IS 456 : 2000
32.8 Design of RCC Isolated footings for 18. 3. Bending Moment Pressure P = 𝑃 𝑢
columns (Square and Rectangle) – working 𝐴_kN/m2 4. Factored moment/m: Mu= p ( −𝐷 /
stress method: 2 )2 x 1/ 2
32.8.1 Design Considerations:Minimum 19. 5. Effective depth : d required = [Link]
reinforcement: (As per IS456:2000, clause /0.138 x fckx b ,increase depth for 1.75 to 2
[Link] mild steel reinforcement in either times more than calculated value for shear
direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 considerations.
percent of the total cross sectional area.
6. Area of tension reinforcement : Mu = 0.87fy
However, this value can be reduced to 0.12
Astd(1- Ast fy/bdfck ) This is a quadratic
percent when high strength deformed bars or
equation, calculate the value for Ast and
welded wire fabric are used The diameter of
consider the minimum of values, Area of steel
reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of
per m = Ast /span =_mm2
the total thickness of the slab
20. Assume diameter bars Area of one bar ast=
When the depth required for the above
π x 𝑑𝑖𝑎2/ 4 = _ mm2, Spacing of reinforcement ,
development length or the other causes is very
S = 1000 ast/ Ast
large, it is more economical to adopt a stepped
or sloped footing so as to reduce the amount of 7) Check for one way shear : The critical
concrete that should go into the footing. section is taken at a distance “d” away from the
face of the column y-y axis. Shear force per m,
SHEAR: 1. One way shear(Wide beam Shear):
Vu = p x B x [( L−D/ 2 )-d]
One way shear is similar to Bending shear in
slabs considering the footing as a wide beam. 21. Nominal Shear stress, 𝑣 = 𝑉 𝑢 𝑏𝑑 =_N/mm2
Shear is taken along the vertical plane Percentage steel = 100Ast/ 𝐵𝑑 = pt? Refer table
extending the full width of the base Lowest No. 19 of IS 456:2000 for 𝜏 𝑐 𝜏 𝑐 = _ N/mm2 𝜏v
value of allowable shear in Table 13 of IS should be less than 𝜏 𝑐, design is safe against
456:2000 Is 0.35N/mm2 is recommended. one way shear. 𝜏v < 𝜏 𝑐
16.3. Bending Moment for Design: Consider the 22. 8) Check for two way shear : The critical
entire footing as cantilever beam from the face section is taken at a distance “d/2” away from
of The column and calculate the BM. Calculate the faces of the column Shear force per m, Vu =
span for the cantilever portion (Hashed portion) p x [A-(0.4+0.5)2] Nominal Shear stress, 𝜏 𝑣= Vu
= plx 𝑙 2 = 𝑝𝑙2 2 Substitute l=[(B-D)/2] Mxx= p ( b0 d b0 = perimeter = 4( D + d) Maximum shear
𝐵−𝐷 2 )2 x 1 2 This is BM for 1m width of the stress permitted 𝜏 𝑐=0.25 root.𝑓 𝑐𝑘 ,𝜏 𝑐 should
beam be greater than 𝜏v , Then design is safe against
Punching shear / two way shear.
17. DESIGN STEPS: 1. Assume self weight of
footing =0.1p Total load w= P+0.1P 2. Area of 23. 9) Development Length Ld = fsx dia of
footing required, A = 𝑤/ 𝑆𝐵𝐶 For square bar/4𝜏 𝑏𝑑 = 0.87x415x dia of bar/4𝑥2.4 = 37.6∅
footing, Size of footing = 𝐴 For Rectangular For Fe 415 steel and M20 concrete the values
footing, assume L LxB=A Provide L x B square substituted to the above equation and Ld =
footing, Total Area = _ m2 37.6∅ Taken to be , Ld= 40∅ available Ld=(l-D)/2
= _ mm This is alright
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IS 456 : 2000
[Link] x4 with x4 max and determine the
type of section
[Link] the moment of resistence(pg.96
g1.1.b1&c)
Mr=[Link].x4max.b(d-0.42x4max)
Mu=wl^2/8
Eg:Design a rectangular beam to resist a
bending moment equal to 45 kNm using (i) M15
mix and mild steel-Solution :The beam will be
designed so that under the applied moment
both materials reach their maximum stresses.
Assume ratio of overall depth to breadth of the
beam equal to 2.
Breadth of the beam = b Overall depth of beam
= D therefore , D/b = 2
For a balanced design, Factored BM = moment
of resistance with respect to concrete =
moment of resistance with respect to steel =
load factor X B.M = 1.5 X 45 = 67.5 kNm
For balanced section, Moment of resistance Mu
= 0.36 fck b xm(d - 0.42 xm)
Grade for mild steel is Fe250
For Fe250 steel, xm = 0.53d Mu = 0.36 fck b
(0.53 d) (1 – 0.42 X 0.53) d = 2.22bd Since D/b
=2 or, d/b = 2 or, b=d/2 Mu = 1.11 d Mu = 67.5
X 10 Nmm d=394 mm and b= 200mm fy xm 250
32.8.3 Analysis of singly reinforced beams: 0.53d 415 0.48d
Pg;69(assumptions limit state of Adopt D = 450 mm , b = 250 mm,d = 415mm
collapse:flexure) Area of tensile steel At 962 mm= 9.62 cm
Width b=,overall depth D=,effective depth d=D- Minimum area of steel Ao= 0.85
assumed cover = 353 mm 353 mm < 962 mm
[Link] area of reinforcement
(steel)Ast=4xpie/4x25^2 In beams the diameter of main reinforced bars
Max depth of neutral axis depth x4 max=0.46d is usually selected between 12 mm and 25 mm.
[Link] depth of neutral axis (x4) by Provide 2-20mm and 1-22mm bars giving total
Compressive force in concrete = tensile force in area = 6.28 + 3.80 = 10.08 cm > 9.62 cm
steel==c=t
0.36fck.bx4=[Link] 32.9 Design of singly reinforced beams:
X4=[Link]/0.36fck.b (pg-96) Pg:37; assume d=l/15, eff cover d’=, overall
[Link] limiting depth of neutral axis depth D=d=d’=, self weight of beam
X4=[Link]/0.36fck.b.d Wd=bxDxdelta
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IS 456 : 2000
Live load Wl=, total load w=,ultimate load Wu= Pg:48 A delta v/b delta v>= 0.4/0.87xfy
[Link];eff span==clear span+eff depth Delta v=__
[Link]=ck distance b/w Which ever is less, spacing=__mm c/c
supports=0.3/2+6+0.3/2= Hence,Provide __mm dia 2 legged vertical
Select whichever less stirrups @ __mm c/c
Hence, [Link]= Check for deflection: pg:38
Bending moment Mu=w4l^2eff/8 % of steel=,Fs=[Link]/[Link]
Mu lim=[Link].b.d^2 Fig,4 is-456(l/d)max=20.k=
D^2=Mu/[Link].b (l/d)prov=,hence safe
Mu lim=[Link].b.d^2 (l/d)max=(l/d)prov
Mu<or>[Link]
Hence, under reinforced section Design of one way slab:
Given data ly=long span
Reinforcement: Lx=short span,l.l=live load
Mu=[Link].d([Link]/[Link]) F.F=floor finish,fck=grade of conc.
On solving we get,Ast= Fy=grade of steel
Ast=0.5fck/fy(1-root 1-4.6.m4/fck.b.d^2)b.d
Assume the no. of bars Design parameters are reinforcement in short
Free to assume the dia bars and long span direction:
But have to calculate no. of bars [Link] of slab=ratio of lond span/short span
Using 20mm dia bars Ly/lx>2, hence, the given slab can be designed
Ast=pie/4(dia)^2 as one way slab.
No. of bars=Ast/ast= [Link]&overall depth=span/depth=25to30
Provide __ bars at tension side Depth=span/25to30=span/basic
Actual Ast=3xpie/4(dia)^2….safe or not by valuexmodification factor=span/20x(1.25 to 1.5)
pg:46clause Then overall depth D = eff depth=eff cover
Eff cover=clear cover+diameter of bar/2
Min Ast=0.85/fy(b.d) [Link] spam Lx:[Link] span+eff depth Lx+d
Max Ast=0.04xb.d [Link] span+centra to centre of supports
Shear reinforcement: factored shearforce, t/2+Lx+t/2, where t=support thickness
V4=w4.l/2 [Link] load Wu: factor of safety+ ulti load/
working load==1.5+Wu/w==Wu=1.5w
Pg:72, shear stress Tv=Vu/b.d
Now, shear resistence of concrete Vuc=Tc.b.d Total load is the sum of self weight of slab, floor
Now, shear to be carried by stirrups finish, live load. Considering 1m width of slab
Vus=VU-Vuc=_shear to be carried by stirrups and unit length.
Provide _mm dia 2 legged vertical stirrups [Link] weight of slab=specific weightxvolume=
Asv=pie/4x8^2x2 pg:73 [Link] finish=specific weightxvolume=(180 to
23)xlbTf, where tf=thickness of floor finish (or)
Spacing, [Link]=[Link].d/delta v F.F is given x kn/m^2, X x b, X kn/m
[Link]= 0.75xd= [Link] load ykn/m=yxb= y kn/m
3. in no case spacing shall not exceed 300mm therefore, w=d.l+l.l,=1.5xw
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IS 456 : 2000
5. bending moment and shear force(Mu and Then spacing a. Sv=0.87 [Link].d/Vus
Vu): shear force=Vu=[Link]/8
Bending moment=MU=[Link]^2/8 b. sv=[Link]/0.4b, c.0.75d, d.300mm
6..check for effective depth req(dreq): provide min of above four values
Mu=[Link](d-0.42Xumax) where Vus= shear resisted by steel,
Xmax=0.53d—fe 250,0.48d--fe 415,0.46d-fe500 Vu=Vuc+Vus=shear resisted by
Mu=xFck.b.d^2(x=0.148 or 0.138 or 0.133) conc=stressxarea, Vuc=Tc b.d
Dreq=(Mu/xFck.b)^1/2 Vus=Vu-Vuc=Vu-TCb.d
If d req= (Mu/[Link].b)^1/2, if d req<dcal [Link] for deflection:
Provide thickness is sufficient (l/d)cal<(l/d)pro
D req>d cal, then revise the depth. (lx/d)cal=eff span/eff depth
(l/d)pro= basic value x modification factor
[Link] reinforcement(Ast): Basic value+20
Mu=[Link].d([Link]/fck.b.d) Fs+0.58 fy x Ast req/Ast pro
if ast> ast min reinforcement is sufficient
if ast< ast min. min reinforecement is sufficient 32.9.1 Design of two way slab:
then spacing of reinforcement obtained by The steps for designing the two-way slab is
a.S= ast/Ast pro x b (ast=area of bar provided) similar to the one-way slab design.
b.3d, c.300mm, provide min of above three
values as spacing of reinforcement (1) Calculate the Effective depth and effective
span.
[Link] reinforcement (Astd)
Astd=ast min= 0.15% of ag for fe-250 (2) Calculate the total factored load on the slab.
=0.12% of ag for fe 415 & 500
Where Ag=bD=gross area (3) Calculate the mid span moment using the
Then spacing of reinforcement is obtained by formula given in the Indian standard 456-2000
a. S=ast/Ast x b (ast=area of bar provided) and Pages 90,91. and, check the effective depth
b. 5d for flexure.
c. 450mm, provide min of above three
values as spacing of reinforcement (4) Calculate the steel percentage, area of
required steel, and spacing of the bars along the
[Link] for shear(Tv<Tc): shorter and the longer span and provide the
Where Tv=nominal shear stress reinforcement detail.
Tc=permissible shear stress
Tv=shear force/area=Vu/b.d(Tv is obtained (5) Perform the checks for cracking, deflection,
from tab 4.1)grade of % of steel pt= 100 Ast development length, and shear and draw a
pro/b.d, Tv<Tc sketch.
Asv=2xpie/4(6or8or10)^2 In the design calculation, we will consider a 1-
Then spacing Sv:a. Sv=[Link]/0.4b meter strip. which means b= 1000 m.
b.0.75d, c.300mm Data
provide min of above three values Tv>Tc fck = 20
the slab is unsafe against shear, provide shear fy = 415
reinforcement. shorter span, lx = 3.89 m
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IS 456 : 2000
longer span, ly = 4 m total load = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 kN/ mm2
live load = 2 kN/ mm2
floor finish = 1 kN/ mm2 Factored load = 1.5 X 7 = 10.5 kN/ mm2
Effective depth:
Ix = 3.89 m > 3.5 Mid span moment:
live load = 2 kN/ mm2 Corners are not held down.
From, IS: 456-2000, P.- 90, CL.D -2
If the shorter span is less than or equal to 3.5 Mx=αxwl2x
and the live load is less than 3 then the My=αywl2x
following formula must be multiplied by 0.8
l/d = 20 X M.F ( IS: 456-2000, P.- 38,39) ly/lx = 4125/4025 = 1.02
Assume 0.3 % steel,
fy = 415 N/mm2 From, IS: 456 - 2000, P.- 91, table- 27
M.F = 1.5 αx= 0.064
3890/d = 20 X 1.5 αy= 0.0618
d = 129.66 mm Mx=αx
Provide, d = 135 mm ⋅
Provide, d = 135- 10 = 125 mm (for longer span) wl2x=0.064X10.5X4.025^2
Mx= 10.88 kN⋅m
( Assume, 10 mm dia. bars ) My=αy⋅wl^2x
Overall depth, D = 135 + 5 +20 D = 160 mm =0.0618X10.5X4.025^2
Effective span: My= 10.51 kN⋅m
( IS: 456-2000, P.- 34, CL. 22.2.a)
For lx, Effective depth for flexure:
(1) clear span + d = 3890 + 135 = 4025 mm From, SP. -16, P.- 10, table- c
(2) c/c of support = 3890 + 230 = 4120 mm Mu=0.138fckbd^2
Whichever is smaller, 4025 10.88X10^6=0.138X20X1000Xd^2
For ly,
(1) clear span + d = 4000 + 125 = 4125 mm d = 62.79 mm (required ) < 135 mm
(provided) .....O.K.
(2) c/c of support = 4000 + 230 = 4230 mm
Whichever is smaller, 4125 Reinforcement:
Effective span for, Along lx,
lx = 4025 mm pt=50fck/fy[1−√1−4.6Mx/fckbd^2]
ly = 4125 mm pt=50fck/fy[1−√1−4.6x10.88x10^6/20x1000x13
Load calculation: 5^2]
(1) Dead load of slab = 0.160 X 25 = 4 kN/ mm2 Pt=0.172%,Ast=Pt/100 .b.d
Ast=0.172/100x1000x135,Ast=232.2mm^2
(2) live load = 2 kN/ mm2 For 10 mm bars=ast=pie/4.10^2=78.53mm
Spacing=78.53/242.8 x 1000=323.43mm
(3) floor finish = 1 kN/ mm2 Provide, 320mm spacing. Ast=78.53/320x1000
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IS 456 : 2000
Ast=245.4mm^2. provide, 10mm dia 320mm c/c Maximum S.F. =Vu=21.13KN
along the longer span. Tv=Vu/b.d=21.13x10^3/1000x125=0.17N/mm2
Pt=AST.100/b.d=245.100/1000x135=0.182%
Check for cracking:
IS: 456-2000, P.- 46, CL. 26.3.3 (b) from, IS: 456-2000, P.- 73, table- 19,
lx, τc= 0.31 N/mm2
(1) 3d = 3 X 135 = 405 mm k = 1.27
(2) 300
135 < 300 mm ..... O.K.
ly,1.3d = 3 X 125 = 375 τc'=kτ’c
2.300 mm .125 < 300 mm ..... O.K. = 1.27 X 0.31
τc'= 0.393 N/mm2
Check for deflection: 0.17 < 0.393 ..... O.K.
Check for deflection can be done along lx, Reinforcement:
Allowable, l/d = 20 X M.F = 20 X 1.5 = 30 For two way slab, the plan view will look like
Actual, l/d = 4025/135 = 29.81 following,
29.81 < 30 ..... O.K.
Check for development length:
We will consider the longer span because the
bond is critical in the longer direction.
From IS: 456-2000, P. – 44
Ld<= 1.3 M1/v+L0
L0, (1) d = 125 mm
(2) 12 Φ = 12 X 10 = 120 mm
Greater of these two values,
L0= 125 mm
50 % bars are bent up near the support,
Ast = 245.4 / 2 = 122.7 mm2
M1=[Link].D([Link]/Fck.b.d)
=0.87x415x122.7x125(1-
415x122.7/20x1000x125)
M1=5.42x10^[Link]
S.F at support, Vu=wlx/2=21.13kn
1.3M1/V+L0=1.3X5.42X10^6/21.13X10^3 +
125=458.46mm
From SP. - 16 P.- 184, table - 64,
Ld=453mm, 453<458.46mm 0.k
Check for shear:
This check is also done along the longer span
because, the shear critical along ly.
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IS 456 : 2000
Working stress method Limit state method
Working stress method is also known as Limit State method is also known as the
the plastic method Elastic design
Working stress method base on an elastic The limit state method is base on the actual
theory which assumes that steel and stress-strain curves of steel and concrete.
concrete are elastic and the stress-strain For concrete the stress-strain curve is non-
curve is linear for both linear.
Within this method, the factor of safety is In this method, partial safety factors are
put on the yield stresses to get permissible applied to get a design worth of stresses.
stresses.
In this method not consider the safety factor Working loads obtain limit State. Method limit
State Method are obtained by Working loads
into partial safety.
This method gives more large, sections, This method is more economical since it gives
therefore less economical. thinner sections.
This method assumes that the actual loads, This way is based upon the probabilistic
permissible pressures and factors of safety approach that depends upon the real data or
have been understood. So it's called a expertise, thus it's referred to as a non-
deterministic method. deterministic method.
In working stress method, the material follows Limit state method, stress is allowed to cross
Hooke’s law as stress is not allowed to cross the yield limit.
the yield limit.
Characteristic Strength of Materials:
characteristic strength = Mean strength – k S
where S is the standard deviation, k=1.64, corresponding to 5% probability
Characteristic Strength of Concrete:
The term characteristic strength means that value of strength of material below which not
more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall. It is denoted by fck is N/mm2. The value
of fck for different grades of concrete are specified by IS code 456:2000
Characteristic Strength of Steel:
34
IS 456 : 2000
The characteristic strength of steel is taken as the minimum yield stress or 0.2 percent proof
stress specified by various Indian standards. In the case of mild steel it is taken as equal to
minimum yield strength and is the case of HYSD bars it is taken as equal to 0.2 percent proof
stress the values of characteristic strength of various types of steel.
Characteristic Load or ultimate load:
The characteristic load is the ultimate load that is liable to come on structure during its lifetime.
For simplicity, the variation in the loading is also assumed to follow a normal distribution cure,
the characteristic load or ultimate load is given as
Characteristic load or ultimate load = Mean load + 1.64 S
Wu=Wm+1.64S
Characteristic load is that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life time of the structure. In absence of any data, loads given in various
standards shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.
The following standards may be used for this purpose.
IS 875 (Part 1) – for dead loads
IS 875 (Part 2) – for imposed loads
IS 875 (Part 3) – for wind loads
IS 875 (Part 4) – for snow loads
IS 1893 (Part 1) – for earthquake loads
IS 456 : 2000
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