12,000.
I) Special map - maps for special purposes such as traficability, transformation and
boundary maps.
J) Terrain model - a three dimensional representation of an area molded on plastic,
rubber or another material symbolically.
K) Hydrographic map – a nautical map used as navigational aid either above or below
surface.
Marginal information – are those printed notes outside the printed diagram of maps
used as an instructional guide in reading maps.
1. Sheet name – found at the upper center margin. A map is named after its outstanding
cultural or geographic features.
2. Sheet number – found in the upper right margin and used as reference number
assigned to each map.
3. Series name and scale – found on the upper left margin. A map series usually
comprises a group of smaller maps at some scale designed to cover a particular
geographic area.
4. Series number – appears in the upper right margin and lower left margin.
5. Edition number – is found in the upper margin and in the lower margin, representing
the age of the map.
6.Bar scale – located in the center of the lower margin and in the lower margin use for
determination of map distance to the corresponding ground distance with three different
units of measures.
7. Credit note – in lower left margin, primary purpose is to list the procedures and
reference, the method of compilation for used by technicians.
8. Index to adjoining sheet – in lower margin, it identifies the map sheet covering areas
around the area covered by the map you are using.
9. Index to boundaries diagrams – in lower margin, this is a miniature map that shows
the boundaries and special show line that occurs within the map area.
10. Projection note – in lower margin, it indicate the method use to portray the map
area.
11. Grid note – in the center lower margin, it gives information pertaining to the grid
system used, the initial guidelines and the number of digit omitted from grid values.
12. Grid reference box - usually located at the center of the lower margin. It contains
information identifying the grid zone designation and 100,00 meters square
identification.
13. Horizontal datum note - located at the center of the lower margin and defined as
geodetic reference point.
14. Legend - at the lower left margin, illustrates identifies the topographic symbols used
to depict some of the prominent features on the map.
15. Declination diagram - located in the center lower margin and indicates the
relationships of true north and magnetic north.
16. Protractor scale – in upper margin, use for laying out a magnetic north line on the
map.
17. User note – located in the lower margin use for connections and errors on the map.
18. Unit imprint - at the left side of the lower margin, it identifies the agency which
printed the maps with its respective symbols.
19. Contour interval note - located in the center of the lower margin. It states the vertical
distance between adjacent contour lines on the map. When supplementary contours are
used the interval is indicated.
20. Coverage diagram – normally in lower margin, it indicates the methods by which the
map was made, dates of photography and other sources material.
21. Graphic scale - a ruler used to convert map distance to ground distance without
going through mathematical computations.
22. Contour interval – the contour interval states the vertical distance between adjacent
contour lines on the map. When supplementary contour are used the intervals is
indicated.
23. Vertical datum note – it designates the basis for all vertical control stations, contours
and elevation appearing in the map.
Map symbol – sign composed of a diagram number, letters, abbreviation, color or
combination thereof, which is used to identify and distinguish a particular place of area.
A. Purpose:
1. To visualize an area of the earth surface with pertinent feature planning.
 2. To represent the natural and manmade feature.
1. Topographic symbols – are standard drawing of map features and organized by their
colors.
Topographic colors:
Black – all manmade features, such as buildings, roads not shown in red, etc.
Blue – all water features, such as lakes, rivers, swamps, streams, etc.
Brown – all land forms, such contours, cuts, fills, etc.
Green – all vegetation, such as forest, orchid, hide grass, jungles, etc.
Red – main roads, built-up areas, and special info.
Military symbols – a symbol used by the map user when he wants to show the
disposition of troops and overlaying of military installation.
A. Military colors:
Blue – all friendly forces, installations, activities and firepower.
Red – all enemy forces, installation and activities (double lines means enemy)
yellow – shows grassed or contaminated areas maybe the result of either friendly or
enemy actions.
green – indicates friendly or enemy demolition, minefield and manmade obstacles.
B. Types of military symbols:
1.Troops unit symbols – are shown by rectangle. (Basic symbols for military unit and
activities).
2) Branch arm of service and type – organization symbol – used in conjunction either
other symbols to signify a military unit activity or installation.
3) Size of unit – used to identify the size of a unit or installation.
Grids and Coordinates:
Grids - are parallel lines from east to west, north or south that forms a square used as a
reference system to help the map reader locate areas quickly.
Coordinates - are the numbered grid lines on the map and are further subdivided to
show specified location.
Geographic coordinates – the location of any point of the earth surface maybe given by
stating into its distance north or south of the equator (latitude) and east or west of prime
meridian (longtitude).
Polar coordinates – on the map maybe determined or plotted from a known point by
giving a distance along that direction.
Grid coordinates - the military grid system divides the earth surface into many 100,000
meter squares. Each of these squares are further subdivided into 1,000 meter squares.
The 1,000 meter squares is the basis of the military grid system which is used in
reading military map.
Grid square - can be located or identified by combining the number of the vertical grid
line and horizontal grid line which intersect at the lower left corner of the square.
Characteristics of grids:
- Does not requires knowledge of the area
- Applied to large areas
- Does not requires land marks
- Applies to all map scales
Locating points within a grid squares:
- 4 digits nearest to 1,000 meters
- 6 digits nearest to 100 meters
- 8 digits nearest to 10 meters
- 10 digits nearest to 1 meter
Rule in determining grid coordinate – “read right up”
Grid coordinates (GC) – nearest to 10 mtrs(8digits)
GC – 17320170 GC – 19140252
GC– 02385578 GC– 89052564
Grid coordinates(GC)–nearest to 1 meter(10 digits)
GC – 1732301702 GC – 1914102520
GC – 0238855780 GC – 8905725642
Graphic (bar) scale – is the most accurate means of measuring distance on a map. It is
the ruler printed on the map on which distances on the map may be measured as actual
ground distance.
Graphic scale is divided into 2 parts:
1. Primary scale – distance from zero mark to the right.
2. Scale extension – from the zero mark to the left. This is divided into ten (10) equal
parts to enable more accurate measurements.
Directions:
Methods of expressing directions are:
Degrees = 360 degrees(1) one circle
Mils = 6,400 mils (1) one circle
Grad = 400 grads (1) one circle
360 degrees = 6,400 mils
1 degree = 17.8 mils
90 degrees = 100 grads
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 click in compass = 3 degrees
Three (3) basic lines
True north =always constant
Magnetic north=when working with a compass
Grid north = when working with a mil map
Elevation and relief
Definition:
1. Elevation – the height (vertical distance) of an object above or below a datum plane.
2. Datum plane – a reference from which measurement maybe taken. This datum plane
for most maps is average sea level.
3. Relief – the configuration (shape) of the ground
Types of contour:
A. Index contour – every fifth contour line is an inches line and is indicated by heavier
brown line.
B. Intermediate contour – are the four lighter contour lines drawn between the index
contours.
C. Supplementary contour – represents half intervals between intermediate contours
and is shown by brown lines.
D. Depression contour – an area that is lower in elevation that all the surroundings
terrain is indicated tick marks pointing down slope.
E. Approximate contour - are broken lines of the same thickness and type as the
contour replayed.
Contour lines to identify ground forms
A. Hills –series of concentric contour lines which gradually grow smaller, ending with a
small closed contour line in the center.
B. Peaks of hill tops – a small closed, relatively circular contour at the center of the
series of concentric contour line.
C. Ridges – series of connecting peak or a valley floor.
D. Saddles – is a low point between two peaks along the crest of a ridges.
E. Spur –that form a series of successive rounded u shapes.
F. Cliff C– lines that form a series of successive v-shape, a stream course that neither
has nor developed a valley floor.
Two types of azimuth
A) Forward azimuth(FA)
B) Back azimuth(BA)
Procedure on how to get the Back Azimuth
When the FA is less than 180 degrees, add 180 degrees
Ex: FA = 75 degrees 75 degs + 180 deg = 255 degs BA
When the FA is more than 180 deg, less 180 degs
Ex: FA= 245 degrees 245 degs - 180 degs = 65 degs BA
When FA is 180 degs either add or less 180 degs.
Bearing – express a direction as an angle measured east or west from a north
deference. Bearing cannot exceed 90 degrees or one quarter of a circle. One quarter of
a circle is known as quadrant.
The compass and its uses
The magnetic compass is the most commonly used and simplest instrument for
measuring direction and angles in the field.
Two varieties :
A. Lensatic compass
B. Artillery compass
How to orient the map
A. By the use of the lensatic compass
B. By inspection
C. By intersection

A contour line - is a line representing an imaginary line on the ground along which all
points are at the same elevation. It indicate a vertical distance above or below a datum
plane. Starting at sea level.
Major relief information
1. Hill – a point or small area of high ground. When you are located on a hilltop, the
ground slopes down in all direction.
2. Valley – a stream course which has at least a limited extent of reasonably level
ground bordered on the sides by higher ground.
3. Ridge – a line on high grounds, with normally minor variation along it.
4. Spur – a usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground normally jutting out
from the side of a ridge.
5. Saddle – a dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the
lower ground between two hilltops.
6. Depression – a low point or sinkhole, surrounded on all sides by higher grounds.
7. Cuts and fills – man made features by which the bed of a road or a railroad is graded
or leveled.
8. Cliff – a vertical of near vertical slope. When a slope is so steep that it cannot be
shown at the contour interval the ticks always point towards lower ground.
Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas; Walang takot na maglilingkod;
Buong kapuluan ipaglalaban; Handang ipagtanggol ating kalayaan;
Ano ‘mang panganib 'di alintana; Hiyaw ng mandaragat…
Di matitinag aming kagitingan; Hoo! Yaahh!… Hoo! Yaahh!… Hoo! Yaahh!
Mga isla na puspos ng gilas; Sigaw ng mandirigma…
Katatagan na aming sinumpaan; Hoo! Waahh!… Hoo! Waahh!… Hoo!
Waahh!
Pamumuno… pinagyaman ng kasaysayan;
Araw man o gabi;
Kapayapaan… Kasaganahan… Alay ng
Hukbong Dagat… Sa lupa o dagat man;
Dakilang mandaragat naglalayag; Magkaisa tayo sa Hukbong Dagat;
Matatapang na mandirigma lumalaban; Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas.

Chief of Staff - Lt. Gen. Gilbert Gapay CHIEF OF STAFF AFP- GEN FELIMON
T. SANTOS JR PA
LT JERMAINE DACANAY PN - Asst
Commandant BSU PRESIDENT – TIRSO A.
RONQUILLO, PhD
Dr Romeo M Guiilo, - Asst NSTP
Director Colonel Rodolfo Villarica - Under the
leadership of Colonel Rodolfo
LT RUEL M GUTIERREZ PN -
Villarica, as Commandant and
Commandant
Superintendent, ROTC civic action
COMMANDER IN CHIEF - PRESIDENT gained the respect and appreciation
RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE of the people in general.
SECRETARY OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE - HON DELFIN H.
LORENZANA
The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), the foundation for the military legal
system in the United States, constructs the rules and regulations of military law,
including things like the jury selection, appeals process, and sentencing.
3 Types of Court Martial
Summary Court-Martial
Special Court-Martial
General Court-Martial
1. Summary court-martial.
This is the least serious of the three options, and these proceedings handle minor
incidents only. The maximum punishment is considerably less severe than a special or
general court-martial. Summary courts-martial are headed by a commissioned officer
who does not need to be a lawyer.
2. Special court-martial.
Similar to the misdemeanor court in civilian courts of law, a special court-martial can
impose greater punishments than summary court-martial, like up to 12 months of
confinement. The special court-martial consists of at least three officers and a military
trial judge.
3. General court-martial.
This is the most serious level of military courts. These proceedings can only be
convened by the president, secretary of defense, the commanding officer of a major
military installation or by a general or flag officer. It’s often characterized as a felony
court, and any punishment not prohibited by the UCMJ can be instilled, including
dishonorable discharge or the death penalty.